Matoshri Education Society’s

MATOSHRI INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

A/P : Dhanore, Tal-Yeola , Dist.-Nasik, 423401

Micro Project Report

Academic year: 2022-23

Title of Project
Shear Force and Bending Moment of
Beams

Name of Student : Pawar Rushikesh M.

Class : SYCE
Semester : Fourth
Roll No : 20
Enrollment No : 2111710044
Seat No : 455831
Program : Civil Engg.
Course : Theory Of Structure ( TOS )
Course Code : 22402
Name of Teacher : PROF.Wagh M.N.

PAGE 1
 Matoshri Education Society’s
MATOSHRI INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
A/P : Dhanore, Tal-Yeola , Dist.-Nasik, 423401

CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that Mr.Pawar Rushikesh M.

Roll No.20 Of Fourth semester of Diploma in Civil
Engineering of Institute, MIT POLYTECHNIC,
DHANORE Code(1171) has successfully completed the
Micro Project in Theory Of Structure ( TOS ) for the
Academic year 2022-23 as prescribed in MSBTE curriculum
under the guidance of subject teacher.

Place: Yeola Enrollment No: 2111710044

Date: Seat No: 455831

Subject Teacher HOD Principal

Prof.Wagh M.N. Prof.Shinde R.M. Prof.Gujrathi G.S.

PAGE 2
 Micro Project Report Index

Academic Year:- 2022-23 Program:- Civil Engineering

Class:- SYCE Course:- TOS
Course Code:- 22402 Roll No:-20
Enrollment No :-2111710044 Exam Seat No:-455831
Title of Micro Project:-Shear force and bending moment of
beams

Sr. No. Contents Page No.

1 Rubrics
2
Project Proposal
3
Log Book
4
Introduction
5
Details
6
Conclusion
7
References

Signature of Student Signature of Faculty

‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐ Prof.Wagh M.N.

PAGE 3
 ANNEXURE I

Rubric For Evaluation of Micro Project

Academic Year: 2022-23. Program: Civil Engineering
Class: SYCE Course: TOS
Course Code: 22402 Roll No: 20
Enrollment No: 2111710044 Exam Seat No: 455831
Title of Micro Project: Shear force and bending moment of beams
Group Members:
Sr.No. Roll No. Name Of Candidate
1. 04 Gaikwad Umesh V.
2. 13 Bhad Vedant N.
3. 19 Pawar Ajinkya A.
4. 20 Pawar Rushikesh M.
Co Coverage: ( )
Indicators for different level of Performance
Marks
(Evaluation Scale 0 to 2)
Sr. No Criteria Obtained (
Out of 2) Poor (0) Average (1) Good (2)

Submission of Project proposal &

Not Submitted proposal or project
1 Project project report
anything in time report submitted in
proposal/Report submitted in time
time
CO/PRO Not attained any Attained maximum
2 attainment Attained some CO/PRO
CO/PRO CO/PRO
Content of Not contains Contains maximum
Contains some relevant
3 project/ Formation relevant relevant
information
g information information
Total Marks
4
(06)
Question/
5
Answers (04)
Total (10) :

Additional Comments (if any): Name of Teacher & sign

Prof.Wagh M.N.

PAGE 4
 Micro Project Log Book

Semester: Fourth Program: Civil Engineering

Course: TOS. Class: SYCE
Topic of the Micro-Project: Shear force and bending moment of beams

Sr.No Roll No. Name of Group Members Sign.

.
01 04 Gaikwad Umesh V.
02 13 Bhad Vedant N.
03 19 Pawar Ajinkya A.
04 20 Pawar Rushikesh M.

Week Discussion & Details Teacher’s Teacher’s

No. Comment Sign.
1 General discussion about micro project activity.
2 Guidelines for micro project.
3 Discussion on different
industry/application/study oriented topics
4 Group member are finalized and the topic is
decided, as
5 Work distribution to collect the information
regarding topic by each member.
6 Gathered information through the various
sources, such as internet, book, magazine,
joutrnar and newspaper.
7 Discussed the difficulty faced during the
collection of necessary information among the
group member.
8 Discussion with the guide to sort out difficulty
faced while collecting the information.
9 Prepared a rough draft & Shown it to the guide.
10 Necessary instructions are given by the guide for
its better presentation & Finalized project.
11 Presentation is given on the topic, Report is
prepared on the topic & final submission of
micro project and Report.

Name & Signature of project Guide Name & Signature of

H.O.D.
Prof.Wagh M.N. Prof.Shinde R.M.

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 Introduction

1. Beams
A beam is a structural member resting on supports to carry vertical loads. Beams are
generally placed horizontally; the amount and extent of external load which a beam can carry
depends upon:
a. The distance between supports and the overhanging lengths from supports;
b. The type and intensity of load;
c. The type of supports; and
d. The cross-section and elasticity of the beam.

2. Classification of beams
1) Cantilever Beam:
A Built-in or encastre' support is frequently met. The effect is to fix the direction of the
beam at the support. In order to do this the support must exert a "fixing" moment M and
a reaction R on the beam. A beam which is fixed at one end in this way is called a
Cantilever. If both ends are fixed in this way the reactions are not statically determinate.
In practice, it is not usually possible to obtain perfect fixing and the fixing moment
applied will be related to the angular movement of the support. When in doubt about the
rigidity, it is safer to assume that the beam is freely supported.

Fig. 1. Cantilever beam

2) Simply Supported Beam

It is a beam having its ends freely resting on supports.

Fig. 2. Simply supported beam

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 3) Overhanging Beam
A beam having one or both ends extended over supports is known as overhanging beam.

Fig. 3. (i) Overhanging at one end (ii) Overhanging at both ends

4) Propped Cantilever Beam

When a support is provided at some suitable point of a Cantilever beam, in order to resist
the deflection of the beam, it is known as propped Cantilever beam.

Fig. 4. Propped Cantilever beam

5) Fixed Beam
A beam having its both ends rigidly fixed or built0in to the supporting walls or colums is
known as fixed beam.

Fig. 5. Fixed beam

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3. TYPES OF LOADING
1) Point Load or Concentrated Load: These loads are usually considered to be
acting at a point. Practically point load cannot be placed on a beam. When a
member is placed on a beam it covers some space or width. But for calculation
purpose, we consider the load as transmitting at the central with of the
member.

Fig. 6.. Concentrated load

2) Uniformly Distributed Load or U.D.L: Uniformly distributed load is one
which is spread uniformly over beam so that each unit of length is loaded with
same amount of load, and are denoted by Newton/metre.

Fig. 7. UDL

4. Span
Clear Span: This is the clear horizontal distance between two supports
Effective Span: This is the horizontal distance between the Centre of end bearings of
support.
Effective Span = clear span + oce bearing.

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 Fig. 9. Effective and clear span

5. Shear force
At any section in a beam carrying transverse loads the shearing force is defined as the
algebraic sum of the forces taken on either side of the section. Similarly, the bending
moment at any section is the algebraic sum of the moments of the forces about the
section, again taken on either side. In order that the shearing-force and bending-
moment values calculated on either side of the section shall have the same magnitude
and sign, a convenient sign convention has to be adopted. Shearing-force (S.F.) and
bending-moment (B.M.) diagrams show the variation of these quantities along the
length of a beam for any fixed loading condition.

Fig. 10. Shear force and bending moment diagram

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 Fig. 11. Loading in beams, shear force and bending moment

At every section in a beam carrying transverse loads there will be resultant forces on
either side of the section which, for equilibrium, must be equal and opposite, and
whose combined action tends to shear the section in one of the two ways. The
shearing force (S.F.) at the section is defined therefore as the algebraic sum of the
forces taken on one side of the section. Which side is chosen is purely a matter of
convenience but in order that the value obtained on both sides shall have the same
magnitude and sign a convenient sign convention has to be adopted.

a. Shearing force (S.F.) sign convention

Forces upwards to the left of a section or downwards to the right of the section are positive.
Thus Fig. --a shows a positive S.F. system at X-X and Fig. ---b shows a negative S.F. system

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 Fig. 12. shear force sign convection

In addition to the shear, every section of the beam will be subjected to bending, i.e. to a
resultant B.M. which is the net effect of the moments of each of the individual loads. Again,
for equilibrium, the values on either side of the section must have equal values. The bending
moment (B.M.) is defined therefore as the algebraic sum of the moments of the forces about
the section, taken on either side of the section. As for S.F., a convenient sign convention
must be adopted.

b. Bending moment (B.M.) sign convention

Clockwise moments to the left and counterclockwise to the right are positive. Thus
Fig. a - shows a positive bending moment system resulting in sagging of the beam at X-X
and Fig. b- illustrates a negative B.M. system with its associated hogging beam.

Fig. 13. Bending moment sign cnvection

It should be noted that whilst the above sign conventions for S.F. and B.M. are somewhat
arbitrary and could be completely reversed, the systems chosen here are the only ones which
yield the mathematically correct signs for slopes and deflections of beams in subsequent
work and therefore are highly recommended.

c. Shearing force
The shearing force (SF) at any section of a beam represents the tendency for the portion of
the beam on one side of the section to slide or shear laterally relative to the other portion.
The diagram shows a beam carrying loads , and . It is simply supported at two
points where the reactions are R1 and R2. Assume that the beam is divided into two parts by a

PAGE 11
section XX. The resultant of the loads and reaction acting on the left of AA is F vertically
upwards, and since the whole beam is in equilibrium, the resultant force to the right of AA
must be F downwards. F is called the Shearing Force at the section AA. It has been defined
as The shearing force at any section of a beam is the algebraic sum of the lateral components
of the forces acting on either side of the section. Where forces are neither in the lateral or
axial direction they must be resolved in the usual way and only the lateral components are
used to calculate the shear force.

Fig 14. shear force through a section

d. Bending Moment
In a similar manner it can be seen that if the Bending moments (BM) of the forces to the left
of AA are clockwise, then the bending moment of the forces to the right of AA must be
anticlockwise.
Bending Moment at AA has been defined as the algebraic sum of the moments about the
section of all forces acting on either side of the section. Bending moments are considered
positive when the moment on the left portion is clockwise and on the right anticlockwise.
This is referred to as a sagging bending moment as it tends to make the beam concave
upwards at AA. A negative bending moment is termed hogging.

Fig. 15. bending moment through a section

PAGE 12
RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN LOAD (w), SHEAR FORCE (F), AND BENDING
MOMENT (M).

In the following diagram is the length of a small slice of a loaded beam at a distance x
from the origin O

Fig. 16 Loaded beam of length x from origin O

Let the shearing force at the section x be F and at Similarly, the

bending moment is M at x, .If w is the mean rate of loading of the
length then the total load is , acting approximately (exactly if uniformly
distributed) through the centre C. The element must be in equilibrium under the action of
these forces and couples and the following equations can be obtained:- Taking Moments
about C:

(1)

Neglecting the product in the limit:

(2)
(3)

(4)

(5)
From equation (2) it can be seen that if M is varying continuously, zero shearing force
corresponds to either maximum or minimum bending moment. It can be seen from the
examples that "peaks" in the bending moment diagram frequently occur at concentrated
loads or reactions,

and these are not given by ; although they may in fact represent the greatest
bending moment on the beam. Consequently, it is not always sufficient to investigate the
points of zero shearing force when determining the maximum bending moment.

PAGE 13
At a point on the beam where the type of bending is changing from sagging to
hogging, the bending moment must be zero, and this is called a point of inflection or
contraflexure. By integrating equation (2) between the x = a and x = b then:

(6)

Which shows that the increase in bending moment between two sections is the area under the
shearing force diagram.
Similarly integrating equation (4)

(7)

equals the area under the load distribution diagram. Integrating equation (5) gives:

(8)

These relations can be very valuable when the rate of loading cannot be expressed in an
algebraic form as they provide a means of graphical solution.

PAGE 14