9

TLE - HE - HAIRDRESSING
Quarter 4 Module 1:

CUT HAIR
TLE – Grade 9
Alternative Delivery Mode
Quarter 4 Module 1: Cut Hair
First Edition, 2021

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Published by the Department of Education

Secretary: Leonor Magtolis Briones
Undersecretary: Diosdado M. San Antonio

Development Team of the Module

Writer: Jocelyn Bahandi Dizon
Editor: Madelfa R. Carillo,
Reviewers: Madelfa R. Carillo, Ivah Mae C. Estoconing
Typesetter: Madelfa R. Carillo
Management Team: Senen Priscillo P. Paulin, CESO V Rosela R. Abiera
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Antonio B. Baguio, Jr. EdD

Printed in the Philippines by ________________________

Department of Education –Region VII Schools Division of Negros Oriental

Office Address: Kagawasan, Ave., Daro, Dumaguete City, Negros Oriental

Tele #: (035) 225 2376 / 541 1117
E-mail Address: negros.oriental@deped.gov.ph
 9

TLE
Quarter 4 Module 1:
Cut Hair
 What I Need to Know

This module was designed and written with you in mind. It is here to
help you master in performing haircutting. The scope of this module permits
it to be used in many different learning situations. The language used
recognizes the diverse vocabulary level of students. The lessons are arranged
to follow the standard sequence of the course. But the order in which you
read them can be changed to correspond with the textbook you are now using.

After going through this module, learners are expected to:

K: identify appropriate cutting tools, supplies and materials needed in

haircutting;

S: choose and perform one basic haircutting;

A: practice safety measures in performing basic haircutting.

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 What I Know
A. Direction: Identify the pictures below. Write your answer in your answer
sheet.
1. 2. 3. 4.

5. 6. 7. 8.

B. Multiple Choice: Write the letter of the correct answer in your answer
sheet.

1. It is the bottom hole and, when properly fitted, should only go to, or
slightly over, the cuticle.
A. Thumb Hole C. Cutting Edge
B. Finger Tang D. Pivot

2. It is the part of the blade that does the cutting.

A. Thumb Hole C. Cutting Edge
B. Finger Tang D. Pivot

3. What is the other name of straight razor that is a versatile tool that
can be used for an entire haircut, or just for detailing and texturizing?
A. Thinning Scissors C. Clipper
B. Feather Blade D. Shear

4. Which is true about wide teeth comb?

A. Useful when cutting around the ears.
B. It provides more tension.
C. It sections hair before cutting.
D. Is good for combing and parting hair.

1
5. It is a method of cutting or thinning the hair in which the fingers and
shears glide along the edge of the hair to remove length.
A. Slide Cutting C. Razor Cutting
B. Texturizing D. Notching

6. In a blunt haircut, also known as a one-length haircut, all the hair

comes to a single hanging level, forming a weight line.
A. Graduated haircut C. Blunt haircut
B. Layered haircut D. Long Layered haircut

7. This type of haircut has a visual buildup of weight in a given area and
the ends of the hair appear to be stacked.
A. Graduated haircut C. Blunt haircut
B. Layered haircut D. Long Layered haircut

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 Lesson

CUT HAIR
1
If you favor strong, healthy hair, a regular haircut should be a part
of your maintenance routine. Although you may have heard your hairdresser
tell you that it is a good idea to get one every six to eight weeks, there are
plenty of reasons that you should keep up with a trimming routine.

Notes to the Teacher

This contains helpful tips or strategies that will
help you in guiding the learners. The following
are information that would lead to the activities
and assessment. Some activities may need your
own discretion upon checking, or you may use
rubric if provided. Please review the activities and
answer keys and amend if necessary.

What’s In

Looking back to your lesson, assessing the patron’s hair cutting

needs was discussed. And after assessing your patron’s hair cutting
needs, you may take the initiative in guiding the client to a decision.
Make sure that the patron understands, accepts, and agrees with you
on the decided haircut style.
Make a diagram on how to assess the patron’s hair cutting needs.

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 What’s New

Direction: Arrange the scrambled letters to form a word/s.

1. RIHTCNAUTGI – Thinning and shortening the hair to the shape

of head or style.
2. AHRI GSNEICNTOI – Separating strands of hair with the use of
hair clamps to control hair movements.
3. TBNLU GCNUITT – Straight cut or trim.
4. RHIA NEOLIETVA – Refers to hair lifting.
5. NMOAINTIAPLU - The skillful operating or handling of tools.

What is It

Good haircuts begin with an understanding of the shape of the head,

referred to as the head form, also known as head shape. Hair responds
differently on various areas of the head, depending on the length and the
cutting technique used. Being aware of where the head form curves, turns,
and changes will help you achieve the look that you and your client
are seeking.
Here are the tools needed to cut hair:
Shears Rat tail/comb Clips Spray bottle

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Capes and towels Mirror Razor Thinning

scissors

Parts of a Hair Cutting Shears

You are going to be working with a

pair or pairs of haircutting shears every
day and will rely on them to enable you
to create great haircuts that satisfy
your clients and keep them coming into
the salon for your services. Therefore,
you should know and understand all
the parts of a typical haircutting shear.

Finger Tang - gives your pinky an

additional contact point so the nerves
and tendons in the pinky and hand are
less stressed and pressure is relieved,
allowing you to relax your grip so you
can hold the shear more comfortably.
The finger tang also allows you to have
more control over the shear.

Cutting Edge - is the part of the blade

that actually does the cutting.

The Pivot and the Adjustment Area

are the parts that make your shears
cut. (Your hand only directs where the shear travels.)

The Adjustment Knob, when tightened, pulls the blades together at just the
correct tension so that the hair does not fall or slide between the blades, and
it also allows the hair to rest on top of the blades so that when they are
closed the hair is cut on the desired line.

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The Finger-Hole is where you place your ring finger. Do not use your middle
finger when cutting, only your ring finger should be placed in the ring finger-
hole.

The Thumb Hole is the bottom hole and, when properly fitted, should only go
to, or slightly over, the cuticle.

HOLDING YOUR TOOLS

HOLDING YOUR SHEARS

1. Open your right hand (left hand if you are left-handed) and place the
ring finger in the finger grip of the still blade and the little finger on the
finger tang (brace).
2. Place the thumb in the finger grip (thumb grip) of the moving blade.
3. Practice opening and closing the shears. Concentrate on moving only
your thumb. A great way to get the feel of this movement is to lay the
still blade against the palm or forefinger of your other hand to hold it
steady, while you move the other blade with your thumb.

HOLDING THE SHEARS AND COMB

During the haircutting process, you will be holding the comb and
shears at the same time. It is best to learn to hold both tools during the entire
haircut. Your cutting hand (dominant hand) does most of the work. It holds
the shears, parts the hair, combs the hair, and cuts the hair. Your holding
hand does just that: it holds the sections of hair and the comb while cutting.
The holding hand helps you maintain control.

Palming the shears. Remove your thumb from the thumb grip, leaving
your ring and little fingers in the grip and finger rest. Curl your fingers
in to palm the shears, which keeps them closed while you comb or part
the hair. This allows you to hold the comb and the shears at the same
time. While palming the shears, hold the comb between thumb, index,
and middle fingers.

Transferring the comb. After you have combed a subsection into

position, you will need to free up your cutting hand. Once your fingers
are in place at the correct cutting position, transfer the comb by placing
it between the thumb and index finger of your holding hand (the hand
holding the subsection). You are now ready to cut the subsection.

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HOLDING THE RAZOR

The straight razor, or feather blade, is a versatile tool that can be used
for an entire haircut, or just for detailing and texturizing. Holding and working
with a razor feels very different from holding and working with shears. The
more you practice holding and palming the razor, the more comfortable you
will become with this tool. There are two methods for holding the razor for
cutting.

Method A

1. Open the razor so that the handle is higher than the shank. Place
the thumb on the thumb grip, and the index, middle, and ring
fingers on the shank.
2. Place the little finger in the tang, underneath the handle.
3. When cutting a subsection, position the razor on top of the
subsection, the part facing you, for maximum control.

Method B

1. Open the razor until the handle and shank form a straight line.
2. Place the thumb on the grip and wrap the fingers around the
handle. Just as you need to be able to hold the comb and the
shears in your cutting hand while working, you also need to palm
the razor so that you can comb and section hair during a haircut.
Curl your ring finger and little finger to palm the razor. Hold the
comb between your thumb and the index and middle fingers.
Most accidents with razors happen when combing the hair, not
when cutting the hair, because of a loose grip when palming. Be
sure to practice keeping a firm grip on the razor with the ring and
little fingers, which keeps the open blade from sliding and cutting
your hand while you comb the hair.

HANDLING THE COMB

Both the wide and fine teeth of the comb are regularly used when
cutting hair. The wide teeth are for combing and parting hair, while finer teeth
comb is to section hair before cutting. The finer teeth provide more tension,
and are useful when cutting around the ears, when dealing with difficult
hairlines, and when cutting curly hair.

TENSION

This is the amount of pressure applied when combing and holding a

subsection. Tension is created by stretching or pulling the subsection.
Tension ranges from minimum to maximum. You control tension with your

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fingers when you hold the subsection of hair between them. Consistent
tension is important for constant, even results in a haircut. Use maximum
tension on straight hair when you want precise lines. With curly or wavy hair,
less tension is better, because a lot of tension will result in the hair shrinking
even more than usual as it dries. Minimum tension should be used around the
ears and on hairlines with strong growth patterns.

Two important reasons to hold your tools properly:

 A proper hold gives you the most control, and the best results when
cutting hair.
 A proper hold helps you avoid muscle strain in your hands, arms,
neck, and back.

POSTURE and BODY POSITION

Good posture and body position will help you avoid future back
problems and ensure better haircutting results.

 Position the client. Make sure that your client is sitting up straight
and that her legs are not crossed. Remember, you can move the client
by turning the chair or raising/lowering of the chair, whichever gives
you the option of keeping your body in the same place, or by angling
the client’s chair so you can see what you are doing in the mirror.

 Center your weight. Keep your body weight centered and firm. When
standing, keep your knees slightly bent rather than locked. Instead of
bending at the waist, try bending one knee if you need to lean slightly
one way or the other. When sitting, keep both feet on the floor.

 Work in front of your section. When cutting hair, a general rule of

thumb is to stand or sit directly in front of the area you are cutting. By
doing this, you keep your body weight centered, and you will
automatically find yourself moving around the head during a haircut.
If you want to sit or stand in the same place or be able to view what you
are doing in the mirror, you need to move the client’s chair. As much as
possible, keep to the general rule of always standing in front of the area
you are working on, and positioning your hands according to the
cutting line.

HAND POSITIONS FOR DIFFERENT CUTTING ANGLES

Cutting over your fingers. This hand position is used most often when
cutting uniform or increasing layers.

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Cutting below the fingers. This hand position is used when cutting a blunt
haircut or a heavier graduated haircut, it is customary to use a horizontal
cutting line.

Cutting palm-to-palm. Is used when cutting with a vertical or diagonal

cutting line, to maintain control of the subsection, especially about elevation
and overdirection. The palms of both hands are facing each other while
cutting. It helps prevent strain on your back as you work.

BASIC HAIRCUTS

The art of haircutting is made up of variations on four basic haircuts:

1. Blunt
2. Graduated
3. Layered
4. Long Layered.

An understanding of these basic haircuts is essential before you can

begin experimenting with other cuts and effects.

In a blunt haircut, also known as a one-length haircut,

all the hair comes to a single hanging level, forming a weight
line. The weight line is a visual line in the haircut, where the
ends of the hair hang together. The blunt cut is also referred
to as a zero-elevation cut or no-elevation cut, because it has
no elevation or overdirection. It is cut with a stationary
guide. The cutting line can be horizontal, diagonal, or
rounded. Blunt haircuts are excellent for finer and thinner hair types, because
all the hair is cut to one length, therefore making it appear thicker. The blunt
haircut—also known as a bob, one-length, one-level, pageboy, or bowl haircut,
is an all-time classic. Although the line of the cut appears to be simple, the
success of the cut relies on precision, which can be anything but simple when
working with a variety of hair types, growth patterns, and animated clients.
The client’s head should be upright and straight for this cut. If you tilt the
head forward, the hair will not fall into its natural position.

If you cut a blunt haircut with the head forward, you will make two
discoveries:

1. The line will not fall as you cut it.

2. You will have created some graduation where you did not intend to.

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 Blunt haircuts may be performed by either holding the sections between
the fingers or using the comb to hold the hair with little or no tension. If the
hair length is past the shoulders, sections need to be held between the fingers
with minimal tension.

A graduated haircut is a graduated shape or wedge.

This is caused by cutting the hair with tension, low to
medium elevation, or overdirection. The most common
elevation is 45 degrees. In a graduated haircut, there is a
visual buildup of weight in a given area. The ends of the hair
appear to be stacked. There are many variations and effects,
you can create with graduation simply by adjusting the
degree of elevation, the amount of overdirection, or your
cutting line. In a graduated haircut, the ends of the hair appear closer together.

A layered haircut is a graduated effect achieved by

cutting the hair with elevation or overdirection. The hair is
cut at higher elevations, usually 90 degrees and above.
Layered haircuts generally have less weight than graduated
haircuts. In a layered haircut, the ends appear farther apart.
Layers create movement and volume in the hair by releasing
weight. A layered haircut can be created with a traveling
guide, a stationary guide, or both.

Another basic haircut is the long-layered haircut.

The hair is cut at a 180-degree angle. This technique gives
more volume to hairstyles and can be combined with other
basic haircuts. The resulting shape will have shorter
layers at the top and increasingly longer layers toward the
perimeter. By using these four basic concepts, you can
create any haircut you want. Every haircut is made up of
one, two, or three of these basic techniques. Add a little texturizing, slide
cutting, or scissor-over-comb, and you have advanced haircutting. Advanced
haircutting is simply learning the basics and then applying them in any
combination to create unlimited shapes and effects.

For very long hair, it is often useful to have the client stand while you
sit on a cutting stool as you work. When cutting a blunt cut, be aware of the
crown area, sometimes called the danger zone, because this is where irregular
growth patterns are most often found. The crown can be challenging when
you are doing blunt haircuts. Look at the scalp to see the natural growth
pattern. You may want to cut this area at the very end of the haircut or cut it
slightly longer than the guideline. Once the hair is dry, you can see where it

10
falls, and then match the length to the guideline. Another danger zone is
around the ears. Because ears do not lie flat against the head, you need to
take special steps to keep an even cutting line. Always work with very little
tension or no tension around the ears unless you are working with shorter
layers. Blunt cuts can be designed with or without bangs (fringe), on straight
or curly hair, and with a short, medium, or long length.

OTHER CUTTING TECHNIQUES

1. Cutting Curly Hair

Curly hair can be a challenge to cut. Once you gain confidence, curly
hair can be a lot of fun to style. However, it is important to understand how
curly hair behaves after it has been cut and dried. Although you can apply
any cutting technique to curly hair, you will get very different results than
you get when cutting straight hair. Curl patterns can range from slightly wavy
to extremely curly, and curly-haired clients may have fine, medium, or coarse
textures with a density ranging from thin to thick.

2. Cutting the Bangs (Fringe)

Because much of our haircutting history comes from England, you will
sometimes hear the word fringe used instead of bangs. The two words mean
the same thing. The bang or fringe area includes the hair that lies between
the two front corners, or approximately between the outer corners of the eyes.

3. Razor Cutting
A razor cut gives a totally different result than other haircutting
techniques. For instance, a razor cut gives a softer appearance than a shear
cut. The razor is a great option when working with medium to fine hair
textures. When you work with shears, the ends of the hair are cut blunt. When
working with a razor, the ends are cut at an angle, and the line is not blunt.
This produces softer shapes with more visible separation, or a feathered effect,
on the ends. With the razor, there is only one blade cutting the hair, and it is
a much finer blade than the shears. With shears, there are two blades that
close on the hair, creating blunt ends.

4. Slide Cutting
Slide cutting is a method of cutting or thinning the hair in which the
fingers and shears glide along the edge of the hair to remove length. It is useful
for removing length, blending shorter lengths to longer lengths, and
texturizing. It is a perfect way to layer very long hair and keep weight at the
perimeter. Rather than opening and closing the shears, you keep them
partially open as you slide along the edge of the section. This technique should
only be performed on wet hair with very sharp shears. There are two methods

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of holding the subsection when slide cutting. It is important to visualize the
line you wish to cut before you begin. In one method, you hold the subsection
with tension beyond the cutting line. In the other method, you place your
shears on top of your knuckles, and then use both hands to move
simultaneously out the length to the ends.

5. Scissor-Over-Comb
Scissor-over-comb, also known as shear-over-comb, is a barbering
technique that has crossed over into cosmetology. You hold the hair in place
with the comb while using the tips of the shears to remove length. This
technique is used to create very short tapers and allows you to cut from an
extremely short length to longer lengths. In most cases, you start at the
hairline and work your way up to the longer lengths. Best to use technique
on dry hair, because you can see exactly how much hair you are cutting—and
helps you maintain control. Lift (elevate) the hair away from the head using
the comb and allow the comb to act as your guide. Do not hold the hair
between your fingers. Let the shear and comb move simultaneously up the
head. It is important that one blade stays still and remains parallel to the
spine of the comb as you move the thumb blade to close the shears. Try to
cut with an even rhythm. Stopping the motion may cause steps or visible
weight lines in the hair. Practice moving the comb and scissors
simultaneously, keeping the bottom blade still and opening and closing the
shears with your thumb.
The basic steps when working with the scissor-over-comb technique are
summarized below;

a) Stand or sit directly in front of the section you are working on. The area
that you are cutting should be at eye level.

b) Place the comb, teeth first, into the hairline and turn the comb so that
the teeth are angled away from the head.

c) With the still blade of the scissor parallel to the spine of the comb, begin
moving the comb up the head, continually opening and closing the
thumb blade smoothly and quickly.

d) Angle the comb farther away from the head as you reach the area you
are blending to avoid cutting into the length (weight).

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6. Texturizing
Texturizing is a technique often used in today’s haircuts. Texturizing is
the process of removing excess bulk without shortening the length. It can also
be used to cut for effect within the hair length, causing wispy or spiky results.
The term texturize should not be confused with hair texture, which is the
diameter of the hair strand itself. Texturizing techniques can be used to add
or remove volume, to make hair move, and to blend one area into another. It
can also be used to compensate for different densities that exist on the same
head of hair. Texturizing can be done with cutting shears, thinning shears, or
a razor. There are many texturizing techniques, and several of them will be
explained in this section. You will need to practice all the techniques so that
you can use them to create specific effects as needed.

Texturizing with Shears

a) Point cutting is a technique performed on the ends of the

hair using the tips, or points, of the shears. This can be
done on wet or dry hair. Hold the hair 1 to 2 inches (2.5 to
5 centimeters) from the ends. Turn your wrist so that the
tips of the scissors are pointing into the ends. Open and
close the scissors by moving your thumb as you work
across the section. As you close the scissors, move them
away from your fingers to avoid cutting yourself. Move
them back in toward your fingers as you open them.
Basically, you are cutting points in the hair. A more
vertical angle of the shears removes less hair. The more
diagonal the angle of the shears, the more hair is taken
away and the chunkier the effect Notching is another
version of point cutting.

b) Notching is more aggressive and creates a chunkier effect.

It is done toward the ends. Hold the section about 3 inches
(7.5 centimeters) from the ends. Place the tips of your
shears about 2 inches (5 centimeters) from the ends. Close
your shears as you quickly move them out toward
the ends. If you are working on very thick hair, you can
repeat the motion every ⅛ inch (0.3 centimeters). On
medium to fine hair, place your notches farther apart. This
technique can be done on wet or dry hair.

c) Free-Hand Notching also uses the tips of the shears. Do

not slide the shears, but simply snip out pieces of hair at
random intervals. This technique is generally used on the

13
 interior of the section, rather than at the ends. It works
well on curly hair, where you do not want to add too many
layers, but instead want to release the curl and remove
some density.

d) Slithering, also known as effilating, is the process of

thinning the hair to graduated lengths with shears. In this
technique, the hair strand is cut by a sliding movement of
the shears, with the blades kept partially opened. This also
reduces volume and creates movement.

e) Slicing is a technique that removes bulk and adds

movement through the lengths of the hair. When slicing,
twist the section of hair to be cut and never completely
close the scissors. Use only the portion of the blades near
the pivot. This prevents removing large pieces of hair. This
technique can be performed within a subsection or on the
surface of the hair with haircutting or texturizing shears.
To slice an elevated subsection, work with either wet or
dry hair. When slicing on the surface of the haircut, it is
best to work on dry hair, because you can see exactly how
much hair you are taking away.

f) Carving is a version of slicing that creates a visual

separation in the hair. It works best on short hair (1½ to
3 inches or 3.75 to 7.5 centimeters in length). This
technique is done by placing the still blade into the hair
and resting it on the scalp. Move the shears through the
hair, gently opening and partially closing the scissors as
you move, thus carving out areas. The more horizontal
your scissors, the more hair you remove; the more vertical,
the less hair you remove. When carving the ends, you can
add texture and separation to the perimeter of a haircut
by holding the ends of a small strand of hair between your
thumb and index fingers, and carving on the surface of
that strand. Begin carving about 3 inches from the ends
toward your fingers.

Texturizing with the Razor

g) Removing weight. You can use the razor to thin out the
ends of the hair. On damp hair, hold the section out from
the head with your fingers at the ends. Place the razor flat

14
 to the hair, 2 to 3 inches (5 to 7.5 centimeters) away from
your fingers. Gently stroke the razor, removing a thin
sheet of hair from the area. This tapers the ends of the
section. This technique can be used on any area of the
haircut where this effect is desired.

h) Free-hand slicing. This technique can be used

throughout the section or at the ends and should be done
on wet hair. When working on the midshaft of the
subsection, comb the hair out from the head, and hold it
with your fingers close to the ends. With the tip of the
razor, slice out pieces of hair. The more vertical the
movement, the less hair you remove; the more horizontal
the movement, the more hair you remove. This technique
releases weight from the subsection, allowing it to move
more freely.

Texturizing with Thinning Shears and Razor

i) Removing bulk (thinning). Thinning shears were

originally created for the purpose of thinning hair and
blending. When using the thinning shears for this
purpose, it is best to follow the same sectioning as used in
the haircut. Comb the subsection out from the head and
cut it with the thinning scissors, at least 4 to 5 inches (10
to 12.5 centimeters) from the scalp. On longer lengths, you
may need to repeat the process again as you move out
toward the ends. On coarse hair textures, stay farther
away from the scalp, as sometimes the shorter hairs will
poke through the haircut. On blunt haircuts, avoid
thinning the top surfaces, because you may see lines
where the hair is cut with the thinning shears. When
working on curly hair, it is best to use the free-hand
notching technique rather than thinning shears.

j) Removing weight from the ends. You can also use

thinning shears to remove bulk from the ends. This
process works well on many hair textures. It can be used
on both thin and thick hair, and it helps taper the
perimeter of both graduated and blunt haircuts. Elevating
each subsection out from the head, place the thinning
shears into the hair at an angle and close the shears a few
times as you work out toward the ends.

15
 Scissor-over-comb with thinning shears. Practicing the scissor-over
comb technique with the thinning shears is a good way to master this
technique. This is useful for blending weight lines on fine textured hair
and on thick and coarse textured hair that is cut very short, especially
at the sides and the nape. This will help the hair lie closer to the head.

Other thinning shear techniques. Any texturizing technique that can

be performed with regular haircutting shears may also be performed
with the thinning shears. When working on very fine or thin hair, try
using the thinning shears for carving, point cutting, and slicing. This
will help avoid over texturizing and removing too much weight.

Free-hand slicing with razor. You can also use free-hand slicing on
the ends of the hair to produce a softer perimeter or to create separation
throughout the shape. In this case, hold the ends of a small piece of
hair in your fingertips. Beginning about 3 inches from your fingers, slice
down one side of the piece toward your fingers.

Razor-over-comb. The comb and the razor are used on the surface of
the hair. Using the razor on the surface softens weight lines and causes
the area to lie closer to the head. This is used mainly on shorter
haircuts. To perform this technique, place the comb into the hair, with
the teeth pointing down, a few inches above the area on which you will
be working. Make small, gentle strokes on the surface of the hair with
the razor. Move the comb down as you move the razor down. This is a
great technique for tapering in the nape area or softening weight lines.

Razor rotation is very similar to razor-over-comb. The difference is that

with razor rotation you make small circular motions. Begin by combing
the hair in the direction you will be moving in. Place the razor on the
surface of the hair. Then allow the comb to follow the razor through the
area just cut. Then comb back into the section or onto a new section.
This helps soften the texture of the area and gives direction to the
haircut.

FOUR BASIC HAIRCUTS

BLUNT HAIR
You will need all the following implements, materials, and supplies:
Cutting cape Cutting or Haircutting Neck strip Sectioning
styling comb shears clips

16
 Shampoo Shampoo Spray bottle Towels Wide-tooth
and cape with water comb
conditioner

PROCEDURE:

1. Drape your client for a shampoo.

2. Shampoo and condition the hair, as necessary.

3. Escort the client back to the styling chair. Secure a neck strip around
the client’s neck. Place a cape over the neck strip and fasten in the
back. Fold the neck strip down over the cape so that no part of the cape
touches the client’s skin.

4. Detangle the hair with the wide-tooth comb.

5. To find the natural part, comb the hair back from the hairline and push
the hair gently forward with the palm of the hand. Use the comb and
other hand to separate the hair where it parts, or, if the natural part
does not work for your finished style, part it the way the client will be
wearing it.

6. This haircut will use a four-section parting. Take a center part that runs
from the front hairline to the nape, dividing the head in two.

7. Find the apex of the head. Take a parting that runs from the apex to
the back of the ear on both sides and clip. You have now divided the
head into four sections.

8. Beginning at the nape, on the right side, take a horizontal parting ¼ to

½ inch (0.6 to 1.25 centimeters) from the hairline, depending on the
density of the hair. This creates the first subsection.

9. With the client’s head upright, comb the subsection in a natural fall
from scalp to ends. With your dominant hand, comb the subsection
again, stopping just above the cutting line. Make sure the comb is
horizontal and just above the cutting line (desired length). Cut the
subsection straight across against the comb, remembering to keep your
shears horizontal and parallel to the floor. Repeat on the left side, using
the length of your first subsection as a guide. Check to make sure your
cutting line is straight before moving on. You have now created your
guideline for the entire haircut.

10. If the hairline lies down nicely, an alternate way of cutting a blunt line
in the nape is to comb down the subsection and hold the hair against
the skin with the edge of your nondominant hand. Cut the guideline
below your hand, making sure that your shears are horizontal and
parallel to the floor.

17
11. Returning to the right side, take another horizontal parting, creating a
subsection the same size as your previous subsection. As a rule, you
should be able to see the guideline through the new subsection. If you
cannot see the guide, take a smaller subsection. Comb the hair down
in a natural fall and cut the length to match the guide. Repeat on the
left side.

12. Continue working up the back of the head, alternating from the right
section to the left section, using ½-inch subsections.

13. When you reach the crown area (danger zone), pay close attention to
the natural fall of the hair. Comb the hair into its natural falling position
and cut with little or no tension to match the guide. You have now
completed the back of the haircut.

14. Now move to the sides of the haircut. Beginning on the right side, take
a horizontal parting and part off a portion from the back area, and use
it to cut the side guideline to match in length. This will help you
maintain consistency with the blunt line when connecting the back to
the sides. Be sure to take a subsection that is large enough to give you
an even amount of hair at the cutting line, allowing for the ears sticking
out. Comb the hair from scalp to ends, release the subsection, and allow
the hair to hang in a natural fall. Using the wide teeth, place the comb
back into the subsection just below the ear. Slide the comb down to just
above the cutting line. Holding the comb parallel to the floor, cut the
hair straight across just below the comb, connecting the line to the
back. Repeat on the left side.

15. When working on the right side, your shears will be pointing toward the
back. To maintain consistency in your line, take smaller subsections,
connecting at the ear first, and gradually moving forward with the line
until you reach the face.

16. An alternative approach for cutting the right side is to turn your wrist
so that your palm is facing upward, and your shears are pointed toward
the back of the head. This requires that you position your body slightly
behind the section you are working on, with your elbow straight down.
Either method gives a consistent result in your line.

17. Before moving on, check that both sides of the haircut are even. Stand
behind the client and check the lengths on both sides while looking in
the mirror. Make any needed adjustments.

18. Continue working up the right side with horizontal partings, until all
the hair has been cut to match the guide. When cutting the hair that
falls along the face, make sure to comb the hair so it lies on the side,
not the front, of the face. Repeat on the left side.

18
19. Now, move directly in front of your client to cut the bangs (fringe) area.
Begin by parting the hair down the middle and, using your cutting
comb, find the apex of the front of the head. Make a triangular parting
from the apex to the center of each eye. Leave a ½-inch subsection at
the forehead and clip the rest of the hair back. Now, ask your client to
close her eyes and, using your cutting comb, comb the section to the
bridge of the nose and cut the bang (fringe) guideline. Next, part off ½-
inch subsections and, without tension, cut to match the guideline
length. Continue in this manner until the bangs are completely cut.

20. Sweep up cut hair from the floor and dispose of properly.

21. To get a true reading of the haircut, it is best to perform a smooth blow
dry, with very little lift at the scalp.

22. Once the haircut is dry, have the client stand. Check the line in the
mirror. You should see an even, horizontal line all the way around the
head. This is the time to clean up any hair at the neckline and check
where the hair falls when dry. Use the wide teeth of the comb to connect
the crown area. If this section was left longer during the haircut, now
is the time to connect it into the line.

23. Finished look.

You may view this link for additional information:
 https://youtu.be/As8b7-0UV5k

GRADUATED HAIRCUT
You will need all the following implements, materials, and supplies:
Cutting cape Cutting or Haircutting Neck strip Sectioning
styling comb shears clips
Sectioning Shampoo Shampoo Spray bottle Towels
clips and cape with water
conditioner
Wide-tooth
comb

PROCEDURE:
1. Drape your client for a shampoo.

2. Shampoo and condition the hair as necessary.

3. Escort the client back to the styling chair. Secure a neck strip around
the client’s neck. Place a cape over the neck strip and fasten in the
back. Fold the neck strip down over the cape so that no part of the cape
touches the client’s skin.

19
 4. Detangle the hair with the wide-tooth comb.

5. This haircut will use a six-section parting. Begin with a part from the
front hairline just above the middle of each eyebrow back to the crown
area, and clip the hair in place.

6. Establish another part from the crown area where section one ends to
the back of each ear, forming side-sections two and three. Clip these
sections in place.

7. Part the hair down the center of the back to form sections four and five.

8. Take a horizontal part from one ear to the other across the nape area
about 1 inch (2.5 centimeters) above the hairline. This section (six) is
your horizontal guide section.

9. Establish your guideline by the right side of the guide to the desired
length. Use a horizontal cutting line parallel to the fingers. Cut the left
side of the nape section the same length as the right guideline.

10. Working upward in the left back section, measure, and part off the first
horizontal section approximately 1-inch wide.

11. Beginning at the center part, establish a vertical subsection

approximately ½-inch (1.25 centimeters) wide. Extend the subsection
down to include the nape guideline. Comb the subsection smooth at a
45-degree angle to the scalp. Hold your fingers at a 90-degree angle to
the strand and cut.

12. Proceed to cut the entire horizontal section by parting off vertical
subsections and cutting in the same manner. Check each section
vertically and horizontally throughout the haircut. Each completed
section will serve as a guideline for the next section.

13. Beginning at the center, create another vertical subsection that extends
down and includes the previously cut strands. Comb the hair smoothly
at a 45-degree elevation to the head.

14. Hold the fingers and shears at a 90-degree angle to the subsection and
cut. Cut the entire horizontal section this way. Make sure the second
section blends evenly with the previously cut section.
15. Continue taking horizontal sections throughout the right and left back
sections and follow the same cutting procedure. The hair will gradually
become longer as it reaches the apex. For example, if your nape guide
was 2½-inches (6.25 centimeters) long, your upper crown section will
be approximately 6-inches (15 centimeters) long.

20
16. Cut the crown. Maintain the length in the upper crown by holding each
vertical subsection throughout the crown area at a 90-degree angle
while cutting. After checking the back and crown for even blending,
proceed to the left side section.

17. Establish a narrow guide section on the right side at the hairline
approximately ½-inch wide. Cut side guideline to match the length in
the nape. Move to the left side of the head and establish a matching
guideline there.

18. This will help you to be sure that both side sections will be the same
length when the right-side section is cut later.

19. To cut the next section, establish a ½-inch parting that curves and
follows the hairline above the ear back to the nape section. Smoothly
comb the section, including the side guideline and part of the nape
section.

20. Holding the hair with little or no tension, cut the hair from the nape
guide to the side guide. Note that the fingers are held at a slight angle
to connect the two guides.

21. Establish a horizontal section on the side, taking hair from the side and
the crown area. The width of this section will vary because of the
irregular hairline around the ear. This is how you will blend the side
and back sections of the cut.

22. To begin cutting the side section, start at the ear, part a ½-inch vertical
subsection (include the underlying guideline and a small portion of the
nape section), and cut section.

23. Continue following the same cutting procedure. Take vertical

subsections, comb smooth, elevate at a 45-degree angle from the head,
holding the fingers at a 90-degree angle to the hair. Cut the section even
with the side guideline and nape section. Be sure to hold the vertical
subsections straight out from the head at 45 degrees, not pulled to the
right or left.

24. When the left side section is complete, the hair in the uppermost part
of the section should be the same length as that in the upper crown
area. In the final 1-inch section, comb the vertical subsections and hold
them at a 90-degree angle to the head. Position your fingers at 90
degrees to the head and cut parallel to your fingers. Check the
completed section horizontally to make sure the ends are even.

25. Move to the right side of the head and cut the hair in the same manner
as you did on the left side, using the previously established guide. Once
the back and both sides are complete, move to the bang and top areas.

21
26. You can create a variety of bang (fringe) designs by cutting the bang
length close to that of the side guideline. Create a bang guide section
along the hairline about ½-inch wide.

27. Starting at the center part and working on the left side of the forehead,
cut to the desired length.

28. Bring down another ½-inch section and cut this subsection of the bang
section at a low elevation, to the guideline.

29. Now take a vertical parting along the hairline that connects the
guideline from the bang and the guideline from in front of the ear. Slide
your hand slowly, keeping both guidelines in your grasp, and stop when
you have only about a ¼ inch of both guidelines in your hand.
Connecting the two guidelines will determine the angle of the cut.
Complete the guideline on both sides of the head.

30. Using the guideline, you established in step 23, take ½-inch
subsections, and cut the top section at a 45-degree angle, blending with
the sides.

31. Finish the top section by taking ½-inch vertical subsections parallel to
the center part. Hold the hair up from the head at a 90-degree angle.
Include hair from the crown and bang area and cut to blend the section
with the two pre-cut sections. Continue cutting in this manner until the
remainder of the top section is cut. Hold the hair up from the head at a
90-degree angle and check the completed cut. Trim any uneven ends.
The bang guide gradually increases in length to the pre-established
length in the top and crown areas.

32. Once the cut is completed, use your hands to put the hair into place.
Blow dry the haircut and view the design, movement, and ends to be
sure they are evenly blended.

33. Finished look.

You may view this link for additional information:

 https://youtu.be/xX8dfJDvAt0

UNIFORM -LAYERED HAIRCUT

You will need all the following implements, materials, and supplies:
Cutting cape Cutting or Haircutting Neck strip Sectioning
styling comb shears clips
Shampoo and Shampoo cape Spray bottle Towels Wide-tooth
conditioner with water comb

22
PROCEDURE:

1. Drape your client for a shampoo.

2. Shampoo and condition the hair, as necessary.

3. Escort the client back to the styling chair. Secure a neck strip around
the client’s neck. Place a cape over the neck strip and fasten in the
back. Fold the neck strip down over the cape so that no part of the cape
touches the client’s skin.

4. Detangle the hair with the wide-tooth comb.

5. This haircut will use a five-section parting. Begin with a part from the
front hairline just above the middle of each eyebrow back to the crown
area and clip the hair in place. Establish another part from the crown
area where section one ends to the back of each ear, forming side
sections two and three. Clip these sections in place. Part the hair down
the center of the back to form sections four and five.
6. To create the guideline, take two partings ½ inch (1.25 centimeters)
apart, creating a section that runs from the front hairline to the bottom
of the nape. Comb all other hair out of the way.

7. Beginning at the crown, comb the section straight out from the head,
keeping your fingers parallel to the head form, and cut to the desired
length. Continue working forward to the front hairline, making sure to
stand to the side of the client.

8. Continue cutting the guideline from the crown to the nape, rounding off
any corners as you go along and making sure that your fingers are
parallel to the head form.

9. To maintain control and consistency while working through the haircut,

separate the sides from the back by parting the hair from the apex to
the back of the ear. Work through the back areas first. The parting
pattern will be wedge shaped, where each section begins at the same
point in the crown and is slightly wider at the bottom of the nape.

10. Work through the client’s right side first. Take a vertical parting that
begins at the crown and connects with the guideline, creating a vertical
section that ends at the hairline. Keep the sections small to maintain
control. Beginning at the crown and using the previously cut guideline,
comb the new section to the guide, and elevate the hair straight out
from the head, with no overdirection. Cut the line by keeping your
fingers parallel to the head and matching the guideline.

11. Continue working with a traveling guideline to the back of the ear.
Repeat on the left side. When working on the left side of the back, shift
your hand position so that you are now holding the section with the tips

23
 of your fingers pointing upwards and the tips of your shears pointing
downwards. Part from the front of the ear to the front of the other ear,
including the top and side areas.

12. Now move to the side and top section. Take a section at the front
hairline above the ear and begin to blend the top with the side section.

13. Continue cutting until the top and side sections are blended.

14. Cut the top area using vertical partings. Using the previously cut center
section as a guideline, connect to the crown, holding each section
straight up at 90 degrees from the head, making sure not to over direct
the hair.

15. Cross-check the top, using horizontal partings and elevating the hair
90 degrees from the head.

16. Now move to the right side. Work from the back of the ear toward the
face, using vertical sections, and connect to the previous section at the
back of the ear and the top. Comb the hair straight out from the head
at 90 degrees, removing any corners as you go. Repeat on the left side.
Cross-check the side sections.

17. Cross-check the side sections, using horizontal partings and combing
the hair straight out at 90 degrees.

18. Comb the hair down. Note the soft perimeter and rounded head shape.

19. Blow dry and style the haircut using a vent brush to encourage
movement.

20. Blow dry and style the haircut using a vent brush to encourage
movement.
You may view this link for additional information:
https://youtu.be/_1a23TuSV1o

LONG-LAYERED (180-Degree Haircut)

You will need all the following implements, materials, and supplies:
Cutting cape Cutting or Haircutting Neck strip Sectioning
styling comb shears clips
Shampoo Shampoo Spray bottle Towels Wide-tooth
and cape with water comb
conditioner

24
PROCEDURE:

1. Drape your client for a shampoo.

2. Shampoo and condition the hair, as necessary.

3. Escort the client back to the styling chair. Secure a neck strip around
the client’s neck. Place a cape over the neck strip and fasten in the
back. Fold the neck strip down over the cape so that no part of the cape
touches the client’s skin.

4. Detangle the hair with the wide-tooth comb.

5. Part the hair into five sections, as in step 5 of Procedure 16-3.

6. Begin at the top of the crown by taking a ½-inch (1.25 centimeters)

subsection across the head. Comb straight up from the head form and
cut straight across.

7. Work to the front of the top section by taking a second ½-inch

subsection. Direct the first subsection (guideline) to the second one and
cut to the same length.
8. Continue, using the previously cut subsection as your guideline to cut
a new ½ - inch subsection throughout the top section.

9. On the right front section, using ½-inch horizontal subsections, comb

the hair straight up and match to the previously cut hair (guideline) in
the top section. Continue working down the side, using ½-inch
subsections until the hair no longer reaches the guide.

10. Repeat on the left side.

11. Complete the back sections.

12. Continue cutting using ½-inch horizontal subsections and working

from top to bottom until the hair no longer reaches the guideline.
13. Check to be sure both sides are the same length.

14. Finished haircut: front, side, and back.

15. Finished look.

You may view this link for additional information:

 https://youtu.be/p8i8GYR2_JA
 https://college.cengage.com/cosmetology/course360/milady_0840024789/ebook/milady_97814390
59302_ch16.pdf


25
 MAIN OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY
AND HEALTH RISKS

A visit to a hairdressing salon is usually associated with anticipations

of being cared for in a relaxed environment. However, few clients are
conscious of the fact that the hairdressing salon can pose serious risks to
those working long and uninterrupted hours. Hairdressers are exposed to
serious occupational health risks and that improving working conditions
must be a major priority.

Health problems can be challenged effectively by introducing measures

which usually cost very little. For instance, the purchase and use of gloves
costs only very little. Installing height-adjustable rotating chairs and non-slip
flooring are also low-cost interventions.

As occurs in all workplaces, to understand and appropriately confront

occupational safety and health (OSH) risks, one must first identify the hazards
in the workplace and relate them to the likelihood of occurrence. The
appropriate prevention measures should then be proposed and applied. This
procedure is called risk assessment and is iterative. The main risks
encountered in hairdressing salons could be divided among nine categories.
At this point, it should be emphasized that the description of the risks and
their required measures are not exhaustive.

8 Risk Categories in Hairdressing

1. Ergonomic factors
Ergonomics is the science that designs the work organization,
environment, and equipment with the aim of adapting them to the worker.
The term ‘ergonomic factors’ generally refers to situations where there is misfit
(physical and cognitive) between the worker and the working environment.
Lack of ergonomics in work design could result in physical discomfort,
persistent pain in parts of the body or physical and mental exhaustion. The
physical symptoms usually arise from constant and repetitive movements of
various parts of the body or, alternatively, from holding awkward postures
(sustained or constrained).

2. Hazardous substances

Irritant and allergic contact eczemas may be caused by prolonged or

repeated contact with water and skin-damaging hazardous substances
because of the specific wet work in hairdressing salons. Wet work involves
activities in which employees carry out work in a wet environment for a
substantial proportion of their working hours, wearing liquid-tight (occlusive)
gloves or washing their hands frequently or intensively. Typical wet work in

26
the hairdressing profession involves, for instance, hair shampooing and
working with (cutting, setting, etc.) wet hair.

3. Biological factors — hygiene

Biological factors, such as bacteria, viruses, and fungal spores, can
cause infections and diseases. For this reason, strict hygiene measures must
be applied. The most effective way to contain these microorganisms is to use
freshly prepared disinfectants.

4. Physical factors (microclimate, noise, lighting)

The microclimate parameters room temperature and humidity, rate of

indoor air exchange, should be adjusted to provide the maximum comfort for
both employees and clients. A stressful microclimate may induce work
accidents and discomfort. Proper maintenance of the air-conditioning system
is therefore important. The work areas must be adequately illuminated by
natural or artificial light.

5. Electrical risks
A hairdressing salon is equipped with a variety of electrical devices.
These devices are usually used in the proximity of wet conditions and, if they
are not cared for, there will always be the danger of electric shocks. For this
reason, maintenance of electrical equipment is vital. Proper organization in
this respect entails that footstools, equipment, coat hangers, product
displays, magazine racks, etc. do not obstruct free passage. In addition, to
prevent trips care must be taken so that electrical cables or cords do not cross
the salon’s floor.

6. Slips, trips, and falls

A hairdressing salon must be spacious and organized in such a way to

provide free movement of both staff and clients. Burns and cuts contact with
hairdryers and steamers that may have hot surfaces can cause burns. Care
must also be taken to avoid continuous contact with excessive hot water. It is
important that all tools such as scissors, razors or clippers are handled
carefully, kept in good condition, and stored with protective coverings.

7. Fire risks

All three parameters necessary to initiate and propagate a fire coexist

in the work environment of a hairdressing salon: hot electrical surfaces,
flammable products, and air. To minimize the risk of fire, one must isolate
one parameter from the other. This can be achieved by proper storage of hair
products, aerosols, and solvents away from hot surfaces or heated tools,
preferably in fire-proof cabinets.

8. Psychosocial factors

Under European OSH regulations employers have a duty to provide

information on these issues, a safe work environment and training.

27
https://www.greensalon.eu/main-occupational-safety-and-health-risks.html

It is essential for you to keep in mind that when you are cutting hair,
accidents can happen. You will be handling sharp tools and instruments, and
you must always protect yourself and your client by following the proper
precautions. Always palm the shears and the razor when combing or parting
the hair. This keeps the points of the shears closed and pointed away from
the client while combing and prevents you from cutting yourself or the client.
Palming the shears also reduces strain on the index finger and thumb while
combing the hair. Do not cut past the second knuckle when cutting below
your fingers, or when cutting palm-to-palm. The skin is soft and fleshy past
the second knuckle and is easy to cut. When cutting around the ears, take
extra care not to accidentally cut the ear. Cuts on the ears can produce large
amounts of blood! When cutting the bangs (fringe), or any area close to the
skin, balance the shears by placing the tip of the index finger of your left hand
(your right hand if you cut left-handed) on the pivot screw and the knuckles
of your left hand against the skin. This helps prevent clients from being
accidentally poked with the shears if they move suddenly. This also helps to
balance your shears and cut a cleaner line. When working with a razor, learn
with a guard. You should never practice holding, palming, or cutting with the
razor without a guard unless directed and supervised by your instructor. Take
extra care when removing and disposing of the razor blade. Discard used
blades in a puncture-proof container.

What’s More

Direction: Illustrate the appropriate cutting tools, supplies and

materials needed in the four basic haircutting styles.

What I Have Learned

Direction: Write at least a two-paragraph essay about your learning on

this lesson/module using the following guide phrases.

I have learned that _________________________________________________

28
 ____________________________________________________________________.
I have realized that _________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________.
I will apply _________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________.

What I Can Do

Instruction: PRACTICUM

CHOOSE AND PERFORM ONE BASIC HAIRCUT

WITH THE USE OF RIGHT TOOLS AND MATERIALS.

A. Follow the steps on hair cutting carefully.

1. Written report on the activity of your PRACTICUM.

a. Write the name, sex, age and address of your clientele.

b. Any difficulties or problems encountered during the activity.

c. Any solutions made to resolve the problem.

2. Take videos or pictures on how you handle your client.

3. Place your written report and pictures on your portfolio (long folder).

Post your videos or pictures on our Facebook Group:

POINTS RUBRIC IN BLUNT HAIRCUT

Submitted on time, clean and attractive with parent’s signature. Not more than 1 error.
50 Has good workmanship in general appearance, correct procedure with PPE, and keeping
the area clean

Submitted on time, ready made without parent’s signature. With 3-4 errors. Has good
40 workmanship in general appearance, correct procedure with PPE but the area is
cluttered.

Submitted but not on time, not clean, not attractive and without parents signature. With
30 more than 5 errors. Have no good workmanship in general appearance and procedure
was not followed. No PPE and the area is cluttered.

Late, and incomplete. With or without parents signature. Has no good workmanship in
20 general appearance and procedure was not followed. No PPE and the area is cluttered.

29
 10 Not submitted. No assignment. No performance.

Assessment

A. Direction: Identify the statements below by choosing the letters of the

correct answer inside the box. Write your answer in your answer sheet.

A. Razor-over-comb E. Notching I. Scissor-over-comb

B. Slithering F. Razor cutting J. Carving
C. Razor Rotation G. Slide Cutting K. Texturizing
D. Slicing H. free-hand slicing

1. This is very similar to razor-over-comb.

2. This is a great technique for tapering in the nape area or softening
weight lines.
3. You can use ______ on the ends of the hair to produce a softer perimeter
or to create separation throughout the shape.
4. It is a version of slicing that creates a visual separation in the hair.
5. This is a technique that removes bulk and adds movement through the
lengths of the hair.
6. In this technique, the hair strand is cut by a sliding movement of the
shears, with the blades kept partially opened.
7. This technique is more aggressive and creates a chunkier effect.
8. This is the process of removing excess bulk without shortening the
length.
9. Also known as shear-over-comb, is a barbering technique that has
crossed over into cosmetology.
10. The razor is a great option when working with medium to fine hair
textures.

B. True or False: Write T if the statement is correct. Write F if the statement

is wrong and change the underlined word/s to correct the statement.

1. Ergonomic factors are those that can impede work practices and
promote stress include bullying, sexual or racial harassment,
intimidation, threats, verbal abuse and, in extreme situations, physical
assaults.
2. Psychosocial factors generally refer to situations where there is misfit
(physical and cognitive) between the worker and the working
environment.
3. Bacteria, viruses, and fungal spores that causes infections and diseases
are examples of biological factors.

30
 Answer Key

5. Manipulation
7. A
4. Hair Elevation
6. C 3. T
3. Blunt Cutting
5. A 2. F, Ergonomic Factor
2. Hair Sectioning
4. D 1. F, Psychosocial Factor
1. Haircutting
3. B B.
2. C What’s New
1. A 10. F
B. 9. I
8. K
8. Spray Bottle 7. E
7. Neck Strip 6. B
6. Sectioning Clips 5. D
5. Rat Tail/Comb 4. J
4. Shear 3. H
3. Cape 2. A
2. Thinning Scissors 1. C
1. Razor A.
A.
Assessment
What I Know

References
Vedel-Krogh, Signe; Nielsen, Sune F.; Schnohr, Peter; Nordestgaard, Børge G.
(2016). "Morbidity and Mortality in 7,684 Women According to Personal Hair
Dye Use: The Copenhagen City Heart Study followed for 37 Years". PLOS
ONE. 11 (3):
e0151636. Bibcode:2016PLoSO..1151636V. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.015163
6. PMC 4795553. PMID 26986063.

"The Celts". www.ibiblio.org. Retrieved 27 March 2018.

"Diodorus Siculus, Library of History - Exploring Celtic

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