Direction:

In this test you will read five passages. Each one is followed by a number of questions. You should choose
one best answer, A, B, C or D, or E to each question. Answer all questions about a passage on the basis of
what is stated or implied in that passage.

Passage I (Questions 1-10)

CAN WE CHANGE THE CLIMATE?
1
At the end of the last ice age, there were perhaps a million people in north America, or best one for every 7
square miles. 2today, excluding Alasca and Hawaii, there are about 80 people for every square mile of land
area in the United States. 3To sustain this population growth and raise our standard of living, we employ
natural resources and technologies that were unknown to our forebears.
4
Is it possible that because of our numbers and our greater use of natural resources and technology, modern
humans are directly influencing the global climate of Earth? 5in 1896, the Nobel Prize-winning, Swedish
Chermist Svante Archenus, predicted that human would wam the global climate by increasing the carbon
dioxide content of the atmosphere.
6
At the beginning of the industrial revouliton in the late 1700s, the use of coal as an energy source began to
increase rapidly. 7when coal is burned, energy is produced, CO 2 is released to the atmospehere. 8Other fossil
carbon fuels such as petroleum and natural gas also release CO2 when they are burned.
9
More documents show that atmospheric CO 2 has increased by about 30% since the late 1700s. 10This
documents increase results primarily from the use of fossil carbon fuels in electrical generation plants,
automobiles, home heating and in a variety of other ways. 11Carbon dioxide is also added to the atmosphere
during the process of cement manufacture and as a result of deforestation.
12
The yearly rise in CO2 has increased in recent times, and continued growth of both population and per
capita energy use will force atmospheric CO 2 to even higher levels. 13In addition, the amounts of other
greenhouse gasses in the atmosphere have increased during the industrial age, in most causes a direct result
of human activities. 15These includes halocarbons, methane (CH4), nitrous oxide (N2O) and Tropospheric
ozone (O3)
1. What is the main idea of the passage?
a. The global climate of the earth is unknown to us
b. The global climate of the earth has been predicted by our forebears
c. The global climate of the earth is caused by the use of modern technologies
d. The global climate of the earth is caused by the use of electrical generation plant
e. The global climate of the earth is caused by population growth
2. How do people increase their standard of living?
a. By stooping producing goods
b. By measuring the greenhouse gasses
c. By deciding to fight against the global warming
d. By improving the technology
e. By making use of the population growth
3. The word ‘to sustain’ in sentence 3 can also mean…
a. To complete
b. To endure
a. To create
b. To elude
c. To fight
4. The word ‘predicted’ in sentence 5 is closest to meaning to the following word, EXCEPT:
a. Augured
b. Foretold
c. Narrated
d. Forecasted
e. Prophesied
5. The word ‘forebears’ in sentence 3 is closest in meaning to…
a. People
b. History
c. Ancestors
d. Successors
e. Descendants
6. What does the word ‘they’ in sentence 8 refers to?
a. CO2
b. Coals
c. Fuels
d. Fossils
e. Natural Gasses
7. What make atmospheric CO2 increase to higher levels?
a. Electrical generation plant
b. Energy use
c. Nitrous Oxide
d. Methane
e. Automobiles
8. The amount of halocarbons increases because of…
a. Nitrous Oxide
b. Deforestation
c. Home heating
d. Industry
e. Methane
9. The passage implies that the global warming is increasing….day by day.
a. Rapid
b. Rapidly
c. Rapidity
d. More rapid
e. The most rapid
10. We have to be very optimistic that our next generation…..the global warming problem.
a. Overcame
b. Overcomes
c. Is overcoming
d. Has overcome
e. Will overcome
PASSAGE II (Questioins 11-20)
PORTABLE GENERATOR
1
Although most electricity comes from power stasions, power can also be generated by far smaller means.
2
Nowadays, electricity generators can be small enough to hold in the hand.
3
Portable generators are made up of two main parts; an engine, which powers the equipment, and an
alternator, which converts motion into electricity. 4The engine runs on petrol. 5It is started by pulling a cord.
6
This creates a spark inside which ignites the fuel mixture.
7
In a typical four-stroke engine, when the piston descends, the air inlet valve opens and a mixture of air and
petrol is sucked in through a carburetor. 8The valve closes, the piston rises on the compression stroke and a
spark within the upper chamber ignites the mixture. 9This mini-explosion pushes the piston backdown, and
as ‘it’ rises again the fumes formed by the ignition are forced out through the exhaust valve.
10
This cycle is repeated many times per second. 11The moving piston makes the crankshaft rotate at great
speed. 12The crankshaft extends directly to an alternator, which consists of two main sets of windings-coils of
insulated cooper wire wound closely around an iron core. 13On set, called stator windings, is in a fixed
position and shaped like a broad ring. 14The other set, the armature windings, is wound on the rotor which is
fixed to the rotating crankshaft. 15The rotor makes about 3.000 revolutions per minute.
16
The rotor is magnetized and as it spins round, electricity is generated in the stator windings through the
process of electromagnetic induction. 17The electric current is fed to the output terminals or sockets. 18This
type of generator can produce a 700 watt output, enough to operate lights, television, and some domestic
appliances. 19Larger versions provide emergency power to hospital and factories
11. The word motion in sentence 3 is closest in meaning to...
a. Position
b. Emotion
c. Stagnation
d. Movement
e. immobility
12. What should people do when they want to start the engine of the portable generator..
a. They have to push the cord and light the fuel
b. They have to mix the fuel and pull the engine
c. They have to fill out the fuel and push the cord
d. They have to light the fuel and push the engine
e. They have to fill in the fuel and pull the cord
13. The word ignite in sentence 6 could be best replaced by the word....
a. Extinguish
b. Flaming
c. Ignition
d. Force
e. Burn
14. The word descend in sentence 7 is closest in meaning to the following words expect...
a. Move down
b. Gravitate
c. Tumble
d. Detrain
e. Rise up
15. What does the word it in sentence 9 refers to...
a. The mini explosion
b. The compression
c. The mixture
d. The piston
e. The valve
16. What is the function of the crankshaft?
a. To create spark
b. To rotate the rotor
c. To spin stator windings
d. To generate electric current
e. To operate home appliance
17. What is the significant difference between stator windings and rotor?
a. The stator is fixed while the rotor generates electricity
b. The stator generates electricity while the rotor is fixed
c. The stator is fixed while the rotor rotates
d. The stator rotates while the rotor is fixed
e. None of the above
18. In a typical portable generator, the rotor windings.....to the crankshaft.
a. Attach
b. Are attached
c. Are attaching
d. Were attached
e. Had been attached
19. What will happen once the electric current is supplied to the selected output terminals?
a. The engine will run automatically
b. The electric current will be generated
c. The crankshaft and alternator will be rotated
d. Power in the form of watt output will be produced
e. Lights, fridge, and other appliances will be turned off
20. According to the passage, power station.......most electricity
a. Supply
b. Supplied
c. Will supply
d. Are supplied
e. Were supplying
Passage III (Questions 21-30)
GAS CENTRAL HEATING
1
Most gas central heating works on the ‘wet’ system of heat transfer between water flowing through pipes.
2
A typical system includes a boiler, a network of pipes, a feed, an expansion tank, radiators, and a hot water
storage system.
3
in convenstional boilers, water is heated by gas burner. 4It is ten pumped around the central heating system
and the hot water storage cylinder. 5the flow of gas to the burner is controlled by a valve (or valves) which
can be operated by a time switch or by a boiler thermostat, hot water cylinder thermostat, or by a
thermostat located in of the rooms. 6Air is necessary for complete combustion and is supplied to the burners
either from inside the house, when adequate ventilation must be ensured, or directly from outside through a
balanced flue.
7
water is circulated through a heat exchanger above the burner. 8The heat exchanger is made of tubes of
cast iron or copper, which resist corrosion. 9Both types use fins to increase the surface area in contact with
water, which improves the transfer of the heat. 10A thermostat located in the boiler vases the gas control
valve yo shut off when the water temperature reaches the pre-set level.
11
after being pumped through a diverter or priority valve, water circulates around either one of two loops
pipework, which act as heat exchangers. 12one loop passes through the inside of the hot water storage
cylinder in a coil arrangement. 13Heat is transferred to the surrounding water, which can then be drawn off
from this cylinder from various hot taps in the house when required. 14The loop then turns to the boiler for
re-heating.
15
The other loop of the circuit passes to the radiators, which provide room heating. 16Several radiators are
generally connected where one pipe provides the hot water input and the other carries the cold water back
to the boiler. 17In this way, all radiators receive hot water directly from the boiler.
21. What does the word ‘it’ in sentence 4 refers to?
a. Conventional boiler
b. Gas burner
c. Water
d. Pipe
e. gas
22. The word ‘flow’ in sentence 5 is closest in meaning to...
a. Flux
b. Drip
c. Breeze
d. Progress
e. blockage
23. All of the following words have closest synonym to the words is circulated in sentence 7 EXCEPT:
a. Is passed from place to place
b. Is moved in a circle
c. Is distributed
d. Is assembled
e. No of the above
24. What can improve the transfer of heat?
a. Surface area
b. Cast iron
c. Copper
d. Water
e. Fins
25. The word ‘reach’ in sentence 10 could be the best replaced by the word…
a. Make a stretch
b. Make a contact
c. Attain
d. Fail
e. Lose
26. Which of the following functions as heat exchangers?
a. Water
b. Loops
c. Valve
d. Diverter
e. Pipework
27. Sentence number 11 states that in this system water….through a priority valve.
a. Were pushed
b. Was pushed
c. Is pushed
d. Pushing
e. Push
28. The following step happens after the loop returns to the boiler for re-heating:
a. One loop passes through the inside of the hot water storage cylinder in a coil of pipes
b. The other loop of the circuit passes to radiators
c. Cold water from the radiators returns to the boiler
d. The hot water is pumped through a diverter valve
e. Water is circulated through a heat exchanger
29. How many pipes are used in this system?
a. Not mentioned
b. More than four
c. Three
d. Two
e. One
30. The last paragraph of the passage implies that there are pipes which…..the radiators.
a. Connect
b. Connected
c. Connecting
d. Are connected
e. Are connecting
Passage IV (Questions 31-40)
1
June 18, 2011
2
Alicia Thompson
3
General Manager
4
BioInfo Inc.
5
101 Huron Road
6
Chichago, Illinois 1010
7
USA

8
Dear Ms. Thompson,
9
This is to thank you again for the invitation to take part in the BioTech Project in Sec. 10I really appreciate it.
11
The success of its first phase has maintained our good reputation. 12I would also like to suggest you few
ideas about the implementation of Phase 2 of this project. 13As discussed at our previous meeting there are
things we have to do:
 14Renew overall effectiveness of Phase 1 of the project
 15identify the strengths and weakness of Phase 1 of the project
 16Propose customer-focused solutions to address areas of weakness
 17Develop a more detailed action plan for Phase 2 of the project
 18Determine the creative director after Jill Hawking’s resignation
19
i trust I have covered all of the points that we discussed. 20In relation to the last point, I am thinking of
Sylvia McClain, who won the Adcom competition for the “Most Successful Advertisement” in London this
year.
21
she will be in East Hotel, Chicago on Tuesday, July fifth for a press conference. 22I also found out today that I
will be in Aurora on the same date for a conference. 23If it works with you, I could meet you in Chicago either
on the morning of the fourth or the sixth as it would be an excellent opportunity to work out the details of
this project with her. 24I believe that Sylvia would be a great addition to the Biotech Project. 25Her wide range
of experience and expertise will be highly invaluable for us.
26
If you have any questions or suggestions, please do not hesitate to give me a call at 705-1818. 27I look
forward to hearing from you soon.
28
Thank you.

29
Yours sincerely,
30
William Hudson
31
Senior Consultant
32
InterBio Inc.
33
512 Temple Road
34
Los Angeles, California, 2378
35
USA
31. Which one is the purpose of writing this letter?
a. To develop action plan for the BioTech Project
b. To invite Alicia to take part in the BioTech Project
c. To appreciate and propose ideas about for the BioTech Project
d. To review and suggest team members for the BioTech Project
e. To persuade Alicia to work out the details for the BioTech Project
32. According to the passage, Ms. Thompson and Mr. Hudson…….a meeting last week.
a. Has
b. Had
c. Have
d. Will have
e. Are having
33. What does the word ‘it’ in sentence 11 refers to?
a. The invitation
b. The project
c. The letter
d. The part
e. The city
34. The word ‘determine’ in sentence 18 could be best replaced by…
a. Call
b. Claim
c. Decide
d. Provide
e. Mention
35. What does Sylvia most likely do for living?
a. General manager
b. Creative director
c. Senior consultant
d. Conference speaker
e. Reporter for press conference
36. Where might their meeting take place?
a. Seoul
b. Aurora
c. London
d. Chicago
e. Los Angeles
37. The opposite meaning of ‘take part’ in sentence 9 is…
a. Go off
b. Refuse
c. Glue in
d. Involve
e. Withdraw
38. What is the main idea of the 3rd paragraph (23rd – 29th sentence) of the passage?
a. To talk about a press conference
b. To decide a schedule for a meeting
c. To talk about the business itinerary
d. To propose a schedule for a meeting
e. To workout the details of this project
39. The word ‘expertise’ in the 29th sentence can also mean…
a. Skills
b. Opinion
c. Patience
d. Diligence
e. Opportunity
40. It can be implied that Mr. Hudson….believes that Ms. McClain will be a good team member.
a. Strong
b. Strength
c. Strongly
d. Stronger
e. Strengthen

QUESTIONS 41-50
41. I am looking forward to……you next week
a. Saw
b. Will see
c. Have been seen
d. Seeing
e. Be seeing
42. Mr. Santos is a prominent figure among Indonesian scientist. Moreover, people know him as…..person.
a. An arrogant
b. A strict
c. A poor
d. An old
e. A sociable
43. Impressed by the performance of the new student, ….
a. He became a chairman of the class
b. The class needed him as a chairman
c. A chairman of the class was appointed
d. The teacher appointed him as chairman
e. The class had a new energetic chairman
44. Neither the hotel facilities……ensure a comfortable stay for the guests
a. And also its services
b. Nor its services
c. And not its hotel services
d. Or its services
e. Both its services
45. James: ‘I ran through the red light and got fined by the traffic policeman’
Sabina: Oh, you……..more careful
a. Must have been
b. Maybe
c. Could be
d. Might have been
e. Should have been
46. In evaluating your progress, the boss will take into account…, attitude, and achievement.
a. How you performed
b. Your performance
c. That you performed
d. If you performed
e. When you have performed
47. ….the great inconvenience of travelling, many TV reporters went to the flooded area for their reports.
a. Despite
b. In addition of
c. Although
d. In case of
e. Because of
48. Aramis: ‘Can we postpone the class meeting until Friday?’
Evans: ‘I am afraid not. I……football on Friday.’
a. Would play
b. Will have been playing
c. Have been playing
d. Always play
e. Have played
49. Han: ‘Can I help you?’
Giselle: ‘Yes. Could you give Parker this birthday present, please?’
What is Giselle problem?
a. She does not have a birthday present for Parker
b. She will not be able to know whether Parker has a birthday party
c. She does not know whether Parker has a birthday party
d. She does not know that today is Parker’s birthday
e. She does not want to speak to Parker
50. I spoke to the man…to the hospital
a. His wife had been admitted
b. His wife had admitted him
c. That his wofe had been admitted
d. Whose wife had been admitted
e. He had admitted his wife

Good Luck!
****soal tambahan untuk belajar****
There are three reason why solar energy generation has not developed more rapidly. First, the cost per watt
of solar cell generation is more expensive than that steam power or nuclear power generation. Therefore,
researchers are still looking for ways to make solar cells cheaper, second, nature plays a large part in solar
cell generation. For example, some days are cloud and rainy, because there is not always fine weather, solar
energy cannot be generated every day. No solar energy is generated at night. Consequently, solar cells must
have the capacity to store energy for use during these times and these storage cells are very expensive. As a
result, only in low latitude areas can enough solar energy be generated effectively at these times. Finally,
building plants for solar cell generation is extremely expensive. A very large space is need, and the need for
maintenance is constant. To illustrate, the surface of the solar cell plant has to be cleaned daily.
For all these reasons, it is very difficult to develop solar cell plants and make solar cell energy available to the
general public for a competitive price. Despite all these problems, we believe that day will come when we
use solar energy cells because they are a form of clean energy with no pollution
1. The text describes...of the slow development solar cell energy
a. The process
b. The causes
c. The purposes
d. The benefit and harm
e. The condition
2. Effort have been made to develop solar cell energy because
a. It can be generated anytime
b. It is reversible
c. It is easy to generate
d. It does not cause any pollution
e. It is not costly
3. Which of the following statement is true about solar cell?
a. Great progress has been made in the development of solar cell energy
b. Solar cells can generate and store energy during THE night
c. Unlike solar cell energy, nuclear energy is more expensive to generate
d. Producing solar energy is quite a profitable business nowadays
e. Generating solar cell energy greatly depend on the condition of the weather
4. The development of solar cell energy for public use has been rather slow due to the following, except..
a. The nature of solar energy itself
b. The high cost of production
c. The condition of nature
d. The high construction costs of the plant
e. The daily maintenance of the plant
5. The author expects that...
a. Effort to develop solar cell energy will be stopped immediately
b. Nuclear power will be a better energy alternative
c. Solar energy will become popular among consumers
d. The generation of solar cell can be DONE in lower altitude area
e. Solar energy will remain difficult to develop
Computers are relatively new invention. The first computers were built sixty years ago and it is only in the
last thirty years that their influence has affected our everyday life. Personal computers were introduced as
recently in this short time they have made a tremendous impact on our life. We are now so dependent on
computers that it is hard to imagine what things would be like today without them. You have only got to go
into a bank when their main computer is broken to understand the chaos that occur if computers were
suddenly removed worldwide
In the future, computers will be used to create bigger and even more sophisticated computers. The prospect
for this are quite alarming. They will be complex that no individual could hope to understand how they work.
They will bring a lot of benefits but they will also increase the potential for unmergable charts. They will be,
for example, be able to fly planes and they will be able to coordinate the movements of several planes
around the airport. Providing all computers are working correctly nothing can go wrong, but if one program
fails, there will be a disaster.
There is no doubt that technology will progress and become increasingly complex. However, ensure that we
are still in a position where we are able to control technology. It will be able too easy to suddenly discover
that technology Is controlling us. By then it might be too late. I believe that is very important to be suspicious
of the benefits that computers will bring and to make sure that we never become totally dependent on a
completely technological world.
6. From the text above we may conclude that the author...
a. Tries to warn us not to be too dependent on computers
b. Emphasizes the importance of developing future computers
c. Believes computers will make people’s lives more computers
d. Reminds us about the threat of computers in the past
e. Persuades us to make use of computers in our jobs
7. People’s current dependent on computers is unamplified by..
a. The influence of computers on our lives for the last thirty years
b. The introduction of computers in the nineteen-fifteens
c. The chaos which took place when computers were removed
d. The disorder at home when the main computer is broken
e. The unimaginable things that may occur on an airport
8. Future computers are predicated to....
a. Be so complex that their prospect will be quite promising
b. Bring great benefits as well as unexpected harm to people’s lives
c. Bring great benefits to the transportation history
d. Make many small programs cause big disasters
e. Be able to coordinate the traffic of planes all over the world
9. Although computers will become more sophisticated...
a. Human beings will be entirely be dependent on them
b. It is difficult for individuals to understand them
c. Technology tend to control human beings
d. There is no doubt that they bring a lot of benefits
e. Human beings should have control over them
10. A suitable title for the text is...
a. The historical background of future computers
b. The unimaginable chaos caused by computers
 c. The potential of future computers
d. The control over advanced technology
e. The rapid progress on technology

It has been noted that, traditionally, courts have granted divorces on fault grounds: one spouse is deemed to
be at fault in causing the divorce. More and more today, however, divorces are being granted on a no-fault
basis.
Proponents of no-fault divorces argue that when a marriage fails, it is rarely the case that one marriage
partner is completely to blame and the other blameless. A failed marriage is much more often the result of
mistakes by both partners.
Another argument in favor of no-fault divorce is that proving fault in court, in a public arena, is a destructive
process that only serves to lengthen the divorce process and that dramatically increases the negative
feelings present in a divorce. If a couple can reach a decision to divorce without first deciding which partner
is to blame, the divorce settlement can be negotiated more easily and equitably and the post-divorce healing
process can begin more rapidly.

1. What does the passage mainly discuss?

a. Traditional grounds for divorce
b. Who is at fault in a divorce
c. Why no-fault divorces are becoming more common
d. The various reasons for divorces
e. No correct answers
2. The word "spouse" in line 1 is closest in meaning to a
a. Judge
b. Problem
c. Divorce decree
d. Marriage partner
e. No correct answers
3. According to the passage, no-fault divorces
A. Are on the increase
b. Are the traditional form of divorce
c. Are less popular that they used to be
d. Were granted more in the past
e. No correct answers
4. The passage states that a public trial to prove the fault of one spouse can
A. Be satisfying to the wronged spouse
b. Lead to a shorter divorce process
c. Reduce negative feelings
d. Be a harmful process
E. No correct answers
5. The word "proponents" in line 4 is closest in meaning to which of the following?
a. Advocates
b. Recipients
 c. Authorities
d. Enemies
e. No correct answer
6. It is implied in the passage that
A. There recently has been a decrease in no-fault divorces
b. Not all divorces today are no-fault divorces
c. A no-fault divorce is not as equitable as a fault divorce
d. People recover more slowly from a no-fault divorce
e. No correct answers
7. Which of the following is NOT listed in this passage as an argument in favor of no-fault divorce?
a. Rarely is only one marriage partner to blame for a divorce
b. A no-fault divorce generally costs less in legal fees
c. Finding fault in a divorce increases negative feelings
d. A no-fault divorce settlement is generally easier to negotiate
e. No correct answers
8. The word "present" in line 9 could most easily be replaced by
A. Existing
b. Giving
c. Introducing
d. Resulting
e. No correct answers
9. The word "settlement" in line 10 is closest in meaning to
A. Development
b. Serenity
c. Discussion
d. Agreement
e. No correct answers
10. The tone of this passage is
A. Emotional
b. Enthusiastic
c. Expository
d. Reactionary
e. No correct answers

Whereas literature in the first half of the eighteenth century in America had been largely religious and moral
in tone, by the latter half of the century the revolutionary fervor that was coming to life in the colonies
began to be reflected in the literature of the time, which in turn served to further influence the population.
Although not all writers of this period supported the Revolution, the two best-known and most influential
writers, Ben Franklin and Thomas Paine, were both strongly supportive of that cause.

Ben Franklin first attained popular success through his writings in his brother's newspaper, the New England
Current. In these articles he used a simple style of language and common sense argumentation to defend the
point of view of the farmer and the Leather Apron man. He continued with the same common sense
practicality and appeal to the common man with his work on Poor Richard's Almanac from 1733 until 1758.
Firmly established in his popular acceptance by the people, Franklin wrote a variety of extremely effective
articles and pamphlets about the colonist's revolutionary cause against England.

Thomas Paine was an Englishman working as a magazine editor in Philadelphia at the time of the Revolution.
His pamphlet Common Sense, which appeared in 1776, was a force in encouraging the colonists to declare
their independence from England. Then throughout the long and desperate war years he published a series
of Crisis papers (from 1776 until 1783) to encourage the colonists to continue on with the struggle. The
effectiveness of his writing was probably due to his emotional yet oversimplified depiction of the cause of
the colonists against England as a classic struggle of good and evil.

1. The paragraph preceding this passage most likely discusses

a. How literature influence the population
b. Religious and moral literature
c. Literature supporting the cause of the american revolution
d. What made thomas paine's literature successful
e. No correct answers
2. The word "fervor" in line 2 is closest in meaning to
a. War
b. Anxiety
c. Spirit
d. Action
e. No correct answers
3. The word "time" in line 3 could best be replaced by
a. Hour
b. Period
c. Appointment
d. Duration
e. No correct answers
4. It is implied in the passage that
a. Some writers in the american colonies supported england during the revolution
b. Franklin and paine were the only writers to influence the revolution
c. Because thomas paine was an englishman, he supported england against the colonies
d. Authors who supported england did not remain in the colonies during the revolution
e. No correct answers
5. The pronoun "he" in line 8 refers to
a. Thomas Paine
b. Ben Franklin
c. Ben Franklin's brother
d. Poor Richard
e. No correct answers
6. The expression "point of view" in line 9 could best be replaced by
a. Perspective
b. Sight
c. Circumstance
d. Trait
a. No correct answers
7. According to the passage, the tone of Poor Richard's Almanac is
a. Pragmatic
b. Erudite
c. Theoretical
d. Scholarly
e. No correct answers
8. The word "desperate" in line 16 could best be replaced by
a. Unending
b. Hopeless
c. Strategic
d. Combative
e. No correct answers
9. Where in the passage does the author describe Thomas Paine's style of writing?
a. Lines 4-6
b. Lines 8-9
c. Lines 14-15
d. Lines 18-20
e. No correct answers
10. The purpose of the passage is to
a. Discuss American literature in the first half of the eighteen century
b. Give biographical data on two American writers
c. Explain which authors supported the Revolution
d. Describe the literary influence during revolutionary America
e. No correct answers

Tools and hand bones excavated from the Swartkrans cave complex in South Africa suggest that a close
relative of early humans known as Australopithecus robustus may have made and used primitive tools long
before the species became extinct 1 million years ago. It may even have made and used primitive tools long
before humanity's direct ancestor, Homo habilis, or “handy man,” began doing so. Homo habilis and its
successor, Homo eretus, coexisted with Australopithecus robustus on plains ofSouth Africa for more than a
million years.
The Swartkrans cave in South Africa has been under excavation since the 1940's. The earliest fossil-
containing layers of sedimentary rock in the cave date from about1.9 million years ago and contain extensive
remains of animals, primitive tools, and two or more species of apelike hominids. The key recent discovery
involved bones from the hand of Australopithecus robustus, the first time such bones have been found.
The most important feature of the Australopithecus robustus hand was the pollicaldistal thumb tip, the last
bone in the thumb. The bone had an attachment point for a “uniquely human” muscle, the flexor pollicis
longus, that had previously been found in more recent ancestors. That muscle gave Australopithecus
robustus an opposable thumb, a feature that would allow them to grip objects, including tools. The
researchers also found primitive bone and stone implements, especially digging tools, in the same of
sediments.
Australopithecus robustus were more heavily built ― more “robust” in anthropological terms ― than
their successors. They had broad faces, heavy jaws, and massive crushing grinding teeth that were used for
eating hard fruits, seeds, and fibrous underground plant parts. They walked upright, which would have
allowed them to carry and use tools.
Most experts had previously believed that Home habilis were able to supplant Australopithecus
robustus because the former's ability to use tools gave them an innate superiority. The discovery
that Australopithecus robustus also used tools means that researchers will have to seek other explanations
for their extinction. Perhaps their reliance on naturally occurring plants led to their downfall as the climate
became drier and cooler, or perhaps Homo habilis, with their bigger brains, were simply able to more
sophisticated tools.

16. It can be inferred from the first paragraph that all of the following may have made and used tools EXCEPT
a. Australopithecus robustus
b. Home erectus
c. Home habilis
d. Australopithecus robustus' ancestors
17. Which of the following does the author mention as the most important recent discovery made in the
Swartkrans cave?
a. Tools
b. Teeth
c. Plant fossils
d. Hand bones
18. What does the third paragraph mainly discuss?
a. Features of Australopithecus robustus' hand
b. Purposes for which hominids used tools
c. Methods used to determine the age of fossils
d. Significant plant fossils found in layers of sediment
19. It can be inferred from the description in the last paragraph thatAustralopithecus robustus was so named
because of the species'
a. Ancestors
b. Thumb
c. Build
d. Diet
20. The word “supplant”in line 24 is closest in meaning to
a. Exploit
b. Displace
c. Understand
d. Imitate
21. The word “them” in line 25 refers to
a. Tools
b. Homo habilis
c. Australopithecus robustus
d. Experts
22. The word “innate” in line 25 is closest in meaning to
a. Inherent
b. Incidental
c. Objective
 d. Irrelevant
23. What does the author suggest is unclear about Australopithecus robustus?
a. Whether they used tools
b. What they most likely ate
c. Whether they are closely related to humans
d. Why they became extinct

In the mid-nineteenth century, the United States had tremendous natural resources that could be
exploited in order to develop heavy industry. Most of the raw materials that are valuable in the manufacture
of machinery, transportation facilities, and consumer goods lay ready to be worked into wealth. Iron, coal,
and oil ― the basic ingredients of industrial growth ― were plentiful and needed only the application of
technical expertise, organizational skill, and labor.
One crucial development in this movement toward industrialization was the growth of the railroads. The
railway network expanded rapidly until the railroad map of the United States looked like a spider's web, with
the steel filaments connecting all important sources of raw materials, their places of manufacture, and their
centers of distribution. The railroads contributed to the industrial growth not only by connecting these major
centers, but also by themselves consuming enormous amounts of fuel, iron, and coal.
Many factors influenced emerging modes of production. For example, machine tools, the tools used to
make goods, were steadily improved in the latter part of the nineteenth century ― always with an eye to
speedier production and lower unit costs. The products of the factories were rapidly absorbed by the
growing cities that sheltered the workers and the distributors. The increased urban population was
nourished by the increased farm production that, in turn, was made more productive by the use of the new
farm machinery. American agricultural production kept up with the urban demand and still had surpluses for
sale to the industrial centers of Europe.
The labor that ran the factories and built the railways was recruited in part from American farm areas
where people were being displaced by farm machinery, in part from Asia, and in part from Europe. Europe
now began to send tides of immigrants from eastern and southern Europe ― most of whom were originally
poor farmers but who settled in American industrial cities. The money to finance this tremendous expansion
of the American economy still came from European financiers for the most part, but the Americans were
approaching the day when their expansion could be financed in their own “money market”.

30. What does the passage mainly discuss?

a. The history of railroads in the United States
b. The major United States industrial centers
c. Factors that affected industrialization in the United States
d. The role of agriculture in the nineteenth century
31. Why does the author mention “a spider's web” in line 9?
a. To emphasize the railroad's consumption of oil and coal
b. To describe the complex structure of the railway system
c. To explain the problems brought on by railway expansion
d. To describe the difficulties involved in the distribution of raw materials
32. The word “themselves” in line 12 refers to
a. sources
b. centers
 c. railroads
d. places
33. According to the passage, what was one effect of the improvement of machine tools?
a. Lower manufacturing costs
b. Better distribution of goods
c. More efficient transportation of natural resources
d. A reduction in industrial jobs

34. Which of the following is NOT true of United States farmers in the nineteenth century?
a. They lost some jobs because of mechanization
b. They were unable to produce sufficient food for urban areas.
c. They raised their productivity by using new machinery.
d. They sold food to European countries
35. The word “ran” in line 21 is closest in meaning to
a. operated
b. hurried
c. constructed
d. owned