SH1685

Ideal Gases and the Laws of Thermodynamics 𝑘 = 𝐵𝑜𝑙𝑡𝑧𝑚𝑎𝑛𝑛 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡

𝑛 = 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑠
I. Formulas and Terms to Remember 𝑛 = 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑠
a. Ideal Gas Boyle’s Law 𝑃1 𝑉1 = 𝑃2 𝑉2
 Has a large number of identical molecules 𝑉1 𝑉2
 Volume occupied by the molecules is negligible Charles’ Law =
𝑇1 𝑇2
 Molecules obey Newton’s Laws of Motion 𝑃1 𝑃2
 Molecules move in a random manner Gay-Lussac’s Law =
𝑇1 𝑉2
 Collisions between molecules are perfectly elastic 𝑉1 𝑉2
Avogadro’s Law =
b. MOLE (𝒎𝒐𝒍) - Defined in chemistry as amount of 𝑛1 𝑛2
substance ∆𝑈 = 𝑄 − 𝑊
Variations:
c. AVOGADRO’S NUMBER (𝑵𝑨 )
1. Monoatomic
 Number of particles within one measured mole 3
 𝑁𝐴 = 6.02 × 10−23 𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑙𝑒𝑠/𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑈 = 𝑁𝑘𝑇
2
d. MOLAR MASS (𝑴𝒎𝒐𝒍 ) - Measured mass of exactly one 3
mole Internal Energy 𝑈 = 𝑛𝑅𝑇
2
e. IDEAL GAS CONSTANT (𝑹) 2. Diatomic
 Proportionality constant relating energy to temperature 5
𝑈 = 𝑁𝑘𝑇
𝐽 2
 𝑅 = 8.314 ⁄𝑚𝑜𝑙 ∙ 𝐾
5
f. BOLTZMANN CONSTANT (𝒌) 𝑈 = 𝑛𝑅𝑇
2
 Constant relating kinetic energy to temperature 𝑄 = 𝑛𝐶∆𝑇
𝑅
 𝑘=𝑁 Constant Volume:
𝐴
𝐽 3
 Accepted value is 𝑘 = 1.38 × 10−23 ⁄𝐾 𝐶𝑉 = 2 𝑅 (monoatomic)
Heat capacity: 5
𝑃𝑉 = 𝑛𝑅𝑇 𝐶𝑉 = 2 𝑅 (diatomic)
𝑃𝑉 = 𝑁𝑘𝑇 Constant Pressure:
Ideal Gas Law
Where: 5
𝐶𝑃 = 2 𝑅 (monoatomic)
𝑅 = 𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑎𝑙 𝑔𝑎𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡

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 SH1685
𝑉
7
𝐶𝑃 = 2 𝑅 (diatomic)  𝑊 = 𝑛𝑅𝑇 ln 𝑉𝑓
0

Thermodynamic 𝑊 = 𝑃∆𝑉 4. Adiabatic  Work without energy transfer

Work 𝑊 = 𝑛𝑅∆𝑇 Process  No heat involved
𝑄
Latent Heat 𝐿𝑉 = IV. Carnot Cycle
𝑚
Heat Engine 𝑊 = 𝑄ℎ + 𝑄𝑐 1. Reversible isothermal gas expansion process. The ideal
Refrigerator −𝑄ℎ = 𝑄𝑐 − 𝑊 gas in the system absorbs qin , from a heat source at a
𝑄𝑐 high temperature (Th), expanding and doing work on the
𝑒𝑓𝑓 = 1 − | | surroundings.
𝑄ℎ
Efficiency 2. Reversible adiabatic gas expansion process. The system
𝑇𝑐
𝑒𝑓𝑓 = 1 − | | is insulated. The gas continues to expand and do work on
𝑇ℎ surroundings, making the system cool down to a lower
Entropy 𝑄 temperature, Tc.
∆𝑆 =
𝑇
3. Reversible isothermal gas compression process. The
II. Relationship Between Internal Energy, Work, and surroundings do work to the gas at Tc, and causes a loss
Thermal Energy as Dictated by the First Law of heat, qout.
∆𝑈 = 𝑄 − 𝑊 4. Reversible adiabatic gas compression process. The
If work is done by the system, internal energy and heat decrease system is insulated once more. Surroundings continue to
in value. This is due to heat being absorbed by the system to do do work to the gas, which causes the temperature to rise
work. Likewise, if work is done on the system, heat and internal back to Th.
energy increase in value, because applying work releases heat.
Reference/s:
Bauer, W., & Westfall, G. D. (2016). General Physics 1 (2nd ed.).
III. Thermodynamic Processes Columbus, OH: McGraw-Hill Education.
1. Isobaric  Occurs at constant pressure Bauer, W., & Westfall, G. D. (2016). General Physics 1 (2nd ed.). Quezon
Process  𝑊 = 𝑃∆𝑉 City: Abiva Publishing House, Inc.
2. Isochoric  Occurs at constant volume Bautista, D.C. (2013). Science Impact: Integrated Science (3rd ed.).
Antipolo City: Academe Publishing House, Inc.
Process  ∆𝑄 = ∆𝑈 & 𝑊 = 0 Belleza, R.V., Gadong, E.S.A., …, Sharma, M. PhD (2016). General
3. Isothermal  Occurs at a constant temperature Physics 1. Quezon City, Vibal Publishing House, Inc.
Process  Internal energy of a system remains Boundless (2016). The Three Laws of Thermodynamics. In Boundless
Chemistry. Retrieved 20 Apr. 2017 from Boundless.com:
unchanged https://www.boundless.com/chemistry/textbooks/boundless-

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chemistry-textbook/thermodynamics-17/the-laws-of-
thermodynamics-123/the-three-laws-of-thermodynamics-496-
3601/
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https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=p1woKh2mdVQ
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