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    Lecture 13 - Capillary Circulation, Edema Formation

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    murtada guba
    This document summarizes key points about capillaries from a physiology lecture. It discusses [1] the functions and structure of capillaries, [2] how materials move across capillaries, and [3] the forces that determine tissue fluid formation based on Starling's forces. Capillaries play an important role in exchanging nutrients, oxygen, waste products, and more between tissues and blood. Precapillary sphincters help control blood flow. Materials diffuse through capillary walls via cell membranes or pores. Starling's forces influence whether filtration or absorption occurs in capillaries.

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    Lecture 13 - Capillary Circulation, Edema Formation

    Uploaded by

    murtada guba
    23 views24 pages
    This document summarizes key points about capillaries from a physiology lecture. It discusses [1] the functions and structure of capillaries, [2] how materials move across capillaries, and [3] the forces that determine tissue fluid formation based on Starling's forces. Capillaries play an important role in exchanging nutrients, oxygen, waste products, and more between tissues and blood. Precapillary sphincters help control blood flow. Materials diffuse through capillary walls via cell membranes or pores. Starling's forces influence whether filtration or absorption occurs in capillaries.

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    This document summarizes key points about capillaries from a physiology lecture. It discusses [1] the functions and structure of capillaries, [2] how materials move across capillaries, and [3] the forces that determine tissue fluid formation based on Starling's forces. Capillaries play an important role in exchanging nutrients, oxygen, waste products, and more between tissues and blood. Precapillary sphincters help control blood flow. Materials diffuse through capillary walls via cell membranes or pores. Starling's forces influence whether filtration or absorption occurs in capillaries.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    23 views24 pages

    Lecture 13 - Capillary Circulation, Edema Formation

    Uploaded by

    murtada guba
    This document summarizes key points about capillaries from a physiology lecture. It discusses [1] the functions and structure of capillaries, [2] how materials move across capillaries, and [3] the forces that determine tissue fluid formation based on Starling's forces. Capillaries play an important role in exchanging nutrients, oxygen, waste products, and more between tissues and blood. Precapillary sphincters help control blood flow. Materials diffuse through capillary walls via cell membranes or pores. Starling's forces influence whether filtration or absorption occurs in capillaries.

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    of 24

    Lecture : 13

    Done By: Shroog Al-harbi – Naif Al-Aji


    Reviewed By: Rahaf Salem
    Physiology Team 432 Cardiovascular Block lecture: 13
    Mechanism of
    Functions Structure
    movement across it

    Definition Causes

    Physiology Team 432 Cardiovascular Block lecture: 13


    Functions of capillaries:
    1- Exchange between blood tissues (Nutrients, Oxygen) … and
    have additional function according to it’s location :
    - Lung => gas exchange
    - Kidney => filtration
    - Liver => detoxification
    2- Drainage of waste products (from tissues to blood (
    3- Capillary tone
    • refers to the number of closed capillaries at rest. Normally
    about 80%-85% of the capillaries are closed and 20%-15%
    are open.
    • If 50% of capillaries are opened, this leads to shock.
    • Capillary tone is important because it maintain pressure for
    perfusion.
    • Only 5% of blood found in the capillaries.
    Physiology Team 432 Cardiovascular Block lecture: 13
    Types of capillary:
    1) Continuous:
    muscles, lungs, adipose tissue, and central
    nervous system
    2) Fenestrated:
    kidneys, endocrine glands and intestines
    3) Discontinuous:
    bone marrow, liver, and spleen

    Physiology Team 432 Cardiovascular Block lecture: 13


    Structure of capillaries:

    A) Structure that help in exchange


    materials:

    1- Single layer of squamous endothelial


    Cells .

    2- fenestrations ( pores).

    B) Structure that help in controlling


    blood amount that pass to the capillary
    network :

    precapillary sphincter .

    Physiology Team 432 Cardiovascular Block lecture: 13


    … Role of precapillary sphincter:

    -- It is a muscular ring that contact and relax according to the metabolic needs of the
    tissue
    -- Capillary doesn't have a vascular smooth muscle except the sphincter
    --The precapillary sphincter is sensitive to oxygen and carbon dioxide.
    If the tissue contains low amount of Oxygen and high amount of Carbon Dioxide, the
    smooth muscles will relax and more blood will flow to the tissue. And vice versa

    Physiology Team 432 Cardiovascular Block lecture: 13


    Temperature regulation

    ‫انسخوا هذا الساليد‬

    (A) (B)

    sphincter relaxes contracts

    blood flow increase decrease

    excess heat get rid of excess heat conserve heat

    Physiology Team 432 Cardiovascular Block lecture: 13


    Movement across capillaries
    -- Fluid, electrolytes, gases, small and large molecular weight
    substances can transverse the capillary endothelium by
    several different mechanisms : diffusion, bulk flow, vesicular
    transport, and active transport.
    -- Interstitial fluid (Extracellular Fluid) is continuously exchanged,
    it never stays in stagnant state .

    Physiology Team 432 Cardiovascular Block lecture: 13


    There are two type of materials diffuse through
    the capillary wall:

    • 1- lipid-soluble Through the Cell


    Membranes of the Capillary Endothelium
    • 2- non-lipid-soluble (water-soluble)
    Through Intercellular “Pores” in the
    Capillary Membrane

    Physiology Team 432 Cardiovascular Block lecture: 13


    VASOCONSTRICTOR VASODILATOR
    AGENTS AGENTS

    • Nor Epinephrine

    • Epinephrine • Bradykinin

    • Angiotensin • Histamine

    • Vasopressin • Prostaglandins

    • Endothelin
    Increase K+. Mg++.
    Na+. Osmolality
    Increase Ca++ H+. CO2

    Physiology Team 432 Cardiovascular Block lecture: 13


    Rahaf salem
    Physiology Team 432 Cardiovascular Block lecture: 13
    Forces determining tissue fluid
    formation(Starling’s Forces)

    To understand the next slides please see these


    links:
    one :)
    two :)
    three :)
    four :)

    Physiology Team 432 Cardiovascular Block lecture: 13


    Forces determining tissue fluid
    formation Starling’s Forces
    There is a free exchange of water, electrolytes, and small molecules
    between the intravascular and extravascular compartments of the
    body.

    The primary site of this exchange is capillaries and small post-capillary


    venules.

    Several mechanisms are involved in this exchange; however, the most


    important are bulk flow and diffusion.

    The rate of exchange, in either direction, is determined by Starling ‘s


    Forces..

    Physiology Team 432 Cardiovascular Block lecture: 13


    Forces determining tissue fluid formation Starling’s Forces

    Capillary Hydrostatic P (CHP) pressure caused by blood flow in capillary.


    or (Pc):
    Tissue Hydrostatic P.: pressure caused by intestinal fluid in interstitial space.

    Capillary plasma oncotic P pressure caused by proteins in plasma.

    Tissue plasma oncotic P. pressure caused by proteins in intestinal fluid

    Physiology Team 432 Cardiovascular Block lecture: 13


    Continue….
    Venous end Arterial end
    Capillary

    Absorption Filtration
    So the hydrostatic pressure So the hydrostatic pressure
    must be less than the must be more than the
    oncotic pressure oncotic pressure

    Because …
    The hydrostatic pressure excluding blood, through the gaps (pores) between adjacent
    endothelial cells in capillaries to extra cellular fluid ECF (in interstetium) to reach cells
    Whereas the oncotic pressure it tend to drag fluids back to the center of capillaries.

    Physiology Team 432 Cardiovascular Block lecture: 13


    Analysis of forces causing Analysis of forces causing
    Arteriolar
    filtration at theend
    arteriolar end of the Venus end at the venular end of
    reabsorption
    capillary the capillary

    Forces tending to move fluid outward:

    Capillary hydrostatic 30 mmHg 10 mmHg


    pressure
    Negative interstitial 3 mmHg 3 mmHg
    fluid pressure
    Interstitial fluid 8 mmHg 8mmHg No
    colloidal osmotic
    pressure
    change
    Outward force 41 mmHg 21 mmHg

    Forces tending to move fluid inward:

    Plasma colloidal 28 mmHg 28 mmHg


    osmotic pressure

    Net Force:
    41- 28 = 13 mmHg 28 – 21 = 7 mmHg
    This is an outward force helping This is an inward force helping
    filtration at arteriolar end absorption at venular end.

    the hydrostatic pressure is more


    than the oncotic pressure in the The opposite 
    arteriolar end => filtiratoin

    Physiology Team 432 Cardiovascular Block lecture: 13


    Example:-

    ‫انسخوا هذا الساليد‬

    This will help in :-


    1- Constant exchange of fluid.
    2- Accelerate distribution of substances.
    3- Transport insoluble lipids & tissue proteins.
    4- Carry bacterial toxins to lymphoid tissues → provide immunity.

    Physiology Team 432 Cardiovascular Block lecture: 13


    B) Edema Formation
    1.Edema: excessive amount of fluid in the interstitial spaces.
    2.Factors Precipitating Edema:
    A) capillary hydrostatic pressure
    B) plasma oncotic pressure Let’s study them one by
    C) capillary permeability one 
    D) Lymphatic obstruction

    Physiology Team 432 Cardiovascular Block lecture: 13


    3.Causes of Edema:
    A. Increased capillary Excess retention of salt a. Renal failure
    pressure: and water by kidney b. Excess aldosterone.
    c. Heart failure.
    Increased venous a. Heart failure
    pressure b. Venous obstruction. e.g.
    thrombus, pregnancy, tumor,
    etc..
    c. Failure of venous pump e.g.
    varicose veins.
    Decreased arteriolar a. Vasodilator drugs.
    resistance b. Excess body heat.
    B. Low plasma proteins: 1. Loss of proteins in urine.
    2. Loss from the skin (burns)
    3. Failure to produce: (Liver diseases , Malnutrition).
    C. Increased capillary 1. Release of histamine in allergy.
    permeability: 2. Toxins. 3. Infections 4. Vit. C deficiency 5. Burns
    D. Lymphatic 1. Cancer 2. Filaria 3. congenital
    obstruction:

    Physiology Team 432 Cardiovascular Block lecture: 13


    LYMPHATIC SYSTEM:

    Carry protein and large particulate matter


    can flow from the interstitial spaces into the
    blood Absorption of nutrients from the
    gastrointestinal tract, especially for
    absorption of virtually all fats in food.

    Physiology Team 432 Cardiovascular Block lecture: 13


    1.Functions of capillaries is => exchange the (Nutrients, Oxygen &waste products )
    between blood & tissues.
    2. fenestrations ( pores)& precapillary sphincter are play an important role in the
    capillaries .
    3.Several mechanisms are involved in this exchange; however, the most important are
    bulk flow and diffusion.
    4.Starling’s Forces :
    Capillary Hydrostatic P (CHP) or (Pc) ,Tissue Hydrostatic P,Capillary plasma oncotic P
    Tissue plasma oncotic P.
    5.The hydrostatic pressure excluding blood, through the gaps (pores) between adjacent
    endothelial cells in capillaries to extra cellular fluid ECF (in interstetium) to reach cells
    whereas the oncotic pressure it tend to drag fluids back to the center of capillaries
    6.High hydrostatic pressure =arterial end =filtration
    7.High oncotic pressure = Venus end= Absorption
    8.Edema caused by:
    A. Increased capillary pressure:
    B. Low plasma proteins:
    C. Increased capillary permeability:
    D. Lymphatic obstruction:

    Physiology Team 432 Cardiovascular Block lecture: 13


    If there are any problems or suggestions
    Feel free to contact:

    Physiology Team Leaders


    Mohammed Jameel & Khulood Al-Raddadi

    432100187@student.ksu.edu.sa
    432200235@student.ksu.edu.sa

    Actions speak louder than Words

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