Semantiki (03. 03. 2023)

SEMANTIKI
MANGHENELO
 SEMANTIKI I DYONDZO YO ANAMA SWINENE.
 LAHA HI DYONDZA TINHLAMUSELO TA MARITO, SWIVULWANA NI

SWIVULWA.
 RITO NI XIVUMBEKO NI NHLAMUSELO YA RONA.
 RITO RA KONA RI NGA HA VULA NCHUMU WUN’WE KUMBE KU NGA HA

TUMBULUKA TINHLAMUSELO TO HAMBANA EKA RONA.
 RITO RA MUXAKA WA LOWO RI NGA CINCA

NHLAMUSELO/TINHLAMUSELO EXIVULWENI XO KARHI.
NHL:
Ullman (1972:29) u hlamusela dyondzo ya semantiki hi

ndlela leyi:
When one speaks of semantics
without any qualifications, one
refers to the study of meaning
proper.
semantiki i dyondzo ya nhlamuselo. Nhlamuselo leyi a yi

hetisekanga, hikokwalaho Omstein na Gage (1964: 111) va
ringetaka ku hlamusela dyondzo ya semantiki loko va ku:
The study of meaning is known as
semantics. It tries to explain what
the meaning is and how meaning
really works.
Kombisa leswi swidyondzeki leswimbirhi swi vulaka swona.
Vona va hlamusela semantiki yi ri dyondzo ya nhlamuselo

leyi ringetaka ku hlamusela leswaku kahle-kahle
nhlamuselo i ncini ni leswi nhlamuselo yi tirhisaka
xiswona.
Fromkin na Rodman (1978; 164) va engetelela tinhlamuselo

leti tshahiweke laha henhla loko a ku:
The study of linguistics meaning of words,

phrases and sentences is called semantics.
Laha vatsari lava va komba leswaku eka dyondzo ya semantiki hi dyondza

tinhlamuselo ta marito, swivulwana, swivulwa-hava ni swivulwa.
SWIPHEMU SWA SEMANTIKI
HOMONIMI,
PHOLISEMI,
VUKANAKANISI,
VUSASEKISI
VAMAVIZWENI,
Tshaha tinhlamuselo ni swikombiso.
1. Homonimi (Homonymy)
Lawa I marito lawa ya hambaneke kambe ya fana hi xivumbeko (Tinhlamuselo
to hambana)
Tshaha swidyondzeki swo hambanahambana. Xik:
Nida na Tiber (1974: 20) va seketela miehleketo leyi loko va ku:
Homonymy is a word which is written and

pronounced in the same way as another, but
which has unrelated meaning.
Nyika swikombiso:
i. tala = Hi tala ku hlangana ebolweni .
=Tala ra ka hina ri tyhakile
= Ndzi swekile vuswa byo tala
ii. kala = Gavaza wa kala masiku lawa.

=U nga tshami eswekweni u ta tswha hi kala ra ndzilo.
=Va ta kala va ku hima wena,
Hlamusela le swi nga laha henhla.Xik: (Ku tsariwa ku fana, Ku hambana ka

tinhlamuselo, Hi Xinghezi = Segmental)
Eka homonimi ku ni marito lama hambanyisiwaka hi
xikalo,
thoni
ntikiso
Eka Xitsonga marito la wa a ya funghiwi loko hi matsala. Hambiloko hi tsala
XIFONETIKI . Homonimi ya muxaka lowu yi vuriwa heteronymy hi Xinghezi.
XIK:
mὰtimbά.
nὰlὰ.
nsѐlé.
2. Pholisemi (Polysemy)
Ullman (1966: 75) u hlamusela pholisemi hi ndlela leyi:

Polysemy is the name given to the same word in two
or more distinct meanings.
Leswi swi vula leswaku pholisemi i rito rin’we leri humaka

tinhlamuselo to hambana. Hi Xinghezi rito ra muxaka lowu ri viriwa
polysemous kumbe polysemic.
Pei na Gaynor (1984: 169) va seketela nhlamuselo ya Ullman loko va ku:
Polysemy refers to a word which has several

meanings all derived from the same basic idea or
concept… or many meanings arising from the same
origina, roots, largely by a proces of metaphor.”
Nhlamuselo leyi yi komba leswaku hambi loko rito rin’we leri hi ri vulaka pholisemi ri
tirhisiwa eswivulweni swo hambana ku vula swilo swo hambana, miehleketo leyi
hlamuseriwaka yi tumbuluka eka nsinya kumbe rito rin’we.
Xik:
(i) Ndzi ta ku tlhava hi mpamu nandzuwe.

(ii) Manana u ta tlhava sangu ra Dedeya.
(iii) U ta muka loko dyambu ri tlhava.
(iv) Va ta tlhava homu hi siku ra nkhuvo.
Eka swikombiso hinkwaswo leswi nga laha henhla, hi kuma

leswaku ku tirhisiwile rito rin’we ra tlhava ku vula timhaka
to hambana, kambe miehleketo leyi hinkwayo yi tumbulukile
eritweni leri. Hikokwalaho hi nga vula leswaku pholisemi yi
endla leswaku hi kota ku tirhisa rito rin’we hi tindlela to
hambana. Loko pholiseni a yi nga ri kona, a swi ta vula
leswaku a hi ta boheka ku tumbuluxa marito mantshwa ku
hlamusela timhaka leti vuriweke eka swikombiso leswi nga
laha henhla. Hambiloko dikixinari yi ri ni tinhlamuselo to
hambana ta rito rin’we, a ku nga vi ni xiphiqo eku ri tirhiseni
hi mfanelo eswivulweni swo hambana.
Swikombiso swin’wana swa pholiseni hi leswi landzelaka:
(i) Dyambu ri ta pela sweswi.
(ii) Hasani u pela nambu wa Ritavi.
(iii) Kokwana wa wena u languteka a ta pela naro hikuva u
vabya ngopfu.
(iv) Basani u ri nhloko ya yena ya pandza.
(v) Hahani u ni nhloko hikuva u kotile ku xava movha hi
swimalana swakwe.
(vi) Dzumeri i nhloko ya xikolo xa Ndhambi.
(vii) Ndzi vonile nhloko ya xitimele eGiyani.
2.1 VUXAKA EXIKARHI KA HOMONIMI NI PHOLISEMI
Swiphemu leswi swi tala ku kaneriwa swin’we hi mhaka ya vuxaka lebyi nga kona
exikarhi ka swona. Palmer u ri:
…not only do different words have different

meaning, it is also the case that the same word have
a set of different meanings. This is polysemy. A
more practical problem is that if one form have
several meanings, it is not only clear whether we
shall say that this is an example of ‘polysemy’ or
‘homonymy’.
Nhlamuselo leyi yi paluxela erivaleni ku nonoha ku ba ndzilekanlo exikarhi ka

homonimi ni pholisemi. Handle ko va marito yo hambana ya va ya ri ni tinhlamuselo
ta hambana, rito rin’we na rona ri nga va ni tinhlamuselo to hambana. Rito leri ku
tumbulukaka tinhlamuselo to hambana leti kombaka vuxaka ri vuriwa pholisemi.
Loko ku ri karhi ku hluvukiwa, marito mantshwa ya tumbuluxiwa, tinhlamuselo tintshwa

ta engeteriwa eka leti ta khale. Loko rito ri tshama ri ri karhi ri tirhisiwa mikarhi yo tala
ri kuma kumbe ku nyikiwa tinhlamuselo tintshwa. Leswi swi endla leswaku swi nonoha
ku ba ndzilekano exikarhi ka pholisemi ni homonimi tani hilaha hi hlamuseleke hakona
laha henhla.
Ullman (1966: 33) u seketela mhaka leyi loko a ku:
“The borderline between polysemy and homonymy is something fluid.”
Ullman (op.cit.) u tlhela a tshaha miehleketo ya Bloomfield loko a ku:
Between polysemy and homonymy there exists

no sharp line dermarcation, as Bloomfield
pertinently remarks; the degree of nearness of
meaning is not subject to precise measurements.
Vantshwa va nga vona rito ro karhi ri ri homonimi, kasi vakhale lava tivaka
matumbulukelo ni nhlamusela ya rona, va vona pholisemi,
Xik:
(i) U ta ba ntsengo a ya lovola nsati.

(ii) Ndzi ba n’wana hi mpama mina.
(iii) Mnisi u ba mati eka swipitikopo leswaku swi nga n’wi nyiki thikithi.

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SEMANTIKI

 SEMANTIKI I DYONDZO YO ANAMA SWINENE.

 LAHA HI DYONDZA TINHLAMUSELO TA MARITO, SWIVULWANA NI

 RITO NI XIVUMBEKO NI NHLAMUSELO YA RONA.

 RITO RA KONA RI NGA HA VULA NCHUMU WUN’WE KUMBE KU NGA HA

 RITO RA MUXAKA WA LOWO RI NGA CINCA

Ullman (1972:29) u hlamusela dyondzo ya semantiki hi

semantiki i dyondzo ya nhlamuselo. Nhlamuselo leyi a yi

Vona va hlamusela semantiki yi ri dyondzo ya nhlamuselo

Fromkin na Rodman (1978; 164) va engetelela tinhlamuselo

The study of linguistics meaning of words,

Laha vatsari lava va komba leswaku eka dyondzo ya semantiki hi dyondza

SWIPHEMU SWA SEMANTIKI

Tshaha swidyondzeki swo hambanahambana. Xik:

Nida na Tiber (1974: 20) va seketela miehleketo leyi loko va ku:

Homonymy is a word which is written and

ii. kala = Gavaza wa kala masiku lawa.

Hlamusela le swi nga laha henhla.Xik: (Ku tsariwa ku fana, Ku hambana ka

Eka homonimi ku ni marito lama hambanyisiwaka hi

Ullman (1966: 75) u hlamusela pholisemi hi ndlela leyi:

Leswi swi vula leswaku pholisemi i rito rin’we leri humaka

Polysemy refers to a word which has several

(i) Ndzi ta ku tlhava hi mpamu nandzuwe.

Eka swikombiso hinkwaswo leswi nga laha henhla, hi kuma

2.1 VUXAKA EXIKARHI KA HOMONIMI NI PHOLISEMI

…not only do different words have different

Nhlamuselo leyi yi paluxela erivaleni ku nonoha ku ba ndzilekanlo exikarhi ka

Loko ku ri karhi ku hluvukiwa, marito mantshwa ya tumbuluxiwa, tinhlamuselo tintshwa

Ullman (1966: 33) u seketela mhaka leyi loko a ku:

“The borderline between polysemy and homonymy is something fluid.”

Ullman (op.cit.) u tlhela a tshaha miehleketo ya Bloomfield loko a ku:

Between polysemy and homonymy there exists

(i) U ta ba ntsengo a ya lovola nsati.

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