Sources and Studies in the History of Mathematics

and Physical Sciences

Aditya Kolachana
K. Mahesh
K. Ramasubramanian Editors

Studies in
Indian Mathematics
and Astronomy
Selected Articles of Kripa Shankar
Shukla
Sources and Studies in the History
of Mathematics and Physical Sciences

Series Editors
Jed Z. Buchwald, Division of the Humanities and Social Sciences, Caltech,
Pasadena, CA, USA

Associate Editors
A. Jones, Department of Classics, Institute for the Study of the Ancient World,
New York, NY, USA
J. Lützen, Koebenhavn OE, Denmark
J. Renn, Max Planck Institute for the History of Science, Berlin, Germany

Advisory Board
C. Fraser
T. Sauer
A. Shapiro
Sources and Studies in the History of Mathematics and Physical Sciences was
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Aditya Kolachana K. Mahesh
• •

K. Ramasubramanian
Editors

Studies in Indian
Mathematics and Astronomy
Selected Articles of Kripa Shankar Shukla

123
Editors
Aditya Kolachana K. Mahesh
Indian Institute of Technology Bombay Department of Humanities
Mumbai, Maharashtra, India and Social Sciences
Indian Institute of Technology Bombay
K. Ramasubramanian Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
Department of Humanities
and Social Sciences
Indian Institute of Technology Bombay
Mumbai, Maharashtra, India

ISSN 2196-8810 ISSN 2196-8829 (electronic)

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 ॥ प सुमा लः ॥

K. S. Shukla
(1918–2007)

द ैद वभू तम णतभ ा ावधेशा ुदा

नैर यगवेषणेन मु नव काशे रतः ।
ो त व कृतीः भूषयदयं ीयानुस ानतः
व लकेसर म हमा- ः कृपाश रः ॥

Kripa Shankara Shukla, having received the treasure of the lumi-

nescence of mathematics bequeathed by [Bibhutibhusana] Datta
through Avadhesha [Narayana Singh], happily dedicating himself
to research, relentlessly worked towards the publication of [mul-
tiple] treatises like a sage. Through his investigations, he embel-
lished the writings of astronomers, and was truly a lion in the
assembly of scholars, shining (śukla) through his fame.
 ॥ समपण ॥

ाचायपदे ह ल णपुरे व ा भरामः कृपा-

ो ो तषशा गूढ वषया लोकाय चोपाहर ।
ले ख सुधी या सुम नभा स ृ माला मम
सौल ाय बुभु ुभृ ततये द ो वयं तु ये ॥

While remaining in city of Lucknow (lakṣmaṇapura) as an Ācārya,

Kripa [Shankar] Shukla was indeed a source of delight for the whole
world (viśvābhirāma), [as] he also presented the subtler aspects
of [Indian] astronomy [in a manner comprehensible] to the entire
mankind (loka). Having collected his articles resembling a bunch
of flowers, which are a source of delight to the men of wisdom
(sudhīpriya), we present them, for the sake of easy accessibility, as
a garland for the gratification of the swarm of bees constituted by
the [community of] knowledge-seekers (bubhutsu).
Contents

Preface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xiii

Acknowledgements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xix

I The Oeuvre of Kripa Shankar Shukla 1

Reminiscences of Prof. K. S. Shukla

Yukio Ohashi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3

Dr. Kripa Shankar Shukla, veteran historian of Hindu

astronomy and mathematics
R. C. Gupta . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5

Obituary: Kripa Shankar Shukla (1918–2007)

Yukio Ohashi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13

Prof. Shukla’s contribution to the study of the history

of Hindu astronomy
Yukio Ohashi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23

The seminal contribution of K. S. Shukla to our under-

standing of Indian astronomy and mathematics
M. D. Srinivas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39

II Studies in Indian Mathematics: Bhāskara I to

Nārāyaṇa Paṇḍita 71

Hindu mathematics in the 7th century as found in

Bhāskara I’s commentary on the Āryabhaṭīya (I) . . . . . 73

Hindu mathematics in the 7th century as found in

Bhāskara I’s commentary on the Āryabhaṭīya (II) . . . . 88

Hindu mathematics in the 7th century as found in

Bhāskara I’s commentary on the Āryabhaṭīya (III) . . . . 107
x Contents

Hindu mathematics in the 7th century as found in

Bhāskara I’s commentary on the Āryabhaṭīya (IV) . . . . 110

On Śrīdhara’s rational solution of N x2 + 1 = y 2 . . . . . . . 120

Ācārya Jayadeva, the mathematician . . . . . . . . . . . . . 133

Series with fractional number of terms . . . . . . . . . . . . 153

Hindu methods for finding factors or divisors of a number 160

Magic squares in Indian mathematics . . . . . . . . . . . . 169

III Revised version of the Manuscript of the Third

Volume of Datta and Singh 187
Hindu geometry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 189

Hindu trigonometry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 268

Use of calculus in Hindu mathematics . . . . . . . . . . . . 345

Use of permutations and combinations in India . . . . . . 356

Magic squares in India . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 377

Use of series in India . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 438

Surds in Hindu mathematics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 462

Approximate values of surds in Hindu mathematics . . . 475

IV Studies in Indian Astronomy: From Vedic Period

to the Emergence of Siddhāntas 485
Astronomy in ancient and medieval India . . . . . . . . . . 487

Main characteristics and achievements of ancient Indian

astronomy in historical perspective . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 495

On three stanzas from the Pañcasiddhāntikā . . . . . . . . 510

The Pañcasiddhāntikā of Varāhamihira (1) . . . . . . . . . 517

Contents xi

The Pañcasiddhāntikā of Varāhamihira (2) . . . . . . . . . 533

Āryabhaṭa I’s astronomy with midnight day-reckoning . 548

Glimpses from the Āryabhaṭasiddhānta . . . . . . . . . . . 569

V Development of Siddhāntic Astronomy:

Some Highlights 577
Early Hindu methods in spherical astronomy . . . . . . . 579

Use of hypotenuse in the computation of the equation of

the centre under the epicyclic theory in the school of
Āryabhaṭa I ??? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 600

Hindu astronomer Vaṭeśvara and his works . . . . . . . . . 616

The evection and the deficit of the equation of the centre

of the Moon in Hindu astronomy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 625

Phases of the Moon, rising and setting of planets and stars

and their conjunctions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 646

VI Reviews and Responses 695

Vedic Mathematics: The deceptive title of Swamiji’s book 697

A note on the Rājamṛgāṅka of Bhoja published by the

Adyar Library . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 705

Review of Rājamṛgāṅka of Bhojarāja . . . . . . . . . . . . . 707

Review of Karaṇaratna of Devācārya

Raymond P. Mercier . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 709

A note on Raymond P. Mercier’s review of “Karaṇaratna

of Devācārya” . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 715

The yuga of the Yavanajātaka: David Pingree’s text and

translation reviewed . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 719

Review of Vaṭeśvarasiddhānta and Gola of Vaṭeśvara

David Pingree . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 732

Appendix . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .734
Preface

The rich history of the origin and development of science in India and the
voluminous literature produced in this pursuit stand in stark contrast to the
prevalent ignorance and meagre attention paid to this heritage in current
times. Despite the neglect of the discipline of history of science, our under-
standing of India’s scientific heritage—especially that of mathematics and
astronomy—has progressed due to the tireless efforts of several stalwarts such
as Bapudeva Sastri (1821–1900), Shankar Balakrishna Dikshit (1853–1898),
Sudhakara Dvivedi (1855–1910), M. Rangacarya (1861–1916), P. C. Sengupta
(1876–1962), B. B. Datta (1888–1958), A. A. Krishnaswamy Ayyangar (1892–
1953), A. N. Singh (1901–1954), C. T. Rajagopal (1903–1978), T. A. Saraswati
Amma (1918–2000), S. N. Sen (1918–1992), K. S. Shukla (1918–2007) and
K. V. Sarma (1919–2005).
Prof. K. S. Shukla was one of India’s leading historians of science. Com-
bining a flair for mathematics with a strong grasp of Sanskrit, Prof. Shukla
made immense contributions to advancing our understanding of the history
and development of mathematics and astronomy in India. On the occasion
of his birth centenary, we have taken the opportunity to collate and compile
some of Prof. Shukla’s most important papers in the form of the volume in
front of you. Such a volume naturally demands a brief introduction of the
individual who has authored its contents, and in the following sections we set
out to do the same. Subsequently, in the final section of the preface we briefly
discuss the structure of the volume as well as the editorial practices adopted
in compiling it.

Early life
The biographical details pertaining to the early phase of Prof. Shukla’s life
has been succinctly brought out by Prof. R. C. Gupta, an eminent historian
of mathematics himself, and a student of Prof. Shukla on the occasion of the
latter’s 80th birth anniversary:1
1 See
the paper entitled “Dr. Kripa Shankar Shukla, veteran historian of Hindu astronomy
and mathematics” by Prof. Gupta in Part I of this volume. Subsequent quotes and many
xiv Preface

Kripa Shankar Shukla’s birth took place at Lucknow on July 10,

1918. From the very early years, he was a brilliant student of
Mathematics and Sanskrit. He passed the High School Examina-
tion of U.P. Board in 1934 in First Division with Distinction in
Mathematics and Sanskrit and the Intermediate Examination of
that Board again in First Division with Distinction in Mathemat-
ics. He had his higher education at Allahabad, passing the B.A.
examination in the second division from Allahabad University in
1938. From the same University, he obtained his Master of Arts
degree in Mathematics in the First Division in 1941.

Career and contributions

Just as Prof. Shukla was completing his undergraduate studies, Prof. Bib-
hutibhusan Datta and Prof. Avadhesh Narayan Singh published the second
part of their monumental work “History of Hindu Mathematics” in 1938.
Subsequently, in 1939, Prof. Singh launched a Scheme of Research in Hindu
Mathematics in the Department of Mathematics and Astronomy at Lucknow
University, where he was a Lecturer. After his post-graduation, Prof. Shukla
joined this scheme. Prof. Gupta writes:
Dr. K. S. Shukla joined the Department and the Scheme in 1941 . . .
Dr. Shukla investigated thoroughly the works of Bhāskara I and
studied other relevant primary and secondary material. Under
the supervision of Dr. A. N. Singh, Shukla prepared a thesis on
“Astronomy in the Seventh Century India: Bhāskara I and His
Works” . . . The significance of the thesis lies not only in providing
a genuine additional source for the history of early Indian exact
sciences but also in bringing to light many new historical and
methodological facts.
Over the course of his career at Lucknow University, Prof. Shukla carried for-
ward his investigations into the history of Indian mathematics and astronomy,
publishing a number of critically edited texts (often with English translation
and commentary), as well as research papers, in addition to supervising the re-
search of five doctoral scholars. Prof. Gupta as well as Prof. Ohashi2 (another
student of Prof. Shukla) have given detailed bibliographies of Prof. Shukla’s
publications.
The major source works brought out by Prof. Shukla are listed in Table 1.
He also wrote over 40 important articles and reviews which not only brought
details in this preface regarding Prof. Shukla’s life and work are also borrowed from here.
2 See Prof. Ohashi’s “Obituary” in Part I of this volume. Subsequent quotes from
Prof. Ohashi in this preface are also borrowed from this paper.
 xv

Table 1: Source works brought out by Prof. Shukla.

No. Title of the works and their authors Year

1 Sūrya-siddhānta with the commentary of Parameśvara 1957
2 Pāṭīgaṇita of Śrīdharācārya 1959
3 Mahābhāskarīya of Bhāskara I 1960
4 Laghubhāskarīya of Bhāskara I 1963
5 Dhīkoṭida-karaṇa of Śrīpati 1969
6 Bījagaṇitāvataṃsa of Nārāyaṇa Paṇḍita 1970
7 Āryabhaṭīya of Āryabhaṭa 1976
8 Āryabhaṭīya of Āryabhaṭa with the commentary of 1976
Bhāskara I and Someśvara
9 Karaṇaratna of Devācārya 1979
10 Vaṭeśvarasiddhānta and Gola of Vaṭeśvara (2 Vols) 1985–86
11 Laghumānasa of Mañjula 1990
12 Gaṇitapañcaviṃśī (published posthumously) 2017

forth the numerous contributions of Indian mathematicians and astronomers,

but also served to demolish certain wrong conceptions regarding the origin,
technical soundness, and depth of the Indian works. Some of Prof. Shukla’s
most important contributions include (i) his study of Varāhamihira’s Pañca-
siddhāntikā, (ii) bringing to light Jayadeva’s verses on the brilliant cakravāla
method of solving second order indeterminate equations, (iii) clearing miscon-
ceptions among modern scholars regarding the use of the iterated hypotenuse
by Indian astronomers in determining the equation of centre, and (iv) revising
and publishing the third and final part of the “History of Hindu mathematics”
by B. B. Datta and A. N. Singh.3

Scholarship and commitment

In praise of Prof. Shukla’s scholarship, Prof. Gupta notes:

Working wholeheartedly with single minded devotion for more

than half a century, Dr. Shukla’s contribution in the field of history
of ancient and medieval Indian mathematics forms a pioneer work
which will continue to motivate future research and investigations.
He gave new interpretations of many obscure Sanskrit passages
and corrected misinterpretations and other errors committed by
others.
3 Fora detailed discussion on some of Prof. Shukla’s seminal contributions, see the articles
of Yukio Ohashi (1995) and M. D. Srinivas (2018) in Part I of this volume.
xvi Preface

Extolling Prof. Shukla’s meticulous way of maintaining notes, and his com-
mitment towards his doctoral students, Prof. Ohashi writes:

When we read his notes, we feel as if we are being taught by him

directly. It should also be mentioned that he noted several parallel
statements in other Sanskrit texts in the footnotes of his English
translations. So, his English translations can also be used as a
kind of annotated index of Sanskrit astronomical and mathemati-
cal texts. Only Prof. Shukla could do this . . .
I studied the history of Indian astronomy and mathematics un-
der the guidance of Prof. Shukla from 1983 to 1987 as a research
scholar (Ph. D. student) of Lucknow University . . . Prof. Shukla
already had retired but kindly taught me how to read Sanskrit
astronomical texts, both printed texts and manuscripts. I saw
several people were visiting Lucknow to meet Prof. Shukla.

Tireless efforts to attain perfection

Unlike today, in the India of the 1980s, printing was done using the letterpress,
wherein a worker used to compose the text in a metallic frame of a given
dimension, employing a variety of metallic fonts stored in a huge type case.
Also printing of a volume could not happen all in one go as we do it today.
At most 16 or 32 sheets could be printed at one time, and if there were to
be any slip in proof reading, it could not be corrected again since the frame
would have been dismantled once the pages were printed. Hence the author
had to be all the more careful in proof-reading the text. Reminiscing how
punctiliously and tirelessly Professor Shukla worked to ensure that the books
he edited were error-free, Prof. Ohashi observes:

When I was in Lucknow, the Vaṭeśvara Siddhānta and Gola of

Vaṭeśvara was being printed at a press in Lucknow. Prof. Shukla
visited the press almost every day, supervised its printing work by
himself, and read its proofs very carefully. From this fact, we can
understand why his edition is so reliable. These original sources
are the most important foundation for future research.

Awards and accolades

In recognition of his scholarship and lifelong contributions, Prof. Shukla re-

ceived many awards and was associated with several prestigious institutions.
Some of these have been detailed by Prof. Gupta:
 xvii

Dr. Shukla was awarded the Banerji Research Prize of the Luc-
know University. He was associated with the editorial work of
the Journal Gaṇita of the Bhārata Gaṇita Pariṣad (formerly the
Benaras Mathematical Society) for many years. He was elected
Fellow of the National Academy of Sciences, India in 1984, and
the Corresponding Member of the International Academy of His-
tory of Science, Paris, in 1988. He served as a member of several
national and international committees.

The current volume

Prof. Shukla passed away on September 22, 2007. In his memory, on the
occasion of the centenary of his birth, the current volume presents a collection
of his papers highlighting the wide range of his scholarship.

Structure of the volume

This volume consists of six parts. Part I consists of five introductory articles
which give an overview of the life and work of Prof. Shukla. They include
detailed bibliographies of his publications, and reminiscences from his former
students Prof. Yukio Ohashi and Prof. R. C. Gupta. The last two articles
by Prof. Yukio Ohashi and Prof. M. D. Srinivas highlight the important
contributions made by Prof. Shukla to improve our understanding of Indian
mathematics and astronomy. Part II consists of a collection of articles penned
by Prof. Shukla related to various aspects of Indian mathematics. Part III
consists of revised version of articles on Indian mathematics by Bibhutibhu-
san Datta and Avadhesh Narayan Singh, which together constitute the third
unpublished part of their “History of Hindu Mathematics”. As noted earlier,
these articles were revised and updated by Prof. Shukla and published in the
Indian Journal for History of Science between 1980 and 1993. Parts IV and V
consist of a number of articles penned by Prof. Shukla on different aspects of
Indian astronomy. Part VI includes some of Prof. Shukla’s reviews of works
related to Indian mathematics and astronomy authored by various scholars.
This part also includes a few reviews of Prof. Shukla’s publications by other
scholars, and in one instance, his response to a review.

A note on the editorial practices adopted

While preparing this volume, we have emended the original text in a number of
places. These emendations are generally accompanied with an editorial note
prefaced with the abbreviation “ed.”. Occasionally, we have also emended
the text silently for a better reading experience. For instance, typographical
xviii Preface

errors in the English text as well as the Sanskrit verses have been silently
emended. In a few instances, tables and figures which originally occur in be-
tween running text have been given numbers and placed elsewhere in the text,
with the appropriate reference, for better typesetting. Footnotes to mathe-
matical equations have been moved to the adjacent text. In the interests of
standardising the style of the volume, we have (i) redrawn all the figures,
(ii) presented Sanskrit verses in the Devanāgarī script, (iii) largely made uni-
form the different styles of transliterating Sanskrit words and the names of
Sanskrit texts into the roman script, (iv) modified the section numbers in a
few instances, (v) standardised table styles across papers, and (vi) converted
all end-notes to footnotes.
We hope that this volume serves to familiarize the reader with the wide
range of research carried out by Prof. Shukla, and also inspires young scholars
to seriously pursue research in Indian mathematics and astronomy.

वल -माग शर ष ी Aditya Kolachana

गतक ाः ५११९ K Mahesh
क हगणः १८७०००० (अ ा ननः सदीपाः) K Ramasubramanian
December 13, 2018 IIT Bombay, India
Acknowledgements

At the outset, we would like to express our sincere gratitude to the various
publishers of Prof. Shukla’s research articles for giving their kind permission
to compile this volume. For the sheer volume of articles sourced from these
journals, we would like to especially thank the publishers of Gaṇita, Gaṇita-
Bhāratī, and the Indian Journal of History of Science.
Given the wide range of scholarship and prolific output of Prof. Shukla,
the process of sorting through and selecting the appropriate assortment of his
papers for this volume, which are representative of the depth and range of his
scholarship, was not an easy task. We are quite grateful to Prof. M. D. Srinivas
for his invaluable guidance and helpful insights in this process.
Some of Prof. Shukla’s important papers that were published in Lucknow
University’s Journal Gaṇita were not accessible to us as they were not dig-
itally archived. In this connection, we approached Prof. Poonam Sharma,
Department of Mathematics and Astronomy, Lucknow University. She read-
ily agreed and immediately arranged to procure copies of these articles. We
deeply appreciate her enthusiastic help and express our sincere gratitude to
her for this kind gesture. We would also like to thank Prof. Yukio Ohashi for
contributing a note on his Reminiscences, heeding to our request in a very
short notice.
Currently, the personal library of Prof. Shukla is safeguarded by his son
Sri Ratan Shukla. As we wanted to consult this library in connection with
the preparation of this volume, we contacted Sri Shukla. He warmly welcomed
us into his home, and provided us open access to the entire library as well as
Prof. Shukla’s personal communications. This gave us greater insights into
the working style as well as the personality of Prof. Shukla, and helped us
make informed choices while editing this volume. We express our heartfelt
thanks to Sri Ratan Shukla for his generous hospitality.
Preparing this volume involved the diligent effort of several people who
assisted with typing, drawing figures, typesetting, proof-reading, technical
support, and overall coordination. For helping with all these variety of tasks—
without which this volume would not have been possible—we are greatly
xx Acknowledgements

thankful to Dr. Dinesh Mohan Joshi, Smt. Sushma Sonak, Smt. Sreelekshmy
Ranjit, Sri G. Periasamy, Sri Vikas Uttekar, and Smt. T. Mehtaj.
We would also like to express our sincere gratitude to the Ministry of Hu-
man Resource Development, Government of India, for the generous support
extended to carry out research activities on Indian science and technology by
way of initiating the Science and Heritage Initiative (SandHI) at IIT Bombay.
Finally, we convey our gratitude to the Hindustan Book Agency, New Delhi,
for enthusiastically coming forward to publish this volume as a part of their
series on Culture and History of Mathematics.
About the Editors

Aditya Kolachana is a post-doctoral researcher at the Indian Institute of

Technology Bombay, India, studying various aspects of the history of mathematics
and astronomy in India. He obtained his PhD in the history of science from Indian
Institute of Technology Bombay, India. He studied at the Indian Institute of
Technology Kharagpur and Indian Institute of Management Ahmedabad, India.
Earlier, he worked for over four years with Bain & Company, Clinton Foundation,
and Procter & Gamble and also briefly taught finance at the Birla Institute of
Technology and Science, Pilani, Hyderabad Campus, India.

K. Mahesh is a research scientist at the Cell for the Indian Science and Technology
in Sanskrit, Department of Humanities and Social Sciences, Indian Institute of
Technology Bombay, India. He acquired his PhD degree from Indian Institute of
Technology Bombay, India, in 2010, by working on the Indian astronomy
(Siddhānta Jyotiṣa). He went to the Centre Nationale de la Recherche Scientifique
(CNRS), Paris, for doing his post-doctoral research in the history of numerical
tables. On returning from Paris, he joined the Samskrit Promotion Foundation, New
Delhi, and served there for three years. In 2015, the Indian National Science
Academy, New Delhi, bestowed upon him the Young Historian of Science Award.

K. Ramasubramanian is a professor at the Cell for the Indian Science and

Technology in Sanskrit, Department of Humanities and Social Sciences, Indian
Institute of Technology Bombay, India. He holds a doctorate degree in theoretical
physics, a master’s degree in Sanskrit, and a bachelor’s degree in engineering—a
weird but formidable combination of subjects to do multidisciplinary research. He
was honoured with the coveted title “Vidvat Pravara” by the Shankaracharya of Sri
Sringeri Sharada Peetham, Karnataka, India, for completing a rigorous course in
Advaita Vedānta (a 14-semester program), in 2003. He is one of the authors who
prepared detailed explanatory notes of the celebrated works Gaṇita-yuktibhāṣā
(rationales in mathematical astronomy), Tantrasaṅgraha and Karaṇa-paddhati,
which bring out the seminal contributions of the Kerala School of Astronomers and
Mathematicians. He was conferred with the prestigious award of the Mahaṛṣi
xxii About the Editors

Bādarāyaṇa Vyas Samman by the then President of India, in 2008, and the R.C.
Gupta Endowment Lecture Award by the National Academy of Sciences India, in
2010. He is a recipient of several other awards and coveted titles as well. From
2013, he has been serving as an elected council member of the International Union
of History and Philosophy of Science and Technology. He is also a member of
various other national and international bodies.
 Part I

The Oeuvre of
Kripa Shankar Shukla
Reminiscences of Prof. K. S. Shukla ∗

I arrived at Lucknow in 1983. It was my first experience to go abroad. At

that time, Prof. Kripa Shankar Shukla already had retired from the Depart-
ment of Mathematics and Astronomy of Lucknow University, but sometimes
came to the department. In the Department of Mathematics and Astronomy,
Prof. A. N. Singh started a research centre of Hindu mathematics in 1939,
and Prof. Shukla joined this project in 1941. Prof. Shukla took forward the
monumental work History of Hindu Mathematics (Vol. 1, 1935; Vol. 2, 1938)
of B. B. Datta and A. N. Singh, revised the draft of its subsequent parts left
by Datta and Singh, and published them in the Indian Journal of History of
Science (1980–1993).
I studied the history of Indian mathematics and astronomy from 1983 to
1987 as a research scholar under the guidance of Prof. K. S. Shukla, and was
awarded Ph.D. degree (History of Mathematics) in 1992. Prof. Shukla taught
me how to read Sanskrit and Hindi texts on mathematics and astronomy usu-
ally in his house. At that time, I was young, and travelled several places
in India to collect source materials. Photocopy was not so popular in India
at that time, and I took several photographs of manuscripts by my camera.
The most important manuscripts for me were in Lucknow University itself.
There was a collection of Sanskrit manuscripts in the Department of Mathe-
matics and Astronomy. And also Tagore Library (central library of Lucknow
University) had several Sanskrit and Persian manuscripts.
I started to read the Yantra-rāja-adhikāra (Chap. 1 of the Yantra-kiraṇāvalī )
of Padmanābha, of which two manuscripts are preserved in the Department
and Tagore Library. I published it in my paper “Early History of the Astro-
labe in India”, Indian Journal of History of Science, 32(3), 1997, 199–295.
Though I could take pictures of the both, but it was much better to copy
them from the original manuscripts directly. There are some corrections in
manuscripts which cannot be seen clearly by pictures or photocopies. So, I
visited Tagore Library several times to copy the manuscripts, and then visited
Prof. Shukla’s house. At that time, the primary mode of transport to go to
Prof. Shukla’s house was cycle rickshaw. (By the way, the Indian word “rick-
shaw” is originated in a Japanese word “jin-riki-sha”, which means human-

* Yukio Ohashi, 2018 (Invited contribution, specially for this volume).

© Hindustan Book Agency 2019 and Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. 2019
A. Kolachana et al. (eds.), Studies in Indian Mathematics and Astronomy,
Sources and Studies in the History of Mathematics and Physical Sciences,
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-7326-8_1
4 Reminiscences of Prof. K. S. Shukla

powered transport. “Jin” in Japanese means human, “riki” means force or

power, “sha” means car. If it is driven by bicycle, it is called “cycle rickshaw”,
and if it is driven by motor cycle, it is called “auto rickshaw”.)
Some of the manuscripts in the Department are modern manuscripts writ-
ten on foolscap. How did they come into being? There are several Sanskrit
manuscripts written in regional scripts in several places in India. When pho-
tocopy could not be used, it was necessary to copy by hand, and it was con-
venient to read if it was copied in Nāgarī script. So, there are several modern
manuscripts in Nāgarī script on foolscap. Still now, there must be several un-
studied manuscripts in regional scripts or regional languages in local libraries
etc. They are worth studying, but I, an old foreigner, cannot engage myself
anymore to study them. I hope some young Indian researchers do research on
the regional development of mathematics and astronomy in India!
Lucknow is a beautiful city with several historical sites. It was formerly
“Awadh” ruled by Nawabs. It has a tradition of delicious cuisine. And also,
Bhatkhande Music Institute was situated nearby Lucknow University, and I
could enjoy Indian classical music several times. Mr. Ratan Shukla, a son of
Prof. Shukla, was kind enough to take me to several historical places, and
sometimes we enjoyed taking “biryani”.
When I was in Lucknow, the Vaṭeśvara-siddhānta and Gola of Vaṭeśvara
(2 vols., published by INSA in 1985–1986) was being printed at a press in
Lucknow, and Prof. Shukla visited the press several times. I also helped in
its proof reading. It was printed by traditional letterpress printing, which
has become rare now. So, proof reading was quite hard at that time, but
Prof. Shukla read proof sheets very carefully at the press itself.
In 1985, General Assembly of International Astronomical Union was held
in New Delhi, and I went to New Delhi with Prof. Shukla by train in order
to attend its colloquium on the history of oriental astronomy. It was my only
one experience of travel with Prof. Shukla. The colloquium was held in INSA
(Indian National Science Academy), and we met several specialists of oriental
astronomy from many parts of the world.
In 1987, I returned Japan, and continued to write my Ph.D. thesis. I
submitted it to Lucknow University in 1991, and was awarded Ph.D. degree
in 1992. My life in India was my most exciting period. Now I am nearing the
age of retirement. I was so lucky that I could study in India as a student of
Prof. Shukla.
Though I am writing this paper as his student, I am one of you. We
shall study the history of Indian astronomy and mathematics, and exchange
information. I am old, but I would very much wish to correspond with young
researchers!
Dr. Kripa Shankar Shukla, veteran historian of
Hindu astronomy and mathematics ∗

Kripa Shankar Shukla’s birth took place at Lucknow on July 10, 1918.
From the very early years, he was a brilliant student of Mathematics and
Sanskrit. He passed the High School Examination of U.P. Board in 1934 in
First Division with Distinction in Mathematics and Sanskrit and the Interme-
diate Examination of that Board again in First Division with Distinction in
Mathematics.
He had his higher education at Allahabad, passing the B.A. examination
in the second division from Allahabad University in 1938. From the same
University, he obtained his Master of Arts degree in Mathematics in the First
Division in 1941. During his M.A. studies in Allahabad, Paṇḍit Devi Datta
Shukla (editor of the Hindi monthly Sarasvatī ) greatly helped K. S. Shukla by
arranging the latter’s regular meals in his own house. D. D. Shukla regarded
K. S. Shukla like his own son and taught him the full pūjā-paddhati (ritual
worship) of Śrī Bālā Devī.
Dr. Avadhesh Narain (or Narayan) Singh (1905–1954), a student of Prof.
Ganesh Prasad, was quite enthusiastic about the study of history of mathe-
matics and was associated with Dr. B. B. Datta (1888–1958) in that field. The
History of Hindu Mathematics, Part II, by Datta and Singh, was published
in 1938 from Lahore (then in India). Dr. Singh, although still a Lecturer in
the Department of Mathematics and Astronomy, Lucknow University, was
very sincerely interested in promoting the study of history of Indian mathe-
matics. In 1939 he started a Scheme of Research in Hindu Mathematics in
the Department. Dr. Oudh (i.e., Avadha) Upadhyaya (1894–1941) who had
just returned from France with a D.Sc. (Math.), was appointed in the Scheme
(see P. D. Shukla’s note on Upadhyaya in Proc. Benaras Math. Soc. N.S., III,
95–98).
Dr. K. S. Shukla joined the Department and the Scheme in 1941 and his
whole-hearted devotion in the field of study and research in ancient Indian
astronomy and mathematics proved very fruitful. His very first research paper
on “The Eviction and Deficit of Moon’s Equation of Centre” (1945) showed his
talent. He concentrated more in studying the works of Bhāskara I, a follower
* Radha Charan Gupta, Gaṇita Bhāratī, Vol. 20, Nos. 1–4 (1998), pp. 1–7.

© Hindustan Book Agency 2019 and Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. 2019
A. Kolachana et al. (eds.), Studies in Indian Mathematics and Astronomy,
Sources and Studies in the History of Mathematics and Physical Sciences,
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-7326-8_2
6 Dr. Shukla, veteran historian of Hindu astronomy and mathematics

(but not a direct pupil) of Āryabhaṭa I (born ad 476). As early as in 1950,

Dr. Shukla studied Bhāskara I’s commentary (ad 629) on the Āryabhaṭīya and
prepared a full Hindi translation of it (see Introduction, p. cxiii, in Shukla’s
1976 edition of the commentary).
Dr. Shukla investigated thoroughly the works of Bhāskara I and studied
other relevant primary and secondary material. Under the supervision of Dr.
A. N. Singh, Shukla prepared a thesis on “Astronomy in the Seventh Century
India: Bhāskara I and His Works”. But Dr. Singh died before the Lucknow
University awarded the D.Litt. degree on the thesis to Dr. Shukla in 1955.
Perhaps by divine plan Singh’s death occurred on July 10 which is the date
of Shukla’s birth in Gregorian Calendar.
Shukla’s doctoral thesis was in four parts: (i) Introduction; (ii) Edition
and Translation of the Mahābhāskarīya; (iii) Edition and Translation of the
Laghubhāskarīya; and (iv) Bhāskara I’s commentary on the Āryabhaṭīya with
English Translation of Āryabhaṭīya. The significance of the thesis lies not only
in providing a genuine additional source for the history of early Indian exact
sciences but also in bringing to light many new historical and methodological
facts. By now most of the material from the thesis has been published in
various forms.
In fact, Dr. Shukla proved to be a worthy successor in carrying on the study
and research in the field of Hindu astronomy and mathematics. With the help
of research assistants like Markandeya Mishra, Dr. Shukla brought out the edi-
tions of several Sanskrit texts which were published under the “Hindu Astro-
nomical and Mathematical Texts Series” (= HAM T S) of the Department of
Mathematics and Astronomy of Lucknow University. Dr. Shukla supervised
the research work of a number of theses. Under his guidance the following
scholars got their doctoral degree.

(i) Usha Asthana, Ācārya Śrīdhara and His Triśatikā (Lucknow University,
1960) (She started her research under A. N. Singh’s guidance).

(ii) Mukut Bihari Lal Agrawal, Contribution of Jaina Ācāryas in the devel-
opment of mathematics and astronomy (in Hindi) (Agra Univ. 1973).

(iii) Paramanand Singh, A Critical Study of the Contributions of Nārāyaṇa

Paṇḍita to Hindu Mathematics (Bihar Univ. 1978).

(iv) Loknath Sharma, A study of Vedāṅga Jyotiṣa (L. N. Mithila Univ. 1984).

(v) Yukio Ohashi, A History of Astronomical Instruments in India (Lucknow

Univ. 1992).

After serving the Lucknow University department with distinction for 38

years, Professor Shukla retired formally under rules on June 30, 1979. But
Dr. Shukla, veteran historian of Hindu astronomy and mathematics 7

he continued his outstanding and creative works actively in his cherished field
for many more years and scholars still continue to get ideas, suggestions, and
encouragement from him. One of the tasks he completed after retirement was
to bring out a revised edition of the manuscript of Part III of Datta and Singh’s
History of Hindu Mathematics. The manuscript was lying with Dr. Shukla
since long (see Gaṇita Bhāratī, Vol. 10, 1988, pp. 8–9) but now he found time
to publish it in the form of a series of eight articles on Geometry, Trigonometry,
Calculus, Magic Squares, Permutations and Combinations, Series, Surds, and
Approximate Values of Surds in the IJHS Vols. 15 (1980), 121–188; 18 (1983),
39–108; 19 (1984), 95–104; 27 (1992), 51–120; 231–249; and 28 (1993), 103–
129; 253–264; 265–275 respectively. It is unfortunate that parts I and II of
HHM were reprinted (Bombay, 1962) without any revision. Anyway, there
is an urgent national need to bring out a consolidated edition of all the three
parts possibly after making them up-to-date, and also to take up the writing
of a national history of mathematics in India as team work.
Working wholeheartedly with single minded devotion for more than half
a century, Dr. Shukla’s contribution in the field of history of ancient and
medieval Indian mathematics forms a pioneer work which will continue to
motivate future research and investigations. He gave new interpretations of
many obscure Sanskrit passages and corrected misinterpretations and other
errors committed by others. He has worked diligently and is proud of India’s
scientific heritage. He has been working silently without caring for publicity.
Yet he is greatly reputed for his in depth research among the scholars, and
the merit of his work is widely recognised as shown by various citations.
Dr. Shukla was awarded the Banerji Research Prize of the Lucknow Uni-
versity. He was associated with the editorial work of the Journal Gaṇita of
the Bhārata Gaṇita Pariṣad (formerly the Benaras Mathematical Society) for
many years. He was elected Fellow of the National Academy of Sciences, In-
dia in 1984, and the Corresponding Member of the International Academy of
History of Science, Paris, in 1988. He served as a member of several national
and international committees.
As a student of the Lucknow University, the writer of the present article
(RCG) attended B.Sc. and M.Sc. courses in the Department of Mathematics
and Astronomy during 1953–1957; and Dr. Shukla taught him the subject
of a paper in M.Sc. Part I. But there was no course available in History of
Mathematics or Hindu Mathematics then (and even now). It is a tragedy
that our educational set up is deficient in this respect. A course in the history
(in wide sense) of any subject should form a part of postgraduate curriculum
to justify the award of “Master’s” title in that subject. It is also hoped that
the glorious tradition of study and research in the field of ancient Indian
Mathematics and Astronomy will be maintained in the concerned Lucknow
University Department.
 8 Dr. Shukla, veteran historian of Hindu astronomy and mathematics

A preliminary note on Dr. Shukla’s work appeared in “Two Great Schol-

ars”, Gaṇita Bhāratī, 12 (1990), 39–44 and Dr. Yukio Ohashi discussed “Prof.
Shukla’s contribution to the study of history of Hindu astronomy”, in the
same journal, Vol. 17 (1995, 29–44). The present article is a humble tribute
and felicitation on the occasion of the 80th birth-anniversary of respected
Shuklaji. May God grant him best health, happiness and long life.

Dr. K. S. Shukla’s publications

(I) Edited, translated and other books

1. Hindu Gaṇita-Śāstra kā Itihāsa being a Hindi translation of B. B. Datta

and A. N. Singh’s History of Hindu Mathematics Part I (Lahore 1935),
Hindi Samiti, Lucknow, 1956. Reprinted many times.

2. The Sūrya-siddhānta with the commentary of Parameśvara (1431). Edited

with an introduction in English. HAMTS No. 1, Lucknow, 1957.

3. Pāṭīgaṇita of Śrīdharācārya edited with an ancient commentary, introduc-

tion, and English translation. HAMTS No. 2, Lucknow, 1959.

4. Mahābhāskarīya (of Bhāskara I) edited with introduction and translation.

HAMTS No. 3, Lucknow, 1960.

5. Laghubhāskarīya (of Bhāskara I) edited with introduction and translation.

HAMTS No. 4, Lucknow, 1963.

6. Dhīkoṭida-karaṇa (of Śrīpati) edited with introduction and translation. Ak-

hila Bharatiya Sanskrit Parishad, Lucknow, 1969.

7. Bījagaṇitāvataṃsa (of Nārāyaṇa Paṇḍita) edited with introduction. Akhila

Bharatiya Sanskrit Parishad, Lucknow, 1970.

8. Āryabhaṭa, Indian Astronomer and Mathematician (5th century). INSA,

New Delhi, 1976.

9. The Āryabhaṭīya of Āryabhaṭa I edited (in collaboration with K. V. Sarma)

with introduction and translation. INSA, New Delhi, 1976.

10. The Āryabhaṭīya with the commentary of Bhāskara I (629 ad) and Som-
eśvara, edited with introduction and appendices. INSA, New Delhi, 1976.

11. Karaṇa-ratna of Devācārya (689 ad) edited with introduction and transla-
tion, HAMTS No. 5, Lucknow, 1979.
 Dr. Shukla, veteran historian of Hindu astronomy and mathematics 9

12. Late Bina Chatterjee’s edition and translation of Lalla’s Śiṣyadhīvṛddhida

Tantra completed and edited. Two volumes, INSA, New Delhi, 1981 (Chat-
terjee’s edition contains the commentary of Mallikārjuna Sūri in Vol. 1 and
17 appendices after the translation in Vol. 2).

13. Vaṭeśvara Siddhānta and Gola edited with introduction and translation.
Part I (text) and Part II (translation), INSA, New Delhi, 1985–1986.

14. History of Astronomy in India edited by S. N. Sen and K. S. Shukla, INSA,

New Delhi, 1985 (also issued as IJHS Vol. 20).

15. History of Oriental Astronomy edited by G. Swarup, A. K. Bag and K. S.

Shukla, Cambridge Univ. Press, Cambridge, 1987 (The book constitutes
Proceedings of IAU Colloquium No. 91, New Delhi, 1985).

16. A Critical Study of Laghumānasa of Mañjula (with edition and translation

of the text). INSA, New Delhi, 1990. (It was issued as supplement to IJHS,
Vol. 25).

17. A Text book on Algebra (for B.A. and B.Sc.) by K. S. Shukla and R. P.
Agarwal, Kanpur, 1959.†

18. A Text book on Trigonometry (for B.A. and B.Sc.) by K. S. Shukla and
R. S. Verma, Allahabad, 1951.

19. Avakalan Gaṇita (in Hindi) by M. D. Upadhyay, revised by K. S. Shukla,

Hindi Sansthan, Lucknow, 1980.

(II) Research papers and other articles

1. “The evection and the deficit of the equation of the centre of the Moon in
Hindu Astronomy”. Proc. Benaras Math. Soc. (N. S.), 7(2) (1945), 9–28.

2. “On Śrīdhara’s rational solution of N x2 + 1 = y 2 ”. Gaṇita, I(2) (1950),

1–12.

3. “Chronology of Hindu Achievements in Astronomy”. Proc. National Inst.

Sci. India, 18(4) (July-August 1952), 336–337 (Summary of a 1950 sympo-
sium paper).

4. “The Pāṭīgaṇita of Śrīdharācārya” (in Hindi). Jñānaśikhā (Lucknow), 2(1)

(October 1951), 21–38.

5. “Ācārya Jayadeva, the mathematician”. Gaṇita, 5(1) (1954), 1–20.

†Information about text-books (serial No. 17, 18, 19) has been provided by Shri Ratan
Shukla (son of KSS).
 10 Dr. Shukla, veteran historian of Hindu astronomy and mathematics

6. “On the three stanzas from the Pañca-siddhāntikā of Varāhamihira”. Gaṇ-

ita, 5(2) (1954), 129–136.

7. “A note on the Rājamṛgāṅka of Bhoja published by the Adyar Library”.

Ibid., 149–151.

8. “Indian Geometry” (in Hindi). Svatantra-Bhārata (Lucknow), dated 24

November 1957, pp. 1 and 11.

9. “Hindu methods of finding factors or divisors of number”. Gaṇita, 17(2)

(1966), 109–117.

10. “Ācārya Āryabhaṭa’s Ārdharātrika-Tantra” (in Hindi). C. B. Gupta Abhi-

nandana Grantha, New Delhi, 1966, 483–494.

11. “Āryabhaṭa I’s astronomy with midnight day reckoning”. Gaṇita, 18(1)
(1967), 83–105.

12. “Early Hindu methods in spherical astronomy”. Ganita, 19(2) (1968), 49–
72.

13. “Astronomy in ancient and medieval India”. IJHS, 4 (1969), 99–106. (cf.
no. 15 below).

14. “Hindu mathematics in the seventh century ad as found in Bhāskara I’s

commentary on the Āryabhaṭīya”. Gaṇita, 22(1) (1971), 115–130; 22(2)
(1971), 61–78; 23(1) (1972), 57–79; and 23(2), 41–50.

15. “Ancient and medieval Hindu astronomy” (in Hindi). Jyotish-Kalp (Luc-
know), 3(6) (March 1972), 32–37. (cf. no. 13).

16. “Characteristic features of the six Indian seasons as described by astro-

nomer Vaṭeśvara”. Jyotish-Kalp, 3(11) (August 1972) 65–74.

17. “Hindu astronomer Vaṭeśvara and his works”. Ganita, 23(2) (1972), 65–74.

18. “Use of hypotenuse in the computation of the equation of the centre under
the epicyclic theory in the school of Āryabhaṭa”. IJHS, 8 (1973), 43–57.

19. “The Pañca-siddhāntikā of Varāhamihira (I)”. Gaṇita, 24(1) (1973), 59–73;

also same in IJHS, 8 (1974), 62–76. (cf. no. 22 below)

20. “Āryabhaṭa”. In Cultural Leaders of India: Scientists (edited by V. Ragha-

van), Ministry of Information and Broadcasting, Delhi, 1976, reprinted
1981, pp. 83–99.

21. “Astronomy in India before Āryabhaṭa”. Paper read at the Symposium on

Hindu Astronomy, Lucknow, 1976, 11 pages (cyclostyled).
 Dr. Shukla, veteran historian of Hindu astronomy and mathematics 11

22. “The Pañca-siddhāntikā of Varāhamihira (II)”. Gaṇita, 28 (1977), 99–116.

(cf. no. 19).

23. “Glimpses from the Āryabhaṭa-siddhānta”. IJHS, 12 (1977), 181–186.

24. “Series with fractional number of terms”. Bhāratī Bhānam (K. V. Sarma
Felicitation Volume) = Vishveshvaranand Indolog. Jour., 18 (1980), 475–
481.

25. “Astronomy in ancient India”. In Bhāratīya Saṃskriti, Bharatīya Saṃskriti

Saṃsad, Calcutta, 1982, pp. 440–453.

26. “A note on R. P. Mercier’s review of Karaṇaratna of Devācārya”. Gaṇita

Bhāratī, 6 (1984), 25–28.

27. “Phases of the Moon, rising and setting of planets and stars and their
conjunctions”. IJHS, 20 (1985), 212–251.

28. “Main characteristics and achievements of ancient Indian astronomy in

historical perspective”. In History of Oriental Astronomy (edited by G.
Swarup et al.), Cambridge 1987, 7–22.

29. “The Yuga of the Yavana-jātaka: David Pingree’s text and translation
reviewed”. IJHS. 24 (1989), 211–223.

30. “Vedic Mathematics: The illusive title of Swamiji’s book”. Mathematical

Education 5(3) (1989), 129–133. (cf. next item)

31. “Vedic Mathematics: The deceptive title of Swamiji’s book”. Pages 31–39
in Issues in Vedic Mathematics (edited by H. C. Khare), Delhi, 1991.

32. “Graphic methods and astronomical instruments” being translation (with

notes) of Chapter XIV of the Pañcasiddhāntikā of Varāhamihira. Pages
261–281 in K. V. Sarma’s edition of Pañcasiddhāntikā with Translation of
T. S. Kuppanna Sastry, Madras 1993.

(III) Book reviews

1. Review of the Pañcasiddhāntikā of Varāhamihira (ed. by O. Neugebauer
and D. Pingree, Two Parts, Copenhagen), 1970–1971. Journal of the Amer-
ican Oriental Society 93(3) (1973), p. 386.

2. Review of Census of Exact Sciences in Sanskrit Series A, Vol. 3, (by D. Pin-

gree, Philadelphia, 1976) IJHS, 13, (1978), 72–73.

3. Review of Candracchāyāgaṇitam of Nīlakaṇṭha Somayājī, (edited by K. V.

Sarma, Hoshiarpur, 1976) IJHS, 13, (1978), p. 73.