Tutorial Week4

COEP Technogical University
Department of Mathematics
(MA- 21001) Probability and Statistics for Engineers
T.Y. B. Tech. Semester VI (Civil, Manufacturing and Metallurgy Engineering)
Academic Year 2023-24 (Spring Semester)
Course Coordinator: Dr. Yogita Mahatekar
1 Tutorial: Week 4_UNIT 3

1. Define random variable, discrete and continuous random variables giving five exam-
ples of each.
2. For each of the following exercises, determine the range (possible values) of the ran-
dom variable.
i. A software program has 5000 lines of code. The random variable is the number of
lines with a fatal error.
ii. A batch of 500 machined parts contains 10 that do not conform to customer require-
ments. The random variable is the number of parts in a sample of 5 parts that do not
conform to customer requirements.
iii. There is a chance that a bit transmitted through a digital transmission channel is
received in error. Let X equal the number of bits in error in the next four bits transmit-
ted.
3. Determine, with reasons, which of the following functions are probability distribution
functions and if it is then say what type of distribution it represents:
(i) f (x) = 2(1 + x)/27 Hint/Ans: not a pdf since no interval is specified and the
area under the curve is not one.

 x, 0 < x < 1,
(ii) f (x) = 2 − x, 1 ≤ x < 2,
0, elsewhere

x 0 1 2 3 4 5 6
(iii)
f (x) 0.41 0.35 0.15 0.10 0.04 0.01 0
x 1 2 3 4 5 6
(iv) Further, If X represents the num-
f (x) 0.35 0.33 0.18 0.10 0.03 0.01
ber of imperfections per 10 m of a fabric in example 2 (iv) above, then how many
imperfections do you expect in a 100m roll of fabric?
−x2
(v) f (x) = on (−1, 1) and zero otherwise.
2024
4. By making suitable changes in the required functions above, make them into prob-
ability distribution functions. Is it the only way? Hint/Ans:(i) can be made into a
pdf in infinitely many ways since we get only one eqn involving two unknown limits.
For example 2 < x < 5 is one interval which makes it into a prob distn of a cts r.v.
Hint/Ans:(iii) if we have to change only one of the probabilities then then there is a
unique way but then we can not do this by using the last three probabilities.
5. Find the cumulative distribution functions for the above distribution functions.
6. Consider the following distribution function of a random variable X :


 0 if x < 2
 2
−x
F (x) = + 2x − 3 if −2 ≤ x ≤ 4
 4


1 if x > 4.
(i)What is the PDF of X?

(ii) Calculate P (X < 3) and P (X = 4).
(iii) Determine E(X) and Var(X).
7. An innovative winemaker experiments with new grapes and adds a new wine to his
stock. The percentage sold by the end of the season depends upon weather and various
other factors. It can be modelled using the random variable X with the CDF as

0
 if x < 0
2 3
F (x) = 3x − 2x if 0 ≤ x ≤ 1

1 if x > 1.

Plot the cumulative distribution function with R. Determine f (x). What is the prob-
ability of selling at least one-third of his wine, but not more than two-thirds? Define
CDF in R and calculate the probability of above question again. What is the variance
of X?
8. A continuous random variable X defined in the interval [1, 10] has a constant density
function. Find it. Hence find
(i) P (X ≤ 4)
(ii) P (2 < X ≤ 7)
(iii) P (X = 5)
(iv) k if P (k ≤ X < 9) = 0.5
9. Let the random variable X denote the number of semiconductor wafers that need to be
analyzed in order to detect a large particle of contamination. Assume that the proba-
bility that a wafer contains a large particle is 0.01 and that the wafers are independent.
Determine the probability distribution of X.
Hint: Let p denote a wafer in which a large particle is present, and let a denote a
wafer in which it is absent. The sample space of the experiment is infinite, and it can
be represented as all possible sequences that start with a string of a’s and end with
p. Write sample space and probability formula for the general element in the sample
space.
Ans: P (X = x) = (0.99)x−1 (0.01)
10. A random variable X has the following p.m.f.
X 0 1 2 3 4 5 6
p(X=x) k 3k 5k 7k 9k 11k 13k
Find (i) k (ii) p(X ≥ 2) (iii) p(0 < X < 5) (iv) What is the minimum value of C for
which p(X ≤ c) > 0.5 ?
1
(Ans: (i) k = 49 (ii) 45
49
(iii) 15
49
(iv) Minimum value of C is 4.)
11. Verify whether the assignment P (X = n) = 2−n , n = 1, 2, 3, . . . is a probability mass

function for random variable X. (Ans: It is a p.m.f.)
2 Some general questions

12. Statistics and Probability is the title of a book. If each letter was carved into a block
and dropped into a bag, what are the chances a person would draw either the letter A
or I from the bag? (Ans: 7/24)
13. A manufacturing company is set up in two different locations. If the number of em-
ployees in one location are 663, and the average monthly salary for their employees is
Rs.13454, and the number of employees in the other location are 504, and the average
monthly salary for their employees is Rs.17591. Find the combined arithmetic mean
of the monthly salary? Ans: Rs. 15240.67
14. Given 2 samples, Sample 1 = [13.3, 2.4, 10, 13.3, 11] and Sample 2 = [8.5, 7.1, 12.6,
11.5, 10.3]. Find the sample which has a relatively greater spread of values from the
mean? Ans: Sample 1
15. Ben is the customer relation manager at a hotel. Recently, Ben has been receiving
customer feedback saying that the customers had to wait too long to be served by
a customer service representative. Ben decides to note down the customer’s waiting
time in minutes. What kind of graph would be appropriate to check the frequency
distributions of customers’ waiting time? Ans: Histogram
16. 3 natural numbers are chosen at random. What is the probability that their product
yields an odd number? (Ans: 1/8)
17. The mean of the first n natural numbers is Ans: (n+1)/2
18. 128 players are participating in a knockout tournament. How many games are required
to decide the winner? Note: In a knockout tournament, whenever two people play, the
loser is eliminated and the winner advances to the next round.
(Ans: 127)
19. A fair coin is tossed 10 times. What is the probability of getting more heads than tails?
20. A fair coin is tossed 10 times. What is the probability of getting less heads than tails?

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COEP Technogical University

1 Tutorial: Week 4_UNIT 3

(i)What is the PDF of X?

11. Verify whether the assignment P (X = n) = 2−n , n = 1, 2, 3, . . . is a probability mass

2 Some general questions

17. The mean of the first n natural numbers is Ans: (n+1)/2

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