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(2.)
) Compare Pulse Amplitude Modulatlon (PAM), Dulse Wdth
MpdulatIDO (PwM), and Pulse Po_ tloD Mooulaton (PPM).
Bas/c for Campariso? PAN PPM
(1) Var9ing Pararneter Amplltude Width Postlon

(W2|omunity towards noise Low High Hlgh

(0-2|Sigpal to noise rattD low Moderate Comparntly
high
(0V) Need of
Synchronization
Pulse
Not exi'st Not ex1s t ExiS0

(vBadwidth dependency. Dn puse

Width
Dn rise time
of pulse
On rise time
of pube
(Vi2Transmissp_Power Variable Vartabe Contont

(Vi2 adwidih reguirenent Low High

(ViM9|Snilantty bf Siolar to AM Similar fo FM Soiar to Pu

implementation
(iX3 SynchonizatiDn Not needed Not neede d Needed.
between ransa:tterb
Receiver
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(2) What s wbite

Of FM System polse?Explalo the no/Se performane
n signa) procesSIng, whte nolse /s A ran dom sipna)
having egual injen sitty at dlEferen) frequenceS, givig
II a coDStont POwer specral den sity, The tem S wsed
With this or Smilar mean1nge_n many
fechmical
disciplines Wh'te nDiSe yefers fo a Stat1stlca!
Model For signals nd signal sources, ra ther than
to any specd Flc signal.
In discrete tinne, white noseS @ dscrefe Spna
Whose samples are regar ded as a sequence D Serially
Luncerrelatec randorm variables with zer0 means &
Anite varlance; a Single realiza top o£ whito s
jS [ondem Shock.

* Nose erformance of FM Sys tenm

In FM recelVer, the noise wt) s modeled ac
white Gau ssn nNse of zero meon and power
spectral den sity N/a. The recejve d EM SJpal st)
has a carrier freguency fe & transmseIo0 badwldth
BT). Such that nly a neglgibk amoun7 ef powg
lies outSde the frequency band ft &rfa for tve
requencle.
n an EM System the message iDformatton 1S
trarsmitted by varletlons Of the pStap faneous Hapuency
f a Spu soldal carrier wave, and s ampllude is
mantained constan. Therefore sny vartato2s of the
Carrle smpl tude s the receirer nput mut Teult ronm
poise r Inta ference.
FM
Base bar
Band-pass
Sgnal fiitet LimiteDisemnaty
Noise
wCt)
Nosy ncoel of an FM receiver
 cIASSMAte

Fem the block da0rn CNose model Df FM

the Alfer ed noise Cntt)) t the band pass reccver).
i outpnt
iS defned in krms of its _n phase and
Cemponents by! qusdtature
Nt)= Rlt) cos(en kt-n¡()sn (enfet)
NH n ferms Sf its envelepe & phase,
nlt)= rlt) Cos [(2nAt) +yt)
Where the envelape i h= [ni+ntL)2
and phase is wl): tan
S()= Ae cosfe7ftt dt

tor Doisy Stgnsl at RPE (output),; Xl) =S)+D)

Xt) = Ac Casfenfct + 0lt rtlcos271ft+ Pl)

Ihe powa pectral density SNolE) oF the nose Dolt);

Hof2
We Message Bw]
9therw/se
No 2Nos
LAverage power of DP noise A
2

OP SNR; (SNR)o.Fy= (sNRDO 3Kp

(SNK lEM
Chantal SNS
 Notse aalysc a 1eceiv^r

(a) ewer spcctldl No

denstty of Dalt)
of rarroband nose

(b) Power spectral

density of no ise nal)

BT

(C) PoNor spectral

densi ty 0f nDie,
Dol1) 87 receiver
o/P.
(3)
(oEx plain the terms related to AM/FM ecel ver
(s Senstivity
* AM -
In AM, the inomation sgpal modula tes he
C&rrier sgngl by varytng is omphtude. I is elata
to how much the Carrier SIanal's Sypltre
ampltude chan ges
in response to rarlatiDns In the modwatlg Sgpal.
Senstlvity determnes how effectively_the nformmaton
IS transtted usng AM.

lnn EM, the sensitvity 1sS yelated to how uch the

Carrier snal's frequenty changes In tspoNe to Variator
Ln he mBdulatng SOna) It determipes the Fregn okuaton
whch a£fects the ANL SNR Of medulated sipn2l.
(is Selectivity
AM’
Selectivy in AM refers to the abillty of 6 recelver
to separaBe and tune in to a speIfIc
Speclltc AM rad'o staton
while relectng tnterferene hrom other nesrky stators.
FM
Inn EM, selectivity SIs about the obllty of the recelver
to isolate a partlaular FM Staton frDm othe statlons
transo1tting adjacent freguencies.
 clASSMAtc

Qi-) Fideli1y
* AM
Fidelty in AM refer5 to Jow acCuratey the original
8udlo sOn8l
al can be reproduced at the ecelver.
Faters affecting fideli'y in AM ndude SNR,freguency
responsel modulation dhpth

EM IS_ known for Its Supernior ficeity compate? to AM

becauseIt s es Susceptble to 89pl tuce Variaten
and pose.

(iV) Pre- emph as/s and De-emphas/s

* Peemphass iD EM - TEM, preesphasss is ppled to
the audio Slgnal beloe modulation. It helps in redxciag
the impact of DOJSe durng ransatssiop. NoLe aEfects
higb-reguency comprnents less than bw-feueny compoeth.
* De-emphas1s ip EM- Deemphass is the revere process
OE pre-emphass & iS applid a the fecelrer end
Lof the FM systes. It redues he hgh-hegueny
componernts of the yecelved signel and help to
rOshre the orignal Audip Aeguny Tegponse.
* AM
There is typically DO
no pre-emphasis or de-emphasts
as inEM. AM Susceptible to Ose
than FM, but Modulatioo scheme itself doesn't nherently
nvolve freguenty- dependept aplfcaton.
 elaGSMAte

(42 Draw he ci cut dag am of balanced sbpe defetor

and oplain it for dernodulstion EM Sgna/.
As Shonm in the circuit dagr on, the balaned slope
defector cOnSSS OF two slope detector ciruits.
The input transformer bas 6 conter tapped secon dary
Henxe the inpt yoltages to the two sbpe detedtors sre
18p' out of phase
There are 3 tuDed cirCuis
Out of thevm, the primary is humed of IF le fc
Zhe upper tuned cigcuit of the secondary (T)
tuned above fc by Af le, ts resoNon freguerLy
is (f tDF).
The lower tuned circult of the secopoary s tuned
pe louy fc by af Le, at (h-sE).
RuCi & Reco are the Hlteys used to bypASS the
RF rpple
Cutpit ualtage (V)= bj -Voz
* Working Opentio0 of the circuyt
The circutl operaton Can be explaned by dvidng
the inpat frequency iDto 3 ranges as folous
(( fin =fo i The nduced Voltage In_T windin) et serendasy
eQual to induced n witdng
Vin/p= io/p
(i fesfn <(fe taf)! Vino,> Vnlbe
tVe(Voa)> -Ve(VosJ )
 4E)
EM
i/p
Von (vo)

Dy
Balancea slope dele 10r

atprt voiege

(fe-Af)
(np)

Cha racte rigt7Cs of he ba'ared sope deterter

 clsSMAte

As the nput frequency nCreases fowâYos (hetS) the

tVe output volta ge ncreeS es as showD n gure.
IE the output frrgn (oes putsde the ran ge oE(f-4)
to (fetAf), the p voltage will all due t the
reductlo in tuned
tuned ccat tenSe.