+1 Botany Capsule Notes
+1 Botany Capsule Notes
+1 Botany Capsule Notes
CHAPTER 2
BIOLOGICAL CLASSIFICATION
Two Kingdom classification - Proposed by Carolus Linnaeus
Five kingdom classification - Proposed by R H Whittaker
Classes of Fungi
Phycomycetes Rhizopus
Ascomycetes Yeast, Penicillium.
Basidiomycetes Agaricus,
Deuteromycetes Trichoderma
(Imperfect fungi)
Economic importance of fungi
• Source of antibiotics. Eg: Penicillium.
• Yeast (unicellular fungi) are used to make bread and beer.
Louis Pasteur : gave the name virus (means venom or poisonous fluid)
D J Ivanowsky : Discovered virus.
CHAPTER 3
PLANT KINGDOM
Natural System of classification George Bentham and
Joseph Dalton Hooker
Numerical Taxonomy Based on all observable characteristics.
Cytotaxonomy Based on cytological information
Chemotaxonomy Based on the chemical constituents
CHAPTER 5
MORPHOLOGY OF ANGIOSPERMS
Regions of the root
➢ 1.Region of Root cap.
➢ 2.Region of meristematic
activity.
➢ 3.Region of elongation.
➢ 4.Region of maturation-
Root hairs arise from this
region.
They absorb water and
minerals from the soil.
CHAPTER 6
ANATOMY OF FLOWERING PLANTS
Components of Xylem
1.Xylem tracheids 3.Xylem fibres
2.Xylem vessels 4.Xylem parenchyma
Gymnosperms lack vessels in their xylem.
In flowering plants, tracheids and vessels are the main water transporting
elements.
Endarch Exarch
The protoxylem lies towards the The protoxylem lies towards
centre (pith) and the metaxylem lies periphery and metaxylem lies
towards the periphery. towards the centre.
Seen in stems Seen in roots.
CHAPTER 8
THE CELL -THE UNIT OF LIFE
Shapes of bacteria
Bacillus Rod like
Coccus Spherical
Vibrio Comma
Spirillum Spiral
Plasmodesmata :- The cell wall and middle lamellae are traversed by
plasmodesmata which connect the cytoplasm of neighbouring cells.
Mesosome : the infoldings of cell membrane.
Functions : It increases the surface area of plasma membrane
Plasmid : Small circular DNA outside the genomic DNA.
Fluid mosaic model of cell membrane
Proposed by Singer & Nicolson (1972).
Consists of bilayer of lipids and two types of proteins.
- Integral proteins and Peripheral proteins.
According to this, the quasi- fluid nature of lipid enables lateral movement of
proteins within the overall bilayer.
Functions:
Transport of molecules: Selectively
permeable
ANOOPA T V, GRFTVHSS THEVARA
Chromosomes
Every chromosome has a primary constriction (centromere). On the sides
of the centromere, disc shaped structures called kinetochores are present.
Metacentric Sub-metacentric Acrocentric Telocentric
chromosome chromosome chromosome chromosome
Centromere in Centromere is Centromere is Centromere at the
the middle of the slightly away close to its end. tip.
chromosome from the middle
of chromosome
CHAPTER 10
CELL CYCLE AND CELL DIVISION
Cell Cycle
1.Interphase and 2.Mitotic phase
Interphase Feature
G 1 phase The cell is metabolically active and continuously grows
but does not replicate its DNA.
S phase DNA synthesis or replication takes place.
The amount of DNA per cell doubles.
G 2 phase Proteins are synthesised ,
cell growth continues.
Significance of Mitosis
1. Mitosis usually results in the production of diploid daughter cells
with identical genetic complement.
2. Helps in the growth of multicellular organisms and cell repair.
Prophase 1 of Meiosis
Significance of Meiosis
1.Formation of gametes in sexually reproducing organisms.
2.Genetic variability
3.Conservation of specific chromosome number .
ANOOPA T V, GRFTVHSS THEVARA
CHAPTER 13
PHOTOSYNTHESIS IN HIGHER PLANTS
Pigments involved in Photosynthesis
Chlorophyll a is the chief photosynthetic pigment responsible for trapping
light.
Accessory pigments :-chlorophyll b, xanthophylls and carotenoids also absorb
light and transfer the energy to chlorophyll a.
Oxidative Phosphorylation.
When the electrons pass from one carrier to another via complex 1 to IV, they
are coupled to ATP synthase ( complex V) for the ATP production.
ANOOPA T V, GRFTVHSS THEVARA