MODULE I: MATHEMATICS IN OUR WORLD Lesson 1.

2 Patterns and Numbers in Nature

What is Mathematics? PATTERNS – are regular, repeated, or recurring

forms of designs.
➢ Mathematics is a study of patterns and
relationships SEQUENCE – is an ordered list of numbers called
- Mathematical ideas are interwoven with terms that may have repeated values.
each other.
➢ Mathematics is a way of thinking Types of Patterns
- It is creative, beautiful, individual, and 1.Numeric patterns
dynamic. ➢Arithmetic Sequence is a sequence in which
➢ Mathematics is an art every term is obtained by adding a fixed number to
- Mathematics is characterized by order and its previous term.
consistency. Numerous patterns can be Example: 11, 15, 19, 23, 27, 31, …
found in numbers and geometric figures.
➢ Mathematics is a language ➢Geometric Sequence is made by multiplying by
- Mathematics is used to communicate the same value each time.
complex processes and thoughts efficiently Example: 1, 3, 9, 27, 81, 243
using symbols and specific and precise
terms. 2. Geometric Patterns
➢ Mathematics is a tool ▪ Triangles, squares, pentagons, hexagons, circles,
- Many occupations require the knowledge of ellipses, spirals, cubes, spheres, cones, and others
mathematics. can be found in nature.

"Mathematics is the language in which God has written Math Patterns in Nature
the universe." 1. Fractals - detailed pattern that looks similar
- Galileo Galilei at any scale and repeats itself over time.

Five Basic Qualifying Parameters which explain the

Nature of Mathematics

A. Mathematics is Logical
✓ All concepts: Arithmetic, Algebra and analysis 2. Spirals - is a curved pattern that focuses on
can be defined in terms of concept of logic. a center point and a series of circular
shapes that revolve around it.
B. Mathematics is Symbolic
✓Accords symbols for converting problems in
clear and precise formats to be solved and
communicated.

C. Mathematics is Precise 3. Voronoi – pattern provides clues to nature’s

✓Means accuracy and exactness tendency to favor efficiency: the nearest
neighbor, shortest path, and tightest fit.
D. Mathematics is the Study of Structure
✓Means arrangement, compositions,
configuration, order, form or system.

E. Mathematics Aims Abstraction

✓ Aspires to symbolic representations to
concise the problem to make it comprehensive.
 4. Sierpinski Triangle-is made by repeatedly
removing the middle triangle from the prior Lesson D:
generation.
Golden Ratio
Symmetry
Symmetry indicates that you can draw an imaginary ✓ The golden ratio- divine proportion, golden
line across an object and the resulting parts are mean, or golden section ( 𝜑/𝜙/Φ )
mirror images of each other.
Golden Rectangle
 Bilateral symmetry - left and right portions are
 A rectangle can be drawn of such a shape that if
exactly the same.
it is cut into square and a rectangle, the smaller
 Rotational symmetry - you can still achieve
rectangle will be similar in shape to the larger
thesame appearance as the original position
rectangle.
even if you rotate it.
 angle of rotation- smallest measure of
 Iteration means repeating a process over and
angle that a figure can be rotated.
over again.
Order of Rotation
A figure has a rotational symmetry of order n (n-fold
MODULE 2: MATHEMATICAL LANGUAGE AND
rotational symmetry) if 1 𝑛 of a complete turn
SYMBOLS
leaves the figure unchanged. To compute for the
angle of rotation, we use the formula:
Examples of Mathematical Symbols
360°
Angle of rotation = ✓ Σ − 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑠𝑢𝑚 𝑜𝑓
n
✓ ∃ − 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑒𝑥𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑠
✓ ∀ − 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑒𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑦 (𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑎𝑛𝑦)
✓ ∈ −𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑓 (𝑜𝑟 𝑚𝑒𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓)
Fibonacci Sequence - is formed by adding the ✓ ∉ −𝑛𝑜𝑡 𝑎𝑛 𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑓 (𝑜𝑟 𝑛𝑜𝑡 𝑎 𝑚𝑒𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓)
preceding two numbers beginning with 0 and 1. ✓ ⊆ −𝑠𝑢𝑏𝑠𝑒𝑡 𝑜𝑓
✓ ⇒ −𝑖𝑓 … ,𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛
✓ ⇔ −𝑖𝑓 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑜𝑛𝑙𝑦 𝑖𝑓
✓ ℝ − 𝑠𝑒𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑙 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟𝑠
✓ ℕ − 𝑠𝑒𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑛𝑎𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑎𝑙 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟𝑠
✓ ℤ − 𝑠𝑒𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑔𝑒𝑟𝑠
✓ ℚ − 𝑠𝑒𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟𝑠
Leonardo Pisano Bigollo (1170 – 1250) – a great ✓ ∞ − 𝑖𝑛𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑖𝑡y
European mathematician of the Middle Ages.
Parts of Speech for Mathematics
pseudo name: Fibonacci, shortened word for the 1. Numbers are the very first symbols that can
Latin term “filius Bonacci,” - “son of Bonaccio.” be used to represent quantity. These are
nouns (objects) in the English Language.
B Book: Liber Abaci 2. Operation symbols ( +, ÷, ∧, 𝑎𝑛𝑑 ∨), act as
connectives in a mathematical sentence.
Fibonacci Day: November 23 3. Relation symbols ( =, ≤, 𝑎𝑛𝑑 ∼) used for
comparison and act as verbs in the
mathematical language.
4. Grouping symbols ( ( ) , { } , and [ ] ) -used to
associate groups of numbers and operators.
5. Variables- letters that represent quantities
and act as pronouns.
Lesson B: Expressions and Sentences Types of Sets
Mathematical Expression – group or characters or 1. Empty/Null Set – is a set with no elements.
symbols representing a quantity and/or an ✓ Represented by { } 𝑜𝑟 ∅
operation
2. Finite Set – is a set whose elements are
Verbal Phrase and their Equivalent Expression limited or countable.

sum of, total 3. Infinite Set – is a set whose elements are

Addition 2+x of, increased unlimited or uncountable.
by
4. Unit Set – is a set with only one element, it
Subtraction 12 - 5 difference of, is also called singleton.
decreased by,
less, less than
Multiplication 3 * 7 product of, 5. Equal Sets (𝐴 = 𝐵) - if and only if 𝐴 and 𝐵
times have the same elements.
Division X / 15 quotient of
Mathematical Sentence – is a sentence with a 6. Equivalent Sets (𝐴~𝐵) - if and only if 𝐴 and
complete thought and which can be regarded as 𝐵 have the same number of elements.
true or false.

Open Mathematical Sentence – is a sentence which 7. Subset of a Set (𝐴 ⊆ 𝐵) - if and only if every
could be true or false depending on the value or element of 𝐴 is also an element of 𝐵.
values of unknown quantities in the sentence.

Closed Mathematical Sentence – is a sentence 8. Proper Subset of a Set (𝐴 ⊂ 𝐵) - if and only

which is known to be true or known to be false. if every element of 𝐴 is in 𝐵 but there is at
least one element of 𝐵 that is not in 𝐴.
Truth of Sentences
✓ Mathematical sentences may either be true or
Language of Functions and Relations
false but not both.
Relation – is a rule that relates values from a set of
values called the domain to a second set of values
Example: ∀𝑥 ∈ ℝ, 𝑥 2 ≥ 0
called the range. ✓ Is a set of ordered pairs.
For any real number 𝑥, its square is greater than or
equal to 0. True
Function – is a relation in which, for each value of
the first component of the ordered pairs, there is
Lesson C: Operations on Mathematical
exactly one value of the second component.
Expressions

Set – is a well-defined collection of objects.

ALL FUNCTION HAS RELATION, BUT NOT
Elements/Members – is the object of the set.
ALL RELATION HAVE FUNCTION.
FF
Two Ways to Represent the Elements of The Sets
1. Roster Method – lists down all the Function:
elements and separated by comma. One-to-one, many-to-one
Roster Method: 𝐴 = {1, 2, 3, 4,5} Not Function:
2. Set Builder Notation – presents the One-to-many, many-to-many
elements by stating their common
properties; useful in describing infinite sets.
 ✓ The Truth Table is a table that shows the truth
value of a compound statement for all possible
Unary and Binary Operations truth values of its simple statements.

Unary Operation -accepts only one value or ✓ Negation – statement is a negation of another if
operand. the word is not introduced in the negative
Examples: −5, sin 𝑥, cos 45° statement. Let 𝑃 be a proposition.
✓ The negation of 𝑃 is “not 𝑃 ” or ¬𝑃.
Binary Operation – takes two values, and include
addition, subtraction, multiplication, division, and
Logical Connective – combines simple statements
exponentiation.
into compound statements.
Examples: 4 + 5 = 9, 13 − 7 = 6, 6 𝑥 8 = 48

Properties of Binary Operation

1. Closure of Binary Operation Implication/Conditional
✓ The product and the sum of any two real
numbers is also a real number. ✓ Suppose 𝑃 and 𝑄 are propositions. The
✓ ∀𝑥, 𝑦 ∈ ℝ, 𝑥 + 𝑦 ∈ ℝ 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑥 ∙ 𝑦 ∈ ℝ proposition 𝑃 → 𝑄 (read as “if 𝑃
then 𝑄") is called the implication.
2. Commutative of Binary Operations ✓ 𝑃 – premise,𝑄 – conclusion.
✓ Addition and multiplication of any two real
numbers is also a real number
✓ ∀𝑥, 𝑦 ∈ ℝ, 𝑥 + 𝑦 = 𝑦 + 𝑥 (addition) Biconditional/ Bi Implication

✓ The statement 𝑃 ↔ 𝑄 is true if and only if both 𝑃

3. Associative of Binary Operations
and 𝑄 are either both true or both false.
✓ Perform addition or multiplication and you
will end with the same answer
✓ (x+y)+z = x+(y+z)
Quantifiers – are used to describe the variables in a
4. Identity Elements of Binary Operations statement
✓ The number that you add to any real number
and the result will be the same real number Types
✓ e+x = x+e =x 1. Universal Quantifier (∀) – is usually written
in the English language as “for all” or “for
5. Inverses of Binary Operations
every.” It is denoted by the symbol ∀.
✓ ∀𝑥 ∈ ℝ, 𝑥 + (−𝑥) = −𝑥 + 𝑥 = 0 2. Existential Quantifier (∃) – is expressed in
words as “there exists” or “for some.”

Lesson D: Some Fundamentals of LOGIC

Logic – is defined as the science or study of how to
evaluate arguments and reasoning.

Proposition/Statement – is a declarative sentence

which is either true (T) or false (F) but not both.

Propositional Variable – is a variable which is used

to represent a proposition.