November 08, 2022 

Afferent neurons (sensory neurons) - carry

UTS 101
information from the sensory organs to the
central nervous system.
THE PHYSICAL SELF: BRAIN AND THE
- from senses to the brain
NERVOUS SYSTEM
- (sight) electromagnetic light
- (hearing) sound waves
Everything about the self (psychologically) is - (smell and taste) chemical compounds
simultaneously biological. - (touch)
 Efferent neurons (motor neurons) - carry
Cognitive Neuroscience - study of biological processes signals from the central nervous system to
concerned with the human thinking and cognition the muscles and glands
THE NERVOUS SYSTEM -somatic NS
- from
- the “master processor”  Interneurons
- responsible in commanding every human - nerve cells that connect and coordinate signals
activity, both biological and physical, and social between afferent and efferent neurons
TWO DIVISION OF THE NERVOUS SYSTEM ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY OF A NEURON
Central Nervous System  Cell body/ soma
- contains all basic organelles of the cell
- commands and coordinates all human activities
including the nucleus
in the body
- store and provide energy for the cell
- transmits info and regulates both its storage
 Dendrites
and retrieval
- short extensions of neural fibers that receive
- made up of brain and spinal cord
electrochemical transmissions from other nerve
- parang CPU ng computer
cells.
Peripheral Nervous System  Axon
- long single neural fiber that sends
- nerve cells attached from the spinal cord to the
electrochemical signals away from the nerve
different organs and limbs in the body
cell towards another receiving nerve cell
- parang WIRES- nag-coconnect
- Subparts:
- Subsystems:
 Myelin sheath - covering
 Somatic Nervous System
protects the axon and quickens
- neurons attached to skeletal muscles
electrochemical impulses
- coordinate voluntary movement
passing through the axon
 Autonomic Nervous System
- parang lubricant (pampabilis)
- neurons attached to internal organs
-composed of Glial cells -
- no voluntary control over its activity
helpful in protecting and
- Subsystems:
repairing neurons, and are
 Sympathetic Nervous System
more abundant than nerve cells
-responsible for preparing the
 Axon hillock - where the axon
body to expand energy and
and the soma connect
fight-or-fight response
 Nodes of Ranvier - gaps
- nag-papabilis sa activity ng
between myelin sheaths
organ, eg. Exercise, Taking
- where the electrical impulses
exams
travel along the axon by
 Parasympathetic Nervous
“jumping” in each node,
System
saltatory conduction.
- Homeostasis balances out the
- gates na nagpapasok ng
reaction of the sympathetic NS
chemical
by resting the organs and
 Axon terminal - located at the
returning them to their normal
very end of the axon, with its
state.
tip called as the synapse –
- expands energy

NEURONS (NERVE CELLS)

- basic unit of the NS

- building blocks of the nervous system
- 86 billion neurons in the body connected
- communicate with each other through electrical microscopic space between the
signals dendrites of the cell and axon
of another cell
Three types of Neurons
- the electrical impulse
stimulates a chemical molecule
 stored in vesicles on the THE BRAIN
synapse called as
 gives us the capacity to have a sense of self
neurotransmitters -released by
 thinking, sense of identity, memory, emotions
the neuron into a very small gap
between neurons called as
synaptic cleft. The
neurotransmitters, then,
attaches to the dendrite of the 3
other neurons to stimulate an
electrical impulse.
- dito matatagpuan yung
Calcium
MAJOR AREAS/REGIONS OF THE BRAIN
ELECTRICITY AND CHEMICAL: HOW NEURONS
COMMUNICATE 1.

Nerve Cells- activated through electromagnetic signal

Resting Potential- no activity

- Potassium yung nasa loob, ilalabas ng

Sodium

Action Potential- activated; may dumaloy na electricity

FOREBRAIN – closer to the faces, the largest, outer
-3 Chemicals Involved part
2 main regions:
How does electricity travel through the neuron?
 Cerebral cortex
through the electrical charges of: -central processer involved in
thinking, perception, reasoning,
Sodium, Potassium – primary yung role nila movement, comprehension
-kasi yung charges nila nagbibigay ng -outer part of the brain, kulobot
electricity - also called as the CEREBRUM
- the youngest
Calcium – once ma-activate yung electrical signal, - fully develops at around age
pupunta to another neuron 25
- May sacs sa axon terminal- 2nd part ng activity,  Basial Ganglia
chemical part -primarily involved in
- Contains chemical compounds movement and the production
- Na-attached sila sa kabilang dendrites, nag- of dopamine
aactivate ng electricity  Limbic system: emotion,
memory formation, survival
NEUROTRANSMITTERS  Amygdala - associated
with emotions of fear,
- chemicals at the end of every axon terminal
aggression, and anger
that is transported to the dendrites of another
- damage in the
nerve cell to determine if it will fire an
amygdala removes
electricity or not
feelings of fear and
- almost all of our everyday experiences are
capability to
shaped by neurotransmitters, lahat ng ginagawa
comprehend other's
at nararamdaman
emotions
COMMON NEUROTRANSMITTERS  Hippocampus - plays an
essential role in
memory formation and
retention.
-damage to the
(happy chemical) hippocampus results in
difficulty forming new
memories
- amnesia -retrograde
and anterograde
 Thalamus - it is the
gateway for neurons
coming from our five
senses to the cerebral
cortex
  Hypothalamus: CEREBRAL CORTEX
regulates the "4 Fs" of
 where the “self” occurs
survival: feeding,
 plays a fundamental role in our thinking
fighting, fleeing, and
 where we process our perceptions,
mating
judgments, and decisions
- involved in hunger and
satiety  biggest and heaviest portion
-fight-or-flight  Gray Matter - responsible for processing
response information
-It controls the pituitary  White matter - speed up the impulses
gland - the master traveling in each neuron
gland of the endocrine  shaped like a wrinkled organ
system - gyrus (plural, gyri) is the bulge we usually
2. MIDBRAIN – innermost/centermost part of the see on the surface of the brain; have holes
brain, medyo maliit are grooves between them called as sulcus
 Reticular Activating System (RAS) (plural, sulci). Larger sulci are called as
-primarily involved in the regulation of fissures. These wrinkles in the brain are
consciousness and other states of thought to give the brain its shape and
consciousness such as sleeping and better processing of information.
dreaming
The Left and Right Hemisphere

Contralateral process and Ipsilateral process

CORPUS CALLOSUM- nerve fibers that connect the left

and right hemispheres of the brain, bridge

In fact, when you cut the corpus callosum, several

information that can be processed in the left
Superior colliculus - involved in hemisphere cannot be processed by the right
visualization, particularly with eye hemisphere. This is what Roger Sperry and his
movement. It is involved in colleagues discovered in a monumental experiment
transforming visual sensory input into regarding split-brain patients.
movement. Inferior colliculus - acts as a
Broca’s area - responsible for speech production
channel or chamber of auditory inputs
passing in the brain towards the Wernicke’s area - associated with language
temporal lobe and is involved in comprehension
frequency and pitch.
FOUR LOBES OF THE CEREBRAL CORTEX
3. HINDBRAIN – back of our heads, sa batok; brain
ste
 Medulla Oblongata
- Involved in heart activity, particularly
in regulating heart rate, breathing,
heartbeat, blood pressure, digesting,
and swallowing
 Pons
- A relay station, a "bridge" where
electrical signals enter from the spinal  FRONTAL LOBE
cord to the brain - Associated with higher-order thinking such as
 Cerebellum judgment, reasoning, problem solving, decision-
- literally means the "little brain" making
-Involved in movement, balance, - Speech production (Broca's area)
coordination, and muscle tone, as well - Movement (primary motor cortex)
as procedural memory
The frontal lobe is also where our memories for our
identity are stored. *Smell

 TEMPORAL LOBE
- Perception of hearing
- Comprehension of language (Wernicke's area)
- Involved with the limbic system in processing
emotions
- Perception of face

Fusiform Gyrus - process facial recognition

- prosopagnosia – the loss of ability to recognize
faces
 PARIETAL LOBE
- Perception of touch, taste, pain, and
temperature
- Perception of the body's position in space
relative to movement (proprioception- relative
distnace)

 OCCIPITAL LOBE
- Perception of visual qualities such as color,
movement, location, size, dimensions, etc.