Ieema Journal Feb 2024

R. N. I. No.
MAHENG/2009/29760
Published and Posted on 1st of every month at Mumbai Postal Regd. No. MCW/120/2024-26
Patrika Channel Sorting Office, Mumbai 400 001. License to post without prepayment WPP Licence No. MR/Tech/WPP-199/West/2021-23 the leading electrical & electronics monthly
VOL 15 l ISSUE NO. 6 l FEBRUARY 2024 PGS. 124 ISSN 0970-2946 l Rs. 100/-
Hon’ble Power Minister of India Shri RK Singh Inaugurates

BuildELEC IntELECT DistribuELEC 2024
IEEMA JOURNAL
VOLUME 15 • NO. 6•FEBRUARY 2024
www.ieema.org
Inside...
37 Cover Story Hon’ble Cabinet Minister of Power and
New & Renewable Energy,
The Zip Zap Zoom of E Vehicles
Shri RK Singh
eMobility, EVs & Charging Infrastructure
82 Insight
124 Dr. Deepak Lakhapati
February 2024 3
Contents
the leading electrical & electronics monthly
CONTENTS
Volume 15 Issue No. 06 February 2024 CIN U99999MH1970GAP014629
Official Organ of Indian Electrical & Electronics Manufacturers’ Association
Member: The Indian Newspaper Society
10 38
From the President’s
Desk
12 Electric Mobility and vehicles are slated to be the frontrunners
Samvaad in the future of transportation globally; what with ‘environment’

on every agenda, plan policy, technology and design. Read on
to get a bird’s eye view of the state of the EV industry
14
IEEMA Events
BUILDELEC INTELECT
DISTRIBUELEC 2024
Read about DistribuELEC Intelect
BuildELEC 2024 held in Mumbai
and inaugurated by Power and 46 56
New & Renewable Energy Minister
Shri RK Singh Case Study
Ieema Thinktank
Electric Vehicle Technology &
38 Voices the concerns,
Advancement
transformational ideas and most
Cover Story
valuable outlook from thought
The Zip Zap Zoom of leaders of the power industry. This
E Vehicles month we feature:
Read about the key factors, market
Mustafa Wajid,
dynamics, and the global impact of
this brand new ‘Boss Baby’ of the Sundaresan SA Electric Vehicle Technology & Advancement
electric industry! Dr Amitabh Saran
Electric vehicle technology and
advancement by Dr. Rajesh Kumar
Arora and Divyanshu Arora
16 In an era marked by pressing
BUILDELEC INTELECT DISTRIBUELEC 2024 environmental concerns and a
Honourable Minister of Power & Renewable Energy
Shri R.K.Singh launches BUILDELEC INTELECT DISTRIBUELEC 2024 growing need for sustainable
transportation solutions, this article
aims to provide a comprehensive
understanding of the core elements
that underpin the EV revolution. This
article explores the fundamental
aspects of electric vehicles (EVs),
shedding light on their history, types,
key components, performance
characteristics, challenges, and
future prospects.
For suggestions and feedback please write to us on editor.ieemajournal@ieema.org
4 February 2024
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Contents
68
68
Case Study
Energy Conservation in
Transportation: Promoting
Sustainable Mobility
through Alternative Fuels and
Electric Vehicles
Energy Conservation in
Transportation Promoting
Sustainable Mobility through
Alternative Fuels and Electric
Vehicles Sumbul Munshi IEI Paper
September 2023 by Sumbul Munshi Energy Conservation in Transportation:
and Saumitra Pathak Promoting Sustainable Mobility
through Alternative Fuels and Electric Vehicles
82
88 94
Insight
Special Feature Guest Article
Natural Disaster Management
& Power Restoration Asset Management of Importance of Electrical
Distribution Transformer Safety in eMobility
Guest Article
Fleet
Importance of
Trafotch 2023 Winning
Electrical Safety in
Paper – 1st Runner Up eMobility
Distribution Transformers, as The authors elucidate upon
safety as an imperative element
to the concept of eMobility
Natural Disaster Management & Power Restoration

IEEMA columnist Dr. Deepak Lakhapati in his regular column illustrates his experiences from
defined in the standard[1], are
transformers with capacity under
Oman where he restored power lines and tackled other issues related to the damage caused by
cyclones, storms and hurricanes
I n India electrical safety monitoring

solution in electrical systems in
Dr. Deepak Lakhapati in his regular 2500kVA and operating at voltage Importance of Electrical Safety in
general was always an option and add-
on suiting the budget. It was not an
integral part of electrical systems design
and was at the mercy of mandatory
column illustrates his experiences levels lower than 33kV.

regulations and legislations. It was and
EMobility by P. K. Bhattacharyya
is in many instances considered as an
additional cost and kept in abeyance.
However, with exposure to global quality
from Oman where he restored and Srinivas Rao G

requirements, international industrial
standard recommendations and with
These are often located near load

experience in real life electrical hazards
and accidents there is a change in
power lines and tackled other

attitude and perception. Further
complexity in design calls for inclusion
of electrical safety monitoring solutions
centers and form an essential

as an integral part of electrical systems
issues related to the damage

design, installation and maintenance.
eMobility ecosystem which includes
eVehicles and charging infrastructure
part of utilities’ connect with the 98

including storage batteries by its
caused by cyclones, storms and

intrinsic electrical power use come
under the purview of requirement of
mandatory reliable electrical safety
solution for asset and human safety.
hurricanes. consumers. Importance of electrical
Guest Article safety in e-mobility

Electrical safety is crucial in e-mobility
because electric vehicles (EVs) are
94 February 2024
Effect of Site Conditions on

88 Performance of Energy Efficient
Motors
Guest
GuestArticle
Article
1ST
RUNNER UP

Performance of Energy Efficient Motors
The authors elaborate upon how correct selection and actual site conditions on motor performance
affects the level of energy efficiency in the performance of motors
Effect
T of Site Conditions on Energy
he E&E industry today is well aware that the use
of energy efficient motors is imperative for optimum
utilization of energy for its operations.
necessary to understand the impact of these variations
on motor performance, especially efficiency, to ensure
optimum utilization of motors.
Efficient Motors by Sachin S

We are now at a stage when all users are aware of the Abnormal conditions often prevalent in industry are:
benefits of using energy efficient IE3/ IE4 motors and
A) High/ Low supply voltage
are ready to upgrade to motors of higher efficiencies.
Asset Management of Distribution Transformer Fleet

However, in order to achieve planned goals of energy B) High/ Low supply frequency
Pilkhane & Tushar Gayahaukar

saving through the use of such motors, it is important for
C) Combined voltage and frequency variation
users to understand the effect of correct selection and
actual site conditions on motor performance. Failing to D) Unbalance in supply voltage
do so could nullify the benefits offered by the adoption
of energy efficient motors. E)Harmonics in supply for VFD operation
by Analysis of Winding Failure This paper covers the impact of site conditions on F) Partial load operation
the starting and running performance of 3-phase G) High site ambient temperature
induction motors. The paper considers abnormal
operating conditions such as variations and unbalance The Indian standards on 3-phase motors allow voltage
in electrical supply conditions as well as variation in variation of +10% and frequency variation of +5% in
loading of induction motor, to explain their impact on supply conditions. The allowed combined variation of
the motor performance. voltage and frequency is limited to +10%.
The declared performance parameters of motors, like

efficiency, power factor, speed, current, starting torque High/Low supply voltage
and starting current, refer to rated supply conditions When the motors operate on under-voltage, they draw
and at rated load. Very often it is observed that the higher current for a given load torque. This reduces
6 February 2024
motors are not operated on rated supply condition of motor efficiency, increases I2R losses and the heat
voltage and frequency and are often under loaded. It is generated in the motor.
98 February 2024
February 2024 7
Contents
Editorial Board
102 110 Advisory Committee
Founder Chairman Chairman
Mr R G Keswani Sunil Singhvi
Guest Article News Analysis
Members
Solutions For E-Mobility Trend In Exports And Imports Of Mr Ashish Tandon Editor
Mr Samir Kaji Ms Charu Mathur
Guest Article
Electrical Products Mr Shashi Amin
Mr Sandeep Zanzaria
Ms Sonal Gariba Advertisement Incharge
NEWS Analysis Mr Rajesh Narayan Ms Pooja Tawte
Mr Mustafa Wajid
Designed by:
Statistics & Data
Reflections
Incharge
Processed at:
Mr Ninad Ranade
India Printing Works
Solutions For E-Mobility Regd Office - Mumbai

Trend in Exports and Imports of Electrical Products
The author presents a study of the topology in a charging station
501, Kakad Chambers, 132, Dr A Besant Road,
IEEMA’s research wing offers a bird’s eye-view of the trends that dominated in the EXIM Sector
Worli, Mumbai 400 018.

E
over the past decade
-mobility, the shift towards electric vehicles, is no A. Topology 1: SCR based full bridge controlled
Asheen Dalera presents a study of

longer a futuristic mirage but a rapidly approaching
reality. However, among various challenges, the
rectifier:
T he Indian electrical sector has a diverse, mature, products have increased by almost 3 times from INR
Phones: +91(0) 22 24930532 / 6528
112
challenge “charging infrastructure or charging station” This topology consists of a three phase, 6 pulse SCR and powerful industrial base and a robust supply 91,410,53.39 Lacs in 2015 to INR 258,850,85.67 Lacs
network that is fully prepared to fulfil domestic
the topology in a charging station

based rectifier. A three phase transformer is used to in 2023 (Figure 1). This is despite the fact that exports
Fax: +91(0) 22 2493 2705
hamper its widespread adoption. Electric Vehicle Supply demand and any capacity expansion. According to a
isolate the three phase source from the power converter. have not been consistent across years and product
Equipment (EVSE) or charging station is a piece of Technavio analysis, the electrical equipment industry segments. Data also reveal that the top five destinations
equipment that supplies electrical power to an electric A PID loop can be used to strictly follow the current in in India, with a market size rise of USD 52.97 billion,
for India’s export are the United States of America,
vehicle (EV) to recharge the vehicle’s batteries. EVSE
systems include the electrical conductors, related
CC and voltage in CV profiles which will directly affect
the SCR firing angle. Benefits of this topology includes
is poised for remarkable growth. This growth potential
is driven by several factors, including an increase in
the United Kingdom, Bangladesh, UAE, and the
Netherlands.
Email: pooja.tawte@ieema.org
residential and commercial construction projects, an
Power Scenario
equipment, software, and communications protocols ease of implementation, no need of a DC-DC converter increased reliance on renewable energy sources for The pattern of exports of electrical products also indicates
that deliver energy efficiently and safely to the vehicle. stage, robustness of the design, SCRs capability to power generation, and significant expenditures in the that while growth in export of electrical products was
Corporate Office - New Delhi

power sector1. The sector’s increasing contribution to
104
handle large amounts of voltage and currents and marginal during FY 2015 to FY 2018, in the later years
The charging stations are of two types: AC charging India’s trade is another factor that makes the sector
beginning FY 2019, it realized significant growth. As per
reduced complexity in firing of SCRs. even more important.
stations and DC fast chargers. In AC charging station, the growth of exports for different electrical products,
power is supplied to the onboard charger with an AC
to DC converter (mounted on electric vehicle). The
Simulation results shows more than 3% ripple in battery
current and low input power factor. Another demerit of Global Scenario
Electrical equipment sector has emerged a major
sector for India’s foreign trade over the period.
Review of trade data reveals that exports of electrical
major exported products that contributed to the growth
include Rotating machines, Cables, Transformers and
parts (Figure 2).
Rishyamook Building, First floor,
DC charging station may be of different levels. Level
1 chargers has power rating upto 15 kW with voltage
this topology is that pulse charging scheme cannot be
adopted as SCR remains conducting till zero crossing 85 A, Panchkuian Road, New Delhi 110001.Phones:
Ministry Updates
levels greater than or equal to 48 V. Level 3 chargers
have power rating upto 400 kW with voltage levels in
the range of 200 to 1000 V. The DC charging station
of the input ac signal.
B. Topology 2: Twelve pulse diode bridge rectifier

Indian Scenario +91 (0) 11-23363013, 14, 16
is directly interfaced with the battery of the vehicle
bypassing the onboard charger. Figure 1 shows a
followed by full bridge DC – DC converter:
Fax: +91 (0) 11-23363015
Compensation Methodology
In this topology, three phase AC is rectified by using
Email: delhi@ieema.org
typical block diagram of a DC charging station.
a 12 pulse diode bridge rectifier. Three phase isolation
114
DC fast charger consist of two stages i.e. AC to DC transformer with two secondary windings (one in delta
(Figure 1) (Figure 2)
converter stage (Rectifier) and DC to DC converter and other in star connection) is used to generate twelve
for Operating a Thermal (Coal)

stage (Chopper). There are number of topologies and
circuits to achieve the required AC to DC conversion.
pulse. The two diode bridges are connected in series
in order to reduce the current stress. The rectified 110 February 2024
Branch Office - Bengaluru
Below discussed are few topologies along with their DC voltage is processed by the inverter bridge, high
Generating unit below 55%

merits and demerits based on the simulation results in frequency transformer, high speed diode stack and filter
204, Swiss Complex, 33, Race Course Road,
Matlab Simulink and circuit. to obtain the required charging voltage.
IEEMA Database Bengaluru 560 001.

Minimum Power Level
102 February 2024
Phones: +91 (0) 80 2220 1316 / 1318

Basic Prices & Indices
Fax: +91 (0) 80 220 1317
Ministry Updates
Update Production Statistics Email: bangalore@ieema.org
Branch Office - Kolkata
116 503 A, Oswal Chambers,

2, Church Lane, Kolkata 700 001.
Phones: +91 (0) 33 2213 1326
Impact News - Fax: +91 (0) 33 2213 1326
Compensation Methodology for Operating a Email: kolkata@ieema.org
Thermal (Coal) Generating unit National News
below 55% Minimum Power Level
Website: www.ieema.org
Introduction The primary focus of the utility shall have to be on the
CERC Issues Draft Central
Penetration of large-scale
existing control system optimization and improvements
Articles: Technical data presented and views
Penetration of large-scale renewable generation in the
in some of the areas like achieving automated control
Electricity Regulatory
grid is bringing a new set of challenges in the power
sector. The inconsistency and intermittency of solar & operation which includes proper tuning of operation
wind power has to be managed by other sources of so as to avoid temperature and pressure excursions.
expressed by authors of articles are their own and
renewable generation in the grid is
generation in order to ensure the grid security, reliability Control optimization shall also include main/
Commission Regulations 2023

and stability. Thus, huge flexible power is required for reheat steam temperature control, boiler feed water
the balancing of grid from sources like pump storage
system, thermal power plants, battery storage system
recirculation control, flue gas temperature control.
Better combustion control include, optimum fuel to air
IEEMA does not assume any responsibility for the
bringing a new set of challenges in
etc. Thermal generation capacity constituting about
same. IEEMA Journal owns copyright for original
ratio, fuel to load coordination, furnace pressure control,
54% of total installed capacity is the dominant part of
burner tilt control and proper flame monitoring at low
power generation in the country and more than 70%
loads are essential. Condition monitoring of boiler and
articles published in IEEMA Journal.

of country’s energy demand is being met from thermal
Power Industry
generation, Thus, lowering of minimum power loadof turbine, flame monitoring is crucial from the safety point
the power sector.

existing coal-fired power plants along with ramp rate of view. To reduce the running cost of the unit at low
capability (ie flexible operation)is very much essential loads, the optimization of auxiliaries is also important.
Representatives:
for handling the instability & intermittency of renewable The above measures are essential for a unit and may
generation and ensuring security, reliability of power require anestimated capital investment of Rs 10 crores.
supply. Further, the cost of flexible power from thermal In case of very old units which have not upgraded their
Worldwide electricity generation

fleet is very less compared to power from battery
Guwahati (Assam) - Nilankha Chaliha
plant control and instrumentation system previously,
storage system.
the estimated capital investment will beRs 30 crores
In this context CEA has also notified a Regulation depending on the retrofit.
Email: nilankha.chaliha@ieema.org
109
regarding Flexible operation of coal based Thermal
from coal hit record highs in

Power Generating Units on 30.1.2023.
Proposed Compensation
Measures required for achieving
lower Minimum Power Load
The compensation mechanism has been prepared
based on the studies carried out by various Mobile: +91 9706389965
2023, while thermal coal exports
agencies(CEA’s report “Flexibilisation of coal fired
For achieving minimum power load (40%) and higher power plants”published in Feb 2023). The power
ramp rate, Coal based power plants may require plant needs to be compensated for both fixed cost
Chandigarh (Punjab & Haryana)
Product Showcase
few modifications by way of improved control systems due to infusion of capital investment,increased O &
etc and also required to be compensated for the loss M cost, variable charges due to efficiency loss at part
of life and increased variable cost due to regular part
load operation.
load operation and additional oil consumption due to
increasedEquivalent Forced Outage Rate (EFOR).
surpassed 1 billion metric tons Rajnish Kaushik
Email: rajnish.kaushik@ieema.org
for the first time as coal’s use
104 February 2024
Mobile: +91 9991110246

in power systems continues to Jaipur (Rajasthan)
& grow despite widespread efforts Devesh Vyas
Email: devesh.vyas@ieema.org
Advertorial to cut back on fossil fuels. Mobile: +91 8955093854
Lucknow (U.P. and Uttarakhand) -
Anuj Kumar Chaturvedi
121 Email: anuj.chaturvedi@ieema.org
Mobile: +91 9839603195
Srinagar (Jammu & Kashmir)
Advt Index Mohammad Irfan Parray
Email: irfan.parray@ieema.org
Schneider’s purpose is to empower Mobile: +91 9858455509
all to make the most of our energy 122
and resources, bridging progress For subscription queries write to:
and sustainability for all. Shocks & Sparks ishita.mehta@ieema.org
Edited, Printed and published by Ms. Charu Mathur on behalf of Indian Electrical and Electronics Manufacturers’ Association, and Printed at India Printing Works,
India Printing House, 42, G. D. Ambekar Road, Wadala, Mumbai 400 031 and Published at 501, Kakad Chambers,132, Dr. Annie Besant Road, Worli, Mumbai 400 018.
8 February 2024
February 2024 9
From the President’s Desk
Dear Friends,
As the world moves towards
sustainability and environmental
awareness, IEEMA is also advancing
towards growth. With our country’s
population and urban areas set to
expand, as highlighted by Power
Minister Shri RK Singh at BID 2024,
our businesses need to scale up to
meet the increasing demand. He
discussed the power sector’s future
in 2024, including demand trends,
challenges, and investment areas,
indicating significant growth potential.
Our events, BID 2024 (DistribuELEC,
Intelect, and BuildELEC), launched
early this year, have set the tone for
the next 11 months. Coinciding with Globally, the push for electrical
India’s major power reforms, these mobility is driven by a vision toward
events align with the country’s shift sustainability. The Indian automotive
from power deficit to surplus. industry, contributing 7.5% to GDP
India’s Progressive Growth Path and 49% to manufacturing GDP,
The power sector experienced a supports 32 million families. In 2023,
surge in 2023, with significant profits India imported 87% of its oil needs,
in power equipment, renewables, and with 40% used in transportation,
smart metering, and even traditional leading to a $158.4 billion import bill,
power firms seeing substantial gains. plus an additional $16.5 billion for
Minister Shri RK Singh’s vision and vehicle components. EV penetration
direction have laid a strong foundation is expected to increase 8-fold by
for our sector, positioning it to lead 2030, from 5% to over 40%. India,
other industries in the nation. the world’s 4th largest CO2 producer,
Electric Vehicle Industry Insights with transportation contributing
According to the IEEMA Vision 2040 13.5% of total emissions, sees EVs as
report, one of the driving factors for crucial for sustainable development
electricity demand will be e-mobility. and the Make in India initiative. The
10 February 2024
From the President’s Desk
EV sector is leveraging global supply equipment. We suggest including

chain stabilization, export incentives, RODTEP for exports against advanced
and technological advances, potentially authorization licenses to boost
reaching over $100 billion in revenue by competitiveness. To support domestic
2030. Success in this area hinges on manufacturing, we recommend
strategies across product development, increasing basic custom duty on
distribution, customer prioritization, specific low-voltage components.
software, and charging infrastructure. The Under Aatmanirbhar Bharat, we have
increase in EVs has boosted the demand requested the removal of inverted
for public chargers in cities and highways, duty structures and a reduction in
with infrastructure development compliance burdens. We advocate
dependent on local transformer loads for the PLI scheme for critical imports
and associated costs. This edition of the and the use of insurance security
IJ presents some insights into the growth bonds over bank guarantees. IEEMA
of EVs in India. also seeks budget allocations for
Budgetary Recommendations IoT innovation, QBCS adoption, and
In February, the nation awaits the Union government support for technology
Budget. Aligned with the Government and investment collaborations. We
of India’s vision, our recommendations aim to reduce unnecessary imports of
for the 2024 budget aim to enhance domestically available equipment and
domestic production, increase export components.
potential, and improve quality and safety Lots to look forward to...
standards. We have proposed removing
basic customs duty on crucial imports like
CRGO Steel, mandatory BIS certification
for key components, and no custom
Hamza Arsiwala
duty on raw materials for major exported
February 2024 11
Samvaad...
Dear Members,
We at IEEMA had an electrifying start to 2024 with
the culmination of yet another successful edition of
Distribuelec, Buildelec and Intelect – BID in Mumbai.
We had the privilege and honour of hosting Shri
RK Singh, Hon’ble Cabinet Minister (Power, New &
Renewable Energy) and other prominent officials
from the industry at the marquee event. The
Minister discussed the electricity sector’s growth,
challenges, and future direction, emphasizing its
key role in sustainable development and in reducing
India’s CO2 emissions.
Speaking at the event Shri RK Singh said “We have
set a huge ambition in energy transition and plan to
have 500 GW of non-fossilbased electricity installed
capacity by 2030. We have installed a Renewable Bhattachayya discuss various aspects of E
Energy capacity of 1,79,570MW (43% of our mobility and infrastructure.
total capacity) and another 99,000MW is under Additionally, it includes the first runner-up
installation. My Ministry has rolled out the plan paper from the TRAFOTECH Conference 2024
for 500 GW Generation as well as a transmission about asset management of distribution
system for evacuation of this power,” transformers, by Debashis Sikder & Prachi
BID-2024 edition was the largest-ever trifecta in Sharma.
terms of size, scale, engagement and potential As we move ahead, we will keep a close
business opportunities generated. With over 250 track of the Union Budget in February,
exhibitors, 50,000+ business visitors footfall, which presents opportunities to boost
200+ international & 100+ domestic hosted domestic manufacturing, expand exports,
buyers, 30,000+ B2B meetings, 20+ new product and implement quality and safety standards.
launches and estimated business enquiries of about Our budget proposals align with the Indian
USD 1 Bn. BID-2024 was a resounding success. This government’s objectives, and we are
edition also spotlighted the green energy segment confident that the government will take
and new energy landscape in close alignment with steps in the direction that will bring cheer to
the government’s vision for growth. India Inc. and give the booster shot to drive
the next wave of growth.
The February edition of IEEMA journal covers BID
2024 in detail, including a summary of the Minister’s February 2024 will be another exciting
speech and show highlights. month for us as we gear up to host E3 in
Kolkata, Insulec and Tech IT in Mumbai. I
We also focus on E Mobility & Charging
welcome you all to be a part of these events
Infrastructure, with various authors exploring the and engage with industry stakeholders and
topic. The cover story, “The Zip Zap Zoom of E make the most of these opportunities.
Vehicles,” includes insights about the E Mobility and
Charging Infrastructure Division. It features two case Thank you!
studies: one on EV technology advancement and
another on energy conservation through alternative
fuels. Guest writers like Sachin Pilkhane and PK Charu Mathur
February 2024 12
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February 2024 13
IEEMA EVENT – BUILDELEC INTELECT DISTRIBUELEC 2024
BUILDELEC INTELECT
Honourable Minister of Power
Shri R. K. Singh launches BUILDELEC
T he 3rd Edition of IEEMA - Indian Electrical &

Electronic Manufacturers’ Association’s three-day
flagship exhibition BuildELEC and DistribuELEC was
Director General of IEEMA, Vikram Gandotra, Vice
President and Sunil Singhvi President Elect, IEEMA,
among others were present on the occasion.
launched on Tuesday January 17, Honourable Minister
The Inaugural Session began with a Ganesh Vandana,
of Power, New & Renewable Energy, Government
after which the the President of IEEMA, Hamza Arsiwala,
of India, Shri R. K. Singh. Eminent dignitaries from
expressed his delight about the event, highlighting its
the industry including Dr. Praveer Sinha the CEO & role as a pivotal platform for industry leaders, utilities,
Managing Director of The Tata Power Company Limited, manufacturers, and technology providers to come
Shashi Amin, CEO - Cable Division, Apar Industries together. He said, DistribuELEC aims to address critical
Limited, Hartek Singh, Director, Hartek India Pvt Ltd, aspects of the electrical industry, including Smart Grids,
Hamza Arsiwala, President of IEEMA, Charu Mathur Outage Management, Demand Management, Metering,
14 February 2024
DISTRIBUELEC 2024
& Renewable Energy
INTELECT DISTRIBUELEC 2024
MicroGrid, Storage, Substation, Energy Efficient that the power sector is undergoing for the past 9 years."
Buildings, and Feeder Automation. Dr. Praveer Sinha from Tata Power set the mood of
BuildELEC focuses on electrical solutions for residential the exhibition when he said, “It is a great honour and
and commercial buildings, showcasing smart electrical pleasure to be present to celebrate the power sector’s
technologies and equipment. The event Intelect, is a work and I say this because the last 4 years have been
conference dedicated to intelligent electricity distribution a very difficult period.” He noted how challenges in the
and consumption, offering insightful discussions on the supply chain arose during Covid19, “when we had a
future direction of the industry. Arsiwala said, “The fact review meeting to figure out how power is generated,
that BID 2024 has more than doubled in size from the transmitted and supplied when all are working from
previous edition, is a testament of the growth Indian home. There was not a single day without power, so I
Electrical Equipment industry is seeing, as a result of must congratulate all those present here for this great
the power reforms and the fast pace of transformation feat!”
February 2024 15
Union Cabinet Minister of Power and New & Renewable Energies, Shri RK Singh inaugurating BuildELEC Intelect
DistribuELEC 2024
In the past three years the demand for power has gone Introducing the cabinet minister as ‘the leader who
up, he said and noted that before Covid19, the peak leads from the front’, he concluded by setting a brilliant
was 180 GW and demand was 1 trillion units. “In the context to the much anticipated industry event. The
last 3 years we have seen that the demand has gone up Director General of IEEMA, Charu Mathur welcomed
to 210GW while last year it was 241GW; “and meeting Shri RK Singh to address the august gathering.
this peak demand of 241GW in a country like India Even before completing his opening remark: “It is a
without any disruption of supply in my opinion is a family gathering…..,” the Minister’s samcharcha was
big achievement of the government. This year we are met with a thunderous applause, and he continued, “It
expecting the peak demand to go up substantially and is a family gathering…, and as the head of the family, it
numbers that are being talked of are 260GW - 270GW.” has incumbent upon me to anticipate the future, so that
you can prepare for it and it is my job to tell you that this
Referring to the efforts of the Chief Guest of honour is what is going to happen so that you are prepared for
Shri RK Singh, he said, “One activity I know that the it. We as a family have been very successful, so it is time
honourable minister involves personally in is ‘power to celebrate.”
generation’,” in that, he plans many review meetings
Commenting on the reason why the Indian economy
just to ensure how the coal supply takes place at various is the world’s largest economy, growing at the fastest
power plants, discusses gas supply and issues related rate in the world, he said, “It is to a large extent
to imported coal supply, etc. and further complimented because of us, because without electricity, there is no
the Indian power sector for doing exceedingly well. growth.”
The minister mentioned that when he joined the ministry
he saw “a perverse outlook in the field of transmission,
for example the outlook ‘let the load come, then we shall
provide for the transmission,’ I felt was utter nonsense!”
“The matter of the fact is that the load will come after
you provide the transmission, because without
electricity there is no industrialization,” he noted. He
said that he had to struggle to change the old ideas to
progressive ones.
They achieved that aim to bring about a change, but
the range to which it was achieved, was humungous.
“In 2014 when I joined office, the peak demand was
a mere 130 odd gigawatts whereas today, we have
already reached a peak demand of 243 thousand GW;
The minister listening intently to IEEMA Presidium an increase of 80%.”
16 February 2024
February 2024 17
“When consumption doubles, everything will double.

Just imagine we will have to double the number of
transformers, double the length of lines and that is the
challenge before us and an indicator of growth and
have to grow fast.
“There is one thing I want to say,” said the minister, “we
should grow not because of any ‘imported’ elements,
but we should grow cent-percent by making in India.
We have to grow fast, and India is a growing market.
Europe and US have reached a static 2% rate of growth,
whereas we are at a level not below 7%.
The minister reassured the industry that there is a huge
opportunity in India to make the right investment and
not only to make in India to be sufficient to India alone,
but also assured the 200 buyers in the audience, that
India can be a global leader in manufacturing and
design of electrical equipment.
Commenting on thermal capacity he said, “When I took
office, we had 26,000 MW of thermal capacity under
The minister in the middle of passionate speech construction, I have increased that to 80,000 MW, so
apart from that 26,000 MW was under construction.
“We have increased our established capacity by about Now from the 26,000 GW, I have bid out about 12,000
almost 71% - 72% and our established capacity is about GW of more thermal capacity and about 20,000 MW are
426 GW, which used to be 270 GW - 280GW when I took under clearances, so after a few years I will have 80,000
office.” The ministry has MW of thermal capacity
added about 180,000 to Shashi Amin, Chairman of BuildELEC and CEO, under construction.
190,000 MW of generation Cable Division, APAR Ltd
Commenting on renewable
capacity.
When we started off, the event was one-fourth the size energy, he said, “I already
“The growth we spurted it is today; then it grew two-times when we went to have 99,000 MW of
was due to our high Delhi. Though in Bengaluru we did not perform very renewable energy capacity
expectations. We added well, today into the 3rd edition, we have recorded under construction, and I
capacity, we added 190,000 more than 6000 unique visitors. The exhibition has am going to bid out 50,000
circuit km transmission seen seven times increase in size, volume and we MW of energy capacity
line, and worked upon have upped its quality as well. every year.
the distribution lines by
expending at least 2 lakh It is up to us to take BuildELEC DistribuELEC to the Commenting upon hydro,
crores and reached 4000 next level in the future with a bigger space and a he said, “Hydro was dead
substations from 3000, 80 unique identity apart from ELECRAMA. when I joined. Now I
lakh new transformers, etc. have 18,000 hydro under
Other than the fact that we connected every home in construction, because we have an installed capacity
every village approximately, 90 million homes with of 46,000 MW of hydro and about 13,000 hydro under
electricity and because of this the demand increased. clearances.
All this added to the increase in demand that we see
now.
“The rate of growth in the last 3-4 months was about
20% - 22% but last year we had expected 9% and this
year we expected to grow at 10%.
“We will keep growing, our country will keep growing
and that is what we have to prepare for. And we have
to make this growth possible. Economists had said that
we would grow at a rate of 7% for the next 3 decades.
I am expecting that installed capacity for 2030-31
will be 500GW. I expect demand to grow, and a few
people tell me that the demand will be 366,000 GW by
2030, whereas I think the peak demand will be around IEEMA Director General, Charu Mathur in conversation with Hartek
400,000GW. Singh
18 February 2024
February 2024 19
The minister is thronged by media
“We keep adding transmission lines,” he remarked. “That is the direction that you need to go. You need to
“We have changed the rules to make it more viable and go in the direction of storage, in the direction of reverse
simpler and done that across the sector. I had added oil pumps, because you have 40,000MW of pumped
a huge quantum of transmission lines but that was not hydro under various stages of clearances, and I want
enough, so I am trying to keep pace and it turns out that to add more pumped hydro, so that’s the direction,
we have run out of connectivity! So basically, we have reverse, turbine, pump, etc…
to add more transmission capacity, that too in a hurry!
Here, I see the future in HBDC made in India. Do that! “Basically, I am going to double everything as there is
a demand and I am putting into place policies that will
“We will have to make underwater cables here, because ensure that the demand will continue to grow.
we are going to have 35,000 MW of offshore wind. This
too will be rolled out rapidly, as we will come out with A very pertinent point addressed by the honourable
some bids that are going to accelerate. And, as we do minister was concerning distribution. “I have seen
not want to import them, so we start making them here. the tendency of distribution companies to not sign
“I was in consultation with Hamza, where we discussed long term PPS and depend on the market. That will
about launching a policy which will force people to not do; thus, I have brought in a rule that states
make in India and buy in India, because I am the market that everybody who has a distribution licence has a
and I don’t want to buy things abroad, and I want to buy responsibility to tie up enough capacity to meet the
things made in India. So, we will come up with a policy, demand of the area which it is licenced to serve. I
if you have any inputs give me that policy. have put that into the rules.
Dr. Praveer Sinha, CEO & MD Tata Imteyaz A. Siddiqui, Chairman Intelect Shashi Amin, Chairman, BuildELEC
Power Company
20 February 2024
February 2024 21
This will be assessed by a committee headed by the

chairperson of the CEA. We are here to serve the
people and we cannot have an attitude which I call
the ‘Hangover Attitude’, the colonial attitude, where, if
there is a shortage of electricity, I’ll not buy electricity,
but I will do load shedding. I have made rules that you
cannot do load shedding and if wilfully done, you will be
penalised. I am carrying out inquiries and going to carry
out my first prosecution.
“The load has to be translated into demand and that
has to be translated into PPS. I will make sure that PPS
will come, people need 24X7 electric supply and we
are almost there… but you are not then there will be
penalties. You cannot do load shedding, people need
24X7 supply!
Losses of discoms have also come down. “We have
brought it down from 27% to 15% and now are going to
bring it down to 12%. Those who consume power have
to pay for it, there could be subsidy, but power is not
free, I keep saying that.
“That is why we have the prepaid option, if you do not
pay, power is cut off and that is a rule. In the future it will "Yes Minister!"
all be prepaid, and it will be smart prepaid.
that has to grow rapidly; because you and me; we lead
“I am not in favour of spending millions of dollars
the growth. “Without us,
that are coming into the
Hartek Singh, Chairman, DistribuELEC and nothing will come up; no
system. I want the capacity
Director Hartek India Pvt Ltd industry will come up. We
to develop here. We are the
shall add a capacity at a
only manufacturers of the After considering the needs of the industry, some
pace unheard of and we are
world, in my opinion. internal research, we found that there was a need to doing that.
“The shares of all my have a platform in the power electrical sector to display
companies have doubled electrical goods upto 33kv class voltage. Vendors “Earlier our capacity was
and tripled, so all those who and exhibitors used to get lost in all the classes not based on modules coming
bought shares of any power able to search for their need, not able to sell their in from China to no good.
company a year back, their products to their targeted audience. BuildELEC and Now I have 50,000 MW of
values have multiplied, two DistribuELEC presented a focussed opportunity to a manufacturing capacity
and three times. This is the delighted result beneficial to all in the bargain. of modules. The cell
only country where all the Here we present quality and not just fluff. IntELECT manufacturing capacity will
bills are paid and up to date, has its own class and the magic of these three iconic go up. In a couple of years,
infact even the legacy dues events presenting intelligent, smart and focussed the entire value chain from
have also been cleared off. poly silicon to modules will
solutions all under one roof!
be made here. We already
“This system will continue, have bid it out. Soon we
because we have built it to the software; we can do shall be the biggest manufacturers of polysilicon,
things, we can grow, grow rapidly, and this is a sector wafers, cells, modules.
The Inaugural Panel of the 3rd Edition of BuildELEC DistribuELEC 2024
22 February 2024
February 2024 23
Launch of the Exhibitor's Directory
“We are already one of the biggest manufacturers of After this passionate delivery the minister concluded
wind equipment; we will also become one the largest his address to the 200 buyers listening with great
manufacturers of offshore wind equipment and of eagerness, with these remarks, “I see you all multiplying
course, we are going to emerge as a leader in Green to twice thrice the present size. You have to multiply to
Hydrogen. I already have 7 million tonnes of green twice and thrice the present size, because my demand
hydrogen planned in different places by different is going to double and triple. The demand is huge,
industries and all this not being done by the public but it is exciting; and it is this challenge which keeps
sector nor by public investment. people alive, keeps us alive and we’ve never missed on
a challenge yet, so we’ll not miss on this challenge yet,
“Every bid I hold is hotly contested, every major fund is
so this is the biggest challenge in India and I am up to
already invested here, for good reason, as they get good
it, wish you too all the best!”
returns and every major fund in the world is investing
here, because we are the ones who are growing. IEEMA DG Mathur commended the inspiring words of
the minister and added “Aaj Bharat aatmanirbhar hai,
“Where else do you see the growth? In China the toh kal poora vishwa aatmanirbhar banega!”
growth has dampened, the growth is here, in India and
it will continue to be here for the next 3 decades, now
you have to prepare for it. You have to be prepared to
IEEMA Quality Cell Launch: A
grow at a rate which you have not seen. Commitment
“That’s the future of our country, not only in this sector One of the most important component of the power
but in all sectors, but we must lead. If we don’t grow, supply for the reliability of power supply is the quality of
India will not grow, that is how critical this sector is; but the equipment and safety practices. IEEMA Quality cell
we shall grow…and as we grow, our industry will grow is headed by the board of IEEMA and chaired by the
senior quality professionals of IEEMA membership. The
and we shall export. The price and quality of our make
aim of the cell is to create awareness among industry,
will be unparalleled, because elsewhere the industry
users and members about safety and quality practices.
will be dying out. This is where the growth is, this is
where the demand is, and this is where the industry will Sunil Singhvi VP of IEEMA informed, “We will do
be growing. benchmarking with the auto industry etc, and encourage
A house-full audience in attendance
24 February 2024
February 2024 25
the industry to adopt best manufacturing practices.

This initiative will reduce wastage and make us more
competitive on the global scale. In the second phase
the cluster programme will be launched where small
clusters of members will help each other improve their
quality and take their product on a global scale.”
The objective of IEEMA Quality Initiative is to establish
quality and safety as a ‘way of life’. Implementation
activities include awareness and advocacy
programmes, training programmes, stringent quality
and safety standards, collaboration and partnerships.
The campaign will include an Industry Pledge followed
by establishing a quality and safety forum, factory visits Caught smiling, DG of IEEMA, Charu Mathur
for sharing best practices, newsletters, social media
campaigns, pan India campaigns for industry clusters. exclusivity of this event was in the fact that it featured
a panoramic range of products, technologies, and
ELECRAMA 2025 Dates Announced services covering the spectrum from 220V to 33KV.
The dates of the next edition of ELECRAMA – Powering DistribuELEC 2024 serves as a testament to India’s
the Future of Energy 2025 were launched with much remarkable power reforms, which have transitioned
fanfare as February 22 to 26, 2025. The Minister then the country from a power deficit to a surplus. The
launched BuildELEC and DistribuELEC Show Directory. event displayed traditional electrical equipment such
Hartek Singh, Director of Hartek India Pvt Ltd, presented as transformers, cables, capacitors, switchgear,
the vote of thanks and accompanied the dignitary to the meters, insulators, and conductors, as well as cutting-
exhibition area. BuildELEC and DistribuELEC displayed edge advancements in distribution automation,
a wide array of electrical solutions, smart technology, control systems, energy efficiency, demand response,
equipment for building intelligent structures and was advanced metering, communications technologies,
inaugurated with a ribbon cutting ceremony. This cybersecurity, and electrical fire safety.
3rd Edition of BuildELEC & DistribuELEC Exhibition
26 February 2024
RBSM - Meet 2024

include Schneider, CG Power, Transformers & Rectifiers
among others.
Khalid from Gulf Cooperation Symbols Cont. Co.,

Bahrain said that he had met 12 companies for products
that he was looking for. He said business was getting Jasman form Nepal said that it was wonderful to meet
better after Covid19 and especially in the Gulf area, different types of manufacturers. “It was interesting!”
business is booming as Saudi has more projects. Top companies he would want to do business included
CG Power as Co-partners, Yamuna for product and
quality and Dynamic cables for cables.
Enriczar T. Tia, Senior VP along with his colleague

MarUlysses M. Relacion, Senior Assistant VP of Davao
Light and Power Co., Inc were of the opinion that
DistribuELEC is a more focussed event with more Patrick Mufiki from Africa said, “It was quite a huge
suppliers and vendors to find exactlty what we are tour for me.” Companies and products are good,
looking for. There is one issue though that we would promising business opportunities are available. “It was
want to bring to light and that is the fact that Indian worth my while being here.” Top companies for him
standards need to be acceptable globally just like included Scope, Secure and Transformer – RTS Power
US standards are. Top companies for business for us Corporation Ltd.
February 2024 27
6th Edition of INTELECT 2024

Transformative Journey – Reliable, Sustainable and Safer Prosumer Ecosystem
T he inaugural panel of IntELECT had Imteyaz

A Siddiqui, Chairman, IntELECT and Director &
Regional Area Sales Manager-SA & GCC, Altanova India
“At RBSM, we have over 200 buyers who have travelled
from all over the world, including the Middle East, Africa,
Latin America, ASEAN, Asia-Pacific, SAARC nations.”
Pvt. Ltd., Neeraj Yadav, Vice President – International Yadav informed that they had received 800 applications
Marketing, Stelmec Limited and Chairman RBSM, in all, from which 200 were screened and 70 out of
Vikram Gandotra, Vice President IEEMA, Hamza these belonged to Utilities.
Arsiwala, President IEEMA and Charu Mathur, Director
General IEEMA. Yadav extended a warm welcome to all international
delegates from the Utilities from SAARC countries
Imteyaz Siddiqui set the context of the conference including Bangladesh, Sri Lanka, Nepal, Bhutan, South
by saying that “knowledge is power, but when the Africa and African countries like Malawe, Zimbabwe,
knowledge is about electricity and energy, it becomes Kenya, Uganda, Ghana, Laos and others. Over 2000
very powerful knowledge” and welcomed all the guests one-on-one meetings were scheduled between the
to the session of acquiring powerful knowledge. 200 plus buyers with over 200 exhibitors in the span of
The 6th Edition of IntELECT was curated to increase one-and-a-half days converting into strong businesses
knowledge, learning from the cream of the industry and meaningful relationships. “This activity in turn will
and acquire and accept those practices which have improve IEEMAs target to increase Indian exports,” he
helped them in evolving successfully. He extended a concluded.
warm welcome to all and acknowledged the efforts of Hamza Arsiwala, the president of IEEMA welcomed
the organiser. the global RBSM delegates to Mumbai, the vibrant,
Charu Mathur, DG, IEEMA, took on the podium and commercial capital of India. He said it was heartening
expressed how IntELECT has become an interesting to see delegates travel to India who would benefit from
platform for exchanging ideas and technologies as well not only the event but the visit to the city. He said it
as engage in interesting topics at the forums.
Niraj Yadav, Chairman, RBSF extended a warm
welcome to all to “WeKonnect Reverse Buyer Sellar
Meet” happening in Mumbai, as part of the 6th Edition
of IntELECT. IEEMA organised IntELECT in association
with the Ministry of Commerce & Industry, Government
of India.
“At IEEMA we have a vision to achieve an export of
25BN worth of electrical equipment by 2030,” informed
Yadav. “In that context, we achieved USD 11.8BN last
tear so we grew at a CAGR of about 11.5%; that is,
we grew at about USD 6BN - USD 11BN. To facilitate
the same IEEMA has planned many activities including
the RBSM. The proud Chairman of the 6th edition of Intelect Conference
28 February 2024
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Become a Green Yodha and move with us towards a greener future.
IoT-Enabled Energy Management Digital &

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Energy Consulting Suite Solutions
February 2024 29
Inaugural Session in progress
was an honour to be amongst a distinguished group of the previous day, she had witnessed a ‘SharkTank in
experts, industry leaders and policy makers – all united IEEMA’ wherein twelve Start-ups were giving pitches
by a common purpose to promote innovation, quality, and a jury had gruelling questions for each enterprise.
safety and sustainability. Mathur announced Baud and Cappatery as winners of
the Runners Up prize while Trinano bagged the First
Arsiwala “The pursuit of green energy and
Prize in the Start-up ElectraVerse Sparks Contest.
decarbonization emerges, as a strategic imperative
net-zero targets; this transition involves a fundamental
restructuring of the energy landscape emphasising the Signing of an International MOU
adoption of the noble Memorandum of
resources such as solar, Imteyaz Siddiqui, Chairman, IntELECT and Understanding was signed
wind and hydro-electric Director & Regional Area Sales Manager-SA & between Indian Electrical &
power. Decarbonization GCC, Altanova India Pvt. Ltd Electronics Manufacturers’
within the energy sector Association (IEEMA) and Ho
Knowledge is power, but when the knowledge is
optimizes processes, Chi Minh City Association of
about electricity and energy, it becomes very powerful
enhances energy Mechanical and Electrical
knowledge. We curated this edition of IntELECT to
efficiency and unexplored Enterprises (HAMEE). General
increase our knowledge, learn from the best minds
carbon technologies. The objectives of the association
of the industry, acquire and accept those practices
net zero targets, set a include collaboration and
which have helped the successful entrepreneurs and
clear trajectory to balance cooperation at various levels,
businessmen achieve their goals. I am proud that the
carbon emissions for all information exchanges, joint
6th edition of IntELECT was a thumping success!
offset measures marking exercises, education and
a paradigm shift towards training.
sustainability.” The Inaugural concluded with a Vote of Thanks by the
The two days of conference will have discussions with Vice President of IEEMA, Vikram Gandotra.
CEOs of utilities, high level panel discussions on safety, A Keynote Address was delivered by Shaikh Sahid
sustainability, reliability, modernization, 7innovations Hossain, Chief Revenue Officer enlightening the
in the distribution system, fire safe and sustainable audience about industry 2.0 and way ahead followed by
buildings for a safe future, prioritizing safety measures, a Q&A session. The highly anticipated event, the CEO
adhering to stringent quality standards and investing in Session followed next.
modern technologies.
“Together we must resolve, we can and shall build – a
robust and resilient power grid that meets the demands
of the future,” said the president and added that this
platform serves as a platform to bring together the
brightest of minds, and strongly recommended that all
introspect, explore, think out of the box and simply have
fun over the next few days. In conclusion he said, “This
is ‘the India story’, the decade is for India, to conduct
business, work and herald exciting times for all!”
Charu Mathur, the Director General of IEEMA was
Indian Electrical & Electronics Manufacturers’ Association
called upon the dais to give away the Start-up Awards. (IEEMA) and Ho Chi Minh City Association of Mechanical and
Matur invited the delegates to visit the start-up pavilion Electrical Enterprises (HAMEE) signed a Memorandum of
at the exhibition and encourage them. She said that Understanding
30 February 2024
The CEO Session
The most awaited CEO Session in progress.
Moderated by Krishnakumar Ramanathan, Head of Strategy & Business Excellence – Asia Pacific and Middle
East, Siemens Large Drives, the panel included renowned dignitaries like Dr Saket Kumar. Managing Director
UHBVN; Kushal N Desai, Chairman & Managing Director, APAR Industries limited; Robert Demann, Executive Vice
President and Head Smart Infrastructure Siemens Ltd; Uday Singh, Managing Director and CEO of Schneider
Electric.
Ramanathan began the session by putting forth the
very serious theme of carbon emission and net zero
to the panellist. Noting the problem of ‘very long-
term goals’, Ramanathan quipped that these goals
would manifest almost after their lifetimes were
through! However, the repercussions were evident
in nature and splashed across the news. Noting how
countries are severely lagging in their environment
commitments, he listed three challenger he said
are firstly, building critical awareness beyond tree
planting, etc; secondly investing in technology
over time and the third big question he asked was
pertaining economic viability. The session had
brilliant inputs from each panellist and concluded Questions and answers at the CEO Session moderated by Krishnakumar Ramanathan
with a Q&A.
A session on Advanced Technologies for DISCOM Modernization was followed by a special session on Demystifying
QCO’s on Fire Survival & Solar Cables. The second day had sessions on Energy Systems Integration, Resilient
Prosumer Infrastructure and New Dimensions to Modern Infrastructure. You can log on to youtube Day1 @ #BID
2024 to recreate the experience and know expert panellists’ views and Day2 @ #BID2024.
A panel discussion in progress
February 2024 31
DistribuELEC & BuiildELEC Stall Design Winners

One of the most looked forward to activity at the event was the best stall prize. The esteemed just consisted of JG
Kulkarni, Harshwadan P Parikh and DPK Udas. The prizes were handed over to the winners by R. Prakash, Vice
President, Easun MR Tap Changers P Ltd. In the space category of 9sqm - 12sqm (Shell Scheme) Linkk Busway
Systems (M)SDN BHD bagged the first prize and A. Eberle Systems Pvt Ltd was placed runner’s up; in the 15sqm
– 24sqm space category, SCOPE T&M Pvt Ltd took the first place, while MODUTEC Ready Panels Pvt Ltd won the
runner’s up; in the 27sqm – 48sqm space category, Cyanconnode Pvt Ltd won the first prize and The Motwane
Mfg Co Pvt Ltd bagged the runner’s up prize; in the 54sqm – 84sqm space category, Secure Meters won first prize
and Ashida Electronics Pvt Ltd won the runner’s up prize; and finally the first prize in the last category of 120sqm –
150sqm was bagged by Siemens Ltd while CG Power & Industrial Solutions Ltd won the runner’s up.
The three days of DistribuELEC and BuildELEC and two days of IntELECT ended on a high note with a scintillating
performance from Ambili Menon followed by cocktails and networking.
32 February 2024
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arging
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February 2024 33
Innovate to Elevate- Curated Session on

Inclusive Growth for MSMEs
Hamza Arsiwala, President, IEEMA set the context introduced Credit Guarantee Fund Trust for Micro and
for the panel after extending a warm welcome to the Small Enterprises. Rajesh Sharma, Assistant General
government officials and dignitaries on the stage. He Manager, SIDBI, Mumbai explained about purpose-
said, “MSMEs have a very important role to play and based financing and introduced a subsidy scheme by
our industry is strengthened through the MSMEs that the GoI called SPICE and SIDBI initiatives. Sanjeev
are present and working from pockets of India like Kumar in his address emphasised that excellence
Jamnagar, Jalandhar, Coiambatore and other. The comes through standardization. He spoke at length
industry is scaling up on their strengths which include
about the advantages of GeM or the Government
quality, safety, reliability among others.”
market interface stating that GeM overview reduces
Dr Kamal Golia set the context for the session government to human transaction thus minimising
welcoming each panellist of the session which included chances of corruption in practices and that except
Dr Anupam Srivastava, Dr Nadeem Lobal.Cobal, Sikkim all states have GeM.
Sanjeev Kumar, Rajesh Sharma, Hamza Arsiwala
Shaji K and Sanjay Kulkarni, Vice Chair, WRC. Shaji K, Anupam Srivastava, Assistant Director of MSME &
Manager CGFMSE was the first to make a presentation Facilitator of SME DFO, Mumbai MSME said that
about the Credit Guarantee Scheme and explained how udyam registration and holding an udyam aadhaar was
it was formed when there was a 20 lakh crore credit gap mandatory to gain benefits of various governmental
that needed to be plugged in due to many reasons. He schemes. Sanjay Kulkarni delivered the vote of thanks.
Rajesh Sharma, Assistant Anupam Srivastava, Assistant Kamal Golia, Chairman

Shaji K, Manager CGFMSE
General Manager, SIDBI, Director of MSME & Facilitator SME Division IEEMA & Vice
Mumbai of SME DFO, Mumbai MSME Chairman BID
34 February 2024
START-UP Pitch Session Winners
DBSM Session 2024
Team EEMA
February 2024 35
Acknowledging the Sponsors

Sponsors for BuildELEC Intelect DistribuELEC 2024 included RR Kabel as Theme Partner for Safety;
Schneider Electric India Pvt Ltd as Platinum Partner; Secure Meters Ltd, Polycab India Ltd, Atlanta
Electricals Pvt Ltd. as Diamond Partners; Siemens Ltd as Lanyard & Batch Partner, Apar Industries
Ltd as Registration Partners; MSEDCL as Host Utility Sponsor and Stelmec as DBSM Kit Sponsor.
IEEMA Electraverse Sparks' Winning Profiles and Product Launches will be featured in the upcoming edition of
IEEMA Journal.
36 February 2024
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Februay 2024 37
Cover Story
Electric Mobility and vehicles are slated

to be the frontrunners in the future
of transportation globally; what with
‘environment’ on every agenda, plan policy,
technology and design. Read on to get a
bird’s eye view of the state of the EV industry
T he ideation of electric vehicles marks

the unique horizon metaphorically
that of the bright skies overlooking
the power sector and the deep and
misterios seas of the automation sector.
A marriage of two huge industries
holding a growth potential to reach a
future where electricity could convert
to monopolize the entire automation
segment, by default!
One can easily consider 2023
as a milestone for EVs with the
complementary and indispensable
charging infrastructure component
that has witnessed unprecedented
surge in demand and relevance to
the environmentally conscious world.
Universally there is a substantial shift
towards sustainable and eco-friendly
transportation. Join us as we research
about the key factors, market dynamics,
and the global impact of this brand new,
Boss Baby of the electric industry – EVs.
To make the transition towards the
adoption of electrical mobility the
Government of India has introduced a
set of fiscal and non-fiscal incentives
like tax breaks, subsidies, and access
to dedicated lanes and an ambitious
target of reaching 30% all new vehicles
sold in India by 2030. FAME, or Faster
Adoption and Manufacturing of (Hybrid
and) Electric vehicles, is currently
38 February 2024
Cover Story
India’s flagship scheme for promoting electric mobility. Plan (NEMMP) 2020 under which the Faster Adoption
Currently in its 2nd phase of implementation, FAME-II and Manufacturing of (Hybrid &) Electric Vehicles
is being implemented for a period of 3 years, eff. 1st India Scheme also called the FAME India Scheme
April 2019 with a budget allocation of 10,000 Cr. Every was formulated to promote the manufacturing of
state offers incentives for EVs which you can access at electric and hybrid vehicle technology and ensure its
https:// e-amrit.niti.gov.in.
sustainable growth.
Timeline of E-Mobility Adoption in Phase-I saw the creation of a demand for electric
vehicles through incentives and grants for various
India vehicle segments. It resulted in about 2.78 lakh
i) In 1994 India’s first electric vehicle, the REVA was supported EVs via demand incentives.
launched; Phase-II of the FAME India Scheme, approved with an
ii) In 2010, the Ministry of New and Renewable outlay of INR 10,000 Crore, aims to support demand for
Energy (MNRE) launched the Alternate Fuels for EVs by supporting 7,000 e-Buses, 5 lakh e-3 Wheelers,
Surface Transportation Programme with a budget
55,000 e-4 Wheeler (Commercial purposes) and 10
of INR 95 crore;
lakh e-2 Wheelers (including commercial & private).
iii) In 2012 the National Electric Mobility Mission 2020
(NEMMP 2020) policy set a target of having 6-7 Starting from June 2023, for 2-wheeler subsidy is
million electric vehicles on the road by 2020; capped at INR 10,000 per kWh with cap of 15% of
iv) In 2015 the Faster Adoption and Manufacturing of exfactory, while for other segments expect e-buses the
(Hybrid &) Electric Vehicles (FAME) scheme was cap is limited to 20% of the ex-factory price. e-Buses
announced; have higher incentive value of INR 20,000 per kWh.
v) In 2019 FAME revised;
Of the allocated INR 10,000 Cr, INR 8,596 Cr is for
vi) In 2021 PLI SCHEME,
demand incentives with additional INR 366 Cr carry-
vii) In 2022 FAME scheme revised;
forwarded from FAME-I primarily for e-buses and INR
viii) In 2022, NITI Aayog released a draft policy on
1,000 Cr for development of charging infra.
Battery Swapping;
xi) 2023 FAME II As of 21st July 2023, INR 4,157 Cr for demand incentives
has been exhausted. With announcements of INR 800
FAME Scheme (I&II) Cr for setting up fast charging stations approved a
In the year 2015, the Department of Heavy Industry significant chunk of budget for charging infra is also
(DHI) developed the National Electric Mobility Mission expected to be utilised.
Februay 2024 39
Cover Story
Total
Incentives
Approximate Approximate Size
of Battery
PLI Auto & Auto Components:
In March 2022, GoI approved the PLI scheme for auto
Two wheelers:
and auto components, offering financial incentives of up
Rs 15000/- per kWh Two wheelers:
to 18% to boost domestic manufacturing of advanced
upto 40% of the cost of 2 kWh
automotive technology (AAT) products and attract
Vehicles
investments in the automotive value chain.
Three wheelers: Three wheelers: The PLI Scheme has well-defined targets for local
Rs 10000/- per kWh 5 kWh domestic investments added with 50% minimum
Four wheelers: Four wheelers: localisation to be qualified for any incentive.
Rs 10000/- per kWh 15 kWh With an INR 25,938 crore outlay over 2022-2027,
E Buses: E Buses: eligible OEM Champions will receive incentives ranging
Rs 20000/- per kWh 250 kWh from 13-16% of determined sales value for BEV & FCEV
vehicles.
Performance Linked Incentives For Component Champion, 8-11% of determined sales
along with an additional 5% for BEV & FCEV vehicle
Scheme components. The scheme is anticipated to draw over
INR 80,000 crore investments and generate over 7
PLI ACC: lakhs jobs in the industry.
GoI approved the PLI scheme for ACC battery
manufacturing in February 2022, with an INR 18,100 Growing Consumer Awareness
crore outlay over five years (2023-2028) to establish 50 A growing awareness about environmental issues
GWh local battery production. spurring an eco-friendly revolution and a rise of electrical
This scheme encouraged domestic manufacturing of vehicle sales. The rise in the brand value, demand
ACC batteries and components for the EV industry. and sales reflects impressive advancements in the
Eligible companies will receive a 25% incentive on EV technology and infrastructure. There is a reported
incremental investments and sales, expected to attract surge in sales, driven by technological advancements,
over INR 60,000 crore investments and generate over supportive policies, and environmental consciousness.
Some of the main factors for the growing popularity of
50,000 jobs.
EVs is not only the fact that they are environmentally
In the initial round of allotment Rajesh exports, Ola friendly, but also more cost-effective, reliable,
electric and Reliance New Energy emerged as winners and convenient than their fossil-fuel counterparts.
with combined capacity of 30 GWh. International Energy Agency (IEA), reports that by 2023
40 February 2024
Februay 2024 41
Cover Story
Can EVS Resolve These Problems?
EVs could avoid 1.5 gigatons of CO2 emissions on an taxes and license plate fees. In India a direct discount is
annual basis. provided to the user on the cost of the electric vehicle,
financial incentive where the amount is reimbursed
EVs are known to keep the air pollution free by avoiding
later, discounted interest rates while availing loan,
tailpipe emissions of harmful pollutants such as
road tax exemption at the time of purchase is waived
nitrogen oxides, particulate matter, and volatile organic
off, one time as also the registration fee applicable on
compounds. These poisonous gases are known to
new vehicle purchase is excused. Income tax benefits,
impact public health by causing congestion and smog.
scrapping incentives upon de-registering old petrol and
diesel vehicles, interest-free loans, top-up subsidies,
Advantage EVs special incentives on electric three-wheelers, etc. are
EVs offer an enhanced convenience of the driving offered.
experience as they have a simpler and more efficient
drivetrain than internal combustion engines, which Global EV Policies
translates into faster acceleration, smoother handling, There is a contrast in the area of focus in the policy
and quieter operation. directions with EV penetration at different levels
Since EVs have a higher energy density than batteries across geographies. According to IEA, in 2022, 90%
they store more energy in a smaller space allowing a of EV sales in Light Duty Vehicles (LDV) that include
wider range and flexibility in vehicle design. Additionally, passenger and commercial vehicles were covered in
EVs can be charged at home or at work without hassles EV-related policies. Countries like China, Europe, US
related to petrol and diesel vehicles.
EVs lower the total cost of ownership for drivers and
commercial vehicle operators. With a lower fuel and
maintenance cost than conventional vehicles, EVs do
not require oil changes, spark plugs, or even filters.
Electricity as a fuel, costs lesser and offers more
stability in pricing than gasoline or diesel, especially
since renewable sources such as solar or wind have
appeared on the scene.
Attractive incentives and subsidies offered by
governments and utilities encourage EV sales. In the
US, EV buyers can claim a federal tax credit of up to
$7,500, while in China, EVs are exempt from purchase
42 February 2024
Cover Story
and promising ambitions in markets like India, around up charging stations. California has been the leading
~50% of the global sales in LDV sales are targeted to region in the US with funding schemes, especially for
be Zero-Electric-Vehicles by 2035. Medium-Heavy Duty Truck charging stations.
India also has strong charging infra policies, with
Global Policies Related to Charging FAME-2 providing capital subsidy at a central level and
various state-level policies supporting via tax incentives
Infrastructure and ease of regulations.
According to IEA, the number of electric LDVs per public
Apart from support for charging infra, India and China
charging point and kW per electric LDV, 2022
are 2 countries giving significant importance to battery
Most growing and advanced EV penetration markets swapping in policy. Chinese standard for battery
like China have strong policies incentivising the set- swapping was published in 2021 and is part of national
up of charging stations, with regions like Shenzhen NEV strategy. Several cities and provinces in China also
targeting over 790,000 slow chargers and 43,000 fast provide financial support for swapping stations which
chargers by 2025. has led to China having ~2,000 battery swap stations
Despite reducing purchase incentives in
Germany, investment into charging infra,
especially for High Duty Vehicle (HDVs), is
amped up.
Japan has policy & budget outlays for
setting up both hydrogen refilling 14
Electric Mobility: Strengthening Eco-
System Towards Vision 2030 stations and
charging stations. Japan plans to construct
over 150,000 charging stations by 2030,
with 20% being fast-charging stations.
The US also has a strong policy push
for charging infra with $1.5 Billion under
National Electric Vehicle Infrastructure
(NEVI) program. Coupled with the NEVI
program is Inflation Reduction Act (IRA)
which provides tax credits for setting
Februay 2024 43
Cover Story
India’s G20 Vision Towards EV & Environment

India’s G20 Presidency in 2023 presented an exceptional opportunity for the country to spearhead a
collective approach to tackle multiple, complex, and interconnected challenges, while placing, front
and centre, the aspirations and needs of the developing world. The COVID-19 pandemic, supply chain
disruptions, climate change, food and energy security risks, geopolitical tensions, inflation, and a looming
debt crisis all contribute to economic slowdown and uncertainty in global economic growth. India had set
“Vasudhaiva Kutumbakam” or “One Earth - One Family - One Future” as the theme for its G20 Presidency,
rightly aiming to instil a sense of unanimity essential for addressing these global challenges collectively
and effectively. India’s Prime Minister further envisions India’s G20 agenda to be “inclusive, ambitious,
actionoriented, and decisive.”
Key focus areas of G20 Included:
1. Climate action: India has made climate action a key focus of its G20 presidency. The country has
called for a collective effort to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and transition to a clean energy
future.
2. Economic recovery: India is also using its G20 presidency to promote economic recovery from the
COVID-19 pandemic. The country has called for measures to boost global trade and investment, and
to support small and medium-sized businesses.
3. Global health: India is also committed to global health. The country has called for a coordinated
response to the COVID-19 pandemic, and for measures to strengthen global health systems.
Multiple groups have been created to address these themes like “Expert Group on Climate Action”:
responsible for developing recommendations on how to accelerate the transition to a clean energy future.
“Business Forum”: a platform for businesses to engage with the G20 on issues of economic growth and
development. India is using its G20 presidency to promote carbon neutrality, alternate powertrains, and
electric vehicles in a number of ways.
India hosted a G20 Ministerial on Clean Energy Transition: This ministerial meeting brought together
ministers from G20 countries to discuss ways to accelerate the transition to a clean energy future. India
also launched the G20 Action Plan on Electric Vehicles: This plan outlines a number of measures that G20
countries can take to promote the adoption of electric vehicles and announced the launch of the G20 Green
Hydrogen Task Force to promote the development and deployment of green hydrogen.
by end of 2022. India also introduced draft EV battery hh Establishing Centre of Excellence for Critical
swap policy in 2022 which is targeted towards e-2W Minerals (CECM) new research and analytical
and e-3W. infrastructure for critical mineral demand
Collaboration with international agencies,
Crucial Raw Material Supply Chain
hh
KABIL (Khanij Bidesh India Limited) for strategic
Update & Disruption acquisitions of minerals
Major economies are increasingly looking into hh Preparation & monitoring of exploration strategy
developing strategic stockpiles of critical minerals due under Ministry of Mines via CECM
to the Russia Ukraine war scenario highlighting the
vulnerability of minerals like nickel, and also due to the
fact that the downstream material processing, battery Outlook
manufacturing, and permanent magnets for motors Notwithstanding the snail pace of the consumer
are areas predominantly controlled by China. The 30 demand for electric vehicles, news about the “demise
key minerals identified in the inter-ministerial report
of EVs” are greatly exaggerated. S&P Global Mobility’s
“Critical Minerals for India” led by Ministry of Mines
includes EV battery specific minerals like lithium, nickel, 2024 global sales forecast has projected battery
cobalt and graphite. To strengthen India’s position in electric passenger vehicles to be on track to post 13.3
the supply chain of the critical minerals, the report has million units worldwide for 2024 and accounting for an
recommended: estimated 16.2% of global passenger vehicle sales.
44 February 2024
Cover Story
Challenges in Electric Vehicle

Charging Infrastructure
Development in India
As the world races towards a sustainable future, India
is making strides in adopting electric vehicles (EVs) to
curb pollution and reduce dependence on fossil fuels.
However, the transition to electric mobility is not without
its challenges, and one significant hurdle lies in the
development of a robust EV charging infrastructure.
In this article, we will explore some of the key issues
related to EV charging infrastructure in India.
Power: One of the primary challenges faced in setting up
EV charging stations is ensuring a reliable power supply
to these locations. In many areas, especially remote
or underserved regions, establishing a consistent
and adequate power source can be challenging.
Moreover, the cost of establishing the power supply for
the necessary charging infrastructure can sometimes Clarity on government-installed charging station: While
account for as much as 30-40% of the total cost, posing the Indian government has taken steps to promote
a significant barrier during the initial investment. the installation of EV charging stations, there is a
need for standardized guidelines and regulations for
A dedicated policy or rate for providing power to
these facilities. In the past there have been multiple
establish EV charging infrastructure could serve as a
projects where the charging standard involved in the
catalyst to ensure sufficient power for these stations.
project was based on vehicles that are not common in
This issue requires a collaborative effort between
the industry. Lack of clarity on standards for charging
the government, power distribution companies, and
stations can lead to inconsistency in infrastructure
private stakeholders to ensure a seamless and reliable
quality, compatibility issues, and hinder interoperability.
power supply.
A well-defined set of standards will not only streamline
the development process but also instill confidence
among EV users regarding the reliability and safety of
the charging infrastructure.
Financing models: The capital expenditure required
to set up EV charging infrastructure constitutes a
significant barrier. Charging stations involve high
upfront costs for equipment, installation, power and
land acquisition. The absence of clear and attractive
financing models discourages private investors,
businesses and individuals from venturing into this
sector. The industry must explore innovative financial
mechanisms, incentives, and partnerships to make
investments in EV charging stations financially viable
and attractive for stakeholders.
While India is on the path to embracing electric
mobility, addressing the challenges associated with EV
charging infrastructure is imperative for the success
of this transition. Collaborative efforts involving the
government, private sector, and communities are
crucial to overcoming these obstacles.
While India is on the path to embracing electric
mobility, addressing the challenges associated with EV
Ravin Mirchandani
charging infrastructure is imperative for the success
Ravin is the chief dream merchant at Quench EV of this transition. Collaborative efforts involving the
Chargers. He has done his MBA from Queensland government, private sector, and communities are
university in Melbourne, Australia. crucial to overcoming these obstacles.
Februay 2024 45
Cover Story - Think Tank
“EV Chargers will be a US$ 2 billion size market by 2030

and will include exports. Energy as Service provided by CPO’s is
slated to be a US$ 4 - 5 billion size industry by 2030 and include
Real Estate, Software, APP’s, Digital Payments.”
various policies backed by fiscal support to
accelerate adoption of EV’s – ex: FAME 1,
FAME2, PLI’s etc.,
1.3 2018-19 was a notable year in which a
variety of EV’s were thus launched by a
variety of companies in India. Despite the
fallout of the pandemic, the range & types of
EV’s on offer has significantly increased.
1.4 In parallel GoI’s initiative to push for E-Buses
for public transport has now resulted in
several thousand buses being deployed
both in urban India & on Inter-City routes.
1.5 Many more are likely to be deployed going
forward.
1.6 Niti Aayog has also launched a dedicated
initiative… “E-Fast” to transform the logistics
sector by use of electrified transportation.
2.0 Environmental concerns addressed

through e-mobility & concerns that are
created due to the adoption of e-mobility.
Mustafa Wajid 2.1 Minimising/Eliminating harmful tailpipe
Chairman, IEEMA E-Mobility and Charging Infrastructure emissions from automobiles are an absolute
(Managing Director & CEO MHM Holdings Pvt. Ltd)
necessity if environmental concerns are to
be addressed.
Mustafa Wajid, the Chairman of IEEMA E Mobility
2.2 There are broadly 3 approaches that can
and Charging Infrastructure Division has an
be adopted – with different environmental
optimistic outlook when he says, “I expect electric concerns.
2W to achieve over 50% penetration, electric 3W
2.2.1 Battery Powered EV’s – The
more than 80% penetration, passenger cars over
environmental concerns created are
25%; eBuses 80% by 2030. Read on to know his primarily about recycling of batteries
thoughts in his own words…. – an area that is evolving rapidly.
2.2.2 Hybrid Powered Automobiles
1.0 Inception and evolution of the e-mobility (Combining battery power with
market in India. traditional Internal Combustion
Engines - ICE) – same as above but
1.1 The Indian context in which the E-Mobility
significantly less as battery sizes are
must be seen is not just the environmental
much smaller.
aspects but also that India’s imports of
petroleum crossed US$ 200 billion in FY23. 2.2.3 Hydrogen Powered Automobiles – 2
As the Indian economy transitions to a types
middle income level in the coming years
2.2.3.1 Fuel Cell Powered –
the need for fueling transportation shall
Recycling of exhausted fuel
increase dramatically.
cells is an environmental
1.2 Recognising this possible scenario, the concern & various efforts are
GoI has over the last decade instituted on to address this.
46 February 2024
2.2.3.2 Hydrogen ICE – The NOx 4.2 Urban Commercial Vehicles – Typically
emissions from combustion fleets – have captive EV Charging solutions
have to be dealt with - including in some cases battery swapping
https://www.mckinsey.com/
4.3 Urban Public Buses – The E-Bus operators
industries/automotive-and-
have enabled E-Bus charging facilities at the
assembly/our-insights/
bus depot’s.
how-hydrogen-combustion-
engines-can-contribute-to- 4.4 Intercity Buses – same as 4.3 but typically at
zero-emissions start & end destinations.
4.5 Intercity Trucks – An evolving area.
3.0 Conservation of energy – here are some
basic facts: 5.0 Issues relating to supply chain and
3.1.1 One litre of petrol has about 9.6kWh of distribution in the sector.
energy. A petrol scooter in typical Indian 5.1 The primary challenge is to localise the
urban conditions can possibly give you 40- supply chain for battery cells. GoI has already
50km/litre. Taking the higher number this announced PLI’s for this. In addition, several
implies that we get about 5km/kWh large investments have been announced to
3.1.2 An electric scooter of a similar size gives set up domestic production of battery cells.
about 30km/kWh in similar conditions. 5.2 The next challenge is to localise the rest of
3.1.3 Hence its energy efficiency is way above an the EV Power train, i.e.
ICE vehicle. 5.2.1 Battery Packs
3.1.4 Similar conclusions can be reached if you 5.2.2 Motor Drive Systems
compare similar passenger cars.
5.2.3 Vehicle Control Units
4.0 Status of charging infrastructure 5.2.4 Switchgear & Protection – Products &
development in India and issues related Systems
to it. 5.2.5 Cable & Wiring Harnesses
4.1 Personal EV’s – are typically charged 5.2.6 Software
at home using the EV Charger supplied 5.2.7 Various domestic suppliers have
along with the EV by the EV OEM – This emerged over the last few years &
is considered quite adequate given the localisation percentage is increasing.
available range & the typical usage of km/
day
6.0 Consumer acceptance, creating
4.1.1 However, when such users need to attraction or ways to spread awareness
travel longer distances it is necessary
to have access to EV Charging about e-mobility.
facilities on the highways as well as 6.1 In urban India customer/user acceptance
at the destination. A number of CPO’s levels of light electric vehicles (2W & 3W)
(Charge Point Operators) are now has significantly increased since 2019.
providing such facilities. Much more needs to be done to ensure
better product-market fit in terms of pricing,
financing etc., However production of
electric 2W alone has reached about 1
million nos/annum & is likely to grow rapidly.
6.1.1 The e-rickshaw & the electric 3W
segment has also gained customer
acceptance.
6.2 The passenger electric car segment has
seen many new launches by reputed EV
OEM’s & sales are growing. However, the
price point of such EV’s is still significantly
higher than comparable ICE cars – hence
this segment is still evolving.
Februay 2024 47
6.3 E-Buses have gained customer acceptance 9.4 Much has been done by GoI – refer
& we can expect this segment to grow FAME policies, GST reductions, Road Tax
much bigger in the coming years as the Exemptions etc.,
unit economics & total cost of ownership
are quite favourable when compared to 10.0 Key policies of a few foreign countries
traditional diesel buses.
6.4 E-Trucks – An evolving area – still in a with an already established EV market.
nascent stage. 10.1 Western countries (EU & North America)
have adopted a double-edged policy – one
7.0 Integration of EV charging infrastructure being the levy of emission taxes on ICE
with distribution grid. vehicles; and another is enabling subsidies
for electric cars.
7.1 AC Chargers are typically rated as
3.3/7.4/11/22 kW. The incoming supply 10.1.1 It is important to note that the median
needed is either 230V, 50Hz, Single phase price of an ICE passenger car in such
– or – 415v, 50Hz, 3 Phase. These are thus countries is around US$35,000 –
capable of being seamlessly integrated into hence the price barrier for adoption of
the standard low voltage distribution network. EV’s is much lower.
7.2 DC Chargers typically start at 30-50kW & can
10.2 China has followed the same logic as
go upto 360kW. DISCOMS generally specify
the western countries with an additional
that at these power levels incoming supply
measure – In certain large cities there
will need to be given at 11kV or higher. Hence
integrating such high-capacity chargers will are now rules that you have to purchase
need an upstream power infrastructure, i.e. your number plate for an ICE car – this is
a transformer with the required switching & quite expensive. However, this rule is not
protection systems. Another aspect is that applicable if you are buying an EV
an EV Charging station may have several 10.3 Components used within EV’s are governed
chargers in one location. Hence the Power by a variety of standards – SAE, UL, IEEE,
Supply & its management will need to
IEC, BIS etc., - depending on which market
broadly follow the same practices as in an
the OEM is addressing.
electrical substation.
10.4 The same is true for EV Charging Infra.
8.0 Current status of the EV-technology in
India. 11.0 My vision for the future of the EV and
8.1 World class for electric 2W & 3W. Charging infrastructure market in India.
8.2 Passenger Cars – Tech is well developed 11.1 Expectations are as follows:
but compromises being made on features & 11.1.1 Electric 2W – 50%+ penetration by
performance so as to optimise costs for Indian 2030
market conditions – Ex: Range, Acceleration,
Autonomous/Assisted Driving etc. 11.1.2 Electric 3W – 80%+ penetration by
2030
9.0 Global EV market in terms of technology, 11.1.3 Passenger Cars – 25% penetration by
status of investment, technology, R&D 2030
in the sector & background for policy 11.1.4 E-Buses – 80%+ penetration by 2030
making in relation to EV infrastructure. 11.1.5 Trucks – Too early to say…
9.1 Generally speaking, India is not lagging 11.2 E V Charging Infra market – has three
behind in EV technology, but we have to face constituents
the reality that our median ICE passenger
11.2.1 EV Chargers – a US$ 2 billion size in
car price is about Rs. 8L whereas EV’s are
2030 (including exports)
more expensive.
9.2 Hence it is an affordability issue – not a 11.2.2 Energy as Service – Provided by CPO’s
technology issue. – A US$ 4 to 5 billion size in 2030
9.3 However, India needs to significantly 11.2.2.1 Which will also include
strengthen its supply chain capabilities for Real Estate, Software,
the EV Sector – particularly in battery cells. APP’s, Digital Payments.
48 February 2024
Februay 2024 49
“India will become a global leader in the design and

manufacture of Electric Vehicles” Sundaresan SA
Policy Solutions & ‘How’ Answered

FAME: Faster Adoption and Manufacturing of (Hybrid
&) Electric Vehicles in India (FAME India) Scheme in
2015 to promote adoption of electric/ hybrid vehicles
(xEVs) in the country. At present, Phase-II of FAME
India Scheme is being implemented for a period of
5 years w.e.f. 01st April, 2019 with a total budgetary
support of `10,000 crore. Battery Electric Vehicle and
Strong Hybrid vehicles are supported under the FAME-
II Scheme
National Electric Mobility Mission Plan (NEMMP)
PLI Scheme
hh Production Linked Incentive (PLI) scheme for
manufacturing of Advanced Chemistry Cell (ACC)
in the country in order to bring down prices of
battery in the country
hh Electric Vehicles are covered under Production
Linked Incentive (PLI) scheme for Automobile and
Auto Components, which was approved on 15th
Sundaresan SA September 2021 with a budgetary outlay of
An entrepreneur and a technology innovator, designing ` 25,938 crore for a period of five years. Hydrogen
products and processes for over three decades: a mechanical fuel cell based vehicles which are Zero Emission
engineer, he currently is Head – New Technologies Vehicles (ZEVs) are covered under Auto and Auto
at Ashok Leyland.
component PLI Scheme
IEEMA ThinkTank voices the concerns,
transformational ideas and most valuable outlook PMP
from thought leaders of the Power Industry hh Public charging infrastructure
hh Battery swapping policy
The ‘Why’ Of E Mobility hh Special emobility zone
Tail pipe emissions are eliminated through adoption
of e-mobility. If the power used to charge the electric hh National Electric Bus Program
vehicles is renewable energy, then overall emissions hh GST on electric vehicles has been reduced
are eliminated. Even if the power comes from fossil from 12% to 5%; GST on chargers/ charging
fuel plants, the resulting emissions can be tackled stations for electric vehicles has been
much better through centralized capture and treatment reduced from 18% to 5%.
facilities, with the impact on the environment lesser than
if they were generated by individual internal combustion hh Ministry of Road Transport & Highways
engine-driven (ICE) vehicles. (MoRTH) announced that battery operated
vehicles will be given green license plates
But concerns about the impact of mining of the critical and be exempted from permit requirements.
minerals required – Lithium, Cobalt, etc., amount of
hh MoRTH issued a notification advising states
energy consumed in manufacturing the electric vehicle
to waive road tax on EVs, which in turn will
aggregates and the treatment of batteries at the end
of their life need more attention and action. Reports help reduce the initial cost of EVs.
discuss about the distance an electric vehicle must hh Model Building Bylaws 2016 amended to
cover before it’s impact on environment is less that of establish charging stations and infrastructure
an equivalent ICE vehicle. in private and commercial buildings.
50 February 2024
DON'T BE SAFETY BLINDED,
BE SAFETY MINDED
To know more contact us at:
linkedin.com/groups/Ravin-Group
Februay 2024 51
Charging Infrastructure the aggregates, while in terms of design, India is at

the same level, but in terms of manufacturing, we are
For medium and heavy electric vehicles, the supply nowhere near – whether it comes to the cells, battery
chain is still predominantly import oriented. The low packs, large motors, and the power conversion devices
volumes, and the heavy investment required are such as DC-DC converters and the inverters.
delaying faster indigenization.
We lag mainly in the manufacturing technologies of
both the subsystems and the components. We are
Consumer Connect catching up in manufacturing large battery packs and
When it comes to commercial vehicles, the high cost have started setting up cell manufacturing plants. We
of electric vehicles has prevented widespread adoption. need to catch up with the state-of-the-art yields and
Financial viability is a key requirement for any technology productivity norms in this crucial sector. Technology
to be accepted in commercial vehicles, and there is still partnership along with investment in indigenous R&D
a lot of doubt regarding this for electric vehicles. Though are key. The current focus on bringing semiconductor
calculations show better Total Cost of Ownership (TCO) manufacturing to India will hopefully succeed and if
over the lifetime of the vehicle for certain applications, the industry focusses on meeting global requirements
doubts about the unknowns – the maintenance costs, from India, then the volumes can justify investing in
life of the battery, and the resale value of the vehicle the manufacture of aggregates such as motors and
prevent fleet owners from investing in electric vehicles. power conversion devices. We also need to invest in
We will need real world data, and white papers for these indigenous development and manufacture of both the
customers to feel confident about the viability. manufacturing as well as testing equipment required in
this sector.
Current Status of EV-Technology
In heavy commercial vehicles, India is on par with the Investment & R&D
rest of the world when it comes to integration technology While investment is happening at a vehicle level,
at the vehicle level. In terms of controls and software – investment in aggregates is lagging.
the Battery Management Systems, Motor Controllers,
Vehicle Supervisory Controls, India is one step ahead Significant work is happening at application level (TRL
of the rest of the world. However, when it comes to 7 and above), but very little below that. We thus don’t
have a pipeline of technologies.
My Vision & Outlook about the

Future of EV
India will become a global leader in the design and
manufacture of Electric Vehicles of all sizes and shapes.
Especially in the heavy commercial vehicles sector, India
understands the requirements of emerging markets,
and design products better suited to these markets.
Indian OEMs collaborate to compete – collaborate
on standards, interoperability, and non-differentiating
technologies, and compete to offer differentiated
products – collaborate to increase the pie, and then
compete to grab a bigger share of the pie rather
than simply fighting to grab a bigger share of the pie
and actually making the pie smaller through
aggressive competition.
For example, agreeing on making the batteries
interoperable can reassure customers that they are
not at the mercy of the original OEM when it comes
to battery replacement. This can also lower the costs
of development for battery pack manufacturers
bringing down the overall costs. OEMs and battery
pack manufacturers can still differentiate – in the
round-trip efficiency, life and reliability of the battery
packs, and command the loyalty of the customers, as
well a premium. 
52 February 2024
Februay 2024 53
“Recycling EV batteries, developing skilled manpower,

enhancing awareness among consumers” are key concerns,
states Dr Amitabh Saran
hh Central policy of waiver of road tax and
registration fee for electric vehicle buyers
(currently a state govt choice given by selected
states like Maharashtra, TN etc);
hh Central government support on creating charging
infra and incentivising, may be Capex support for
ramping up network;
hh Reduction of custom duty on Lithium cells will
help manufactures to bring down battery cost;
hh EV sector is driven by extensive research and
development; hence additional tax deduction
should be considered for companies spending
on research and development activities relating to
electric vehicles and their components.
Point of Concern
Recycling EV batteries is a concern. Altigreen has
explored eco-friendly ways to dispose of batteries
through Strategic Tie-up to make sure our growth
is environmentally responsible. However central
standards should be made as part of the policy.
Dr. Amitabh Saran

Ph.D. in Computer Science and a published author of
numerous papers and books covering software engineering
and distributed computing. A co-inventor in over 26 global
patents, Dr Saran has over three decades of industry
experience with institutions like TCS, Philips, NASA, &
Hewlett-Packard, TriVium, BuzzInTown and is the Founder/
CEO of Altigreen Propulsion Labs.
IEEMA ThinkTank voices the concerns,

transformational ideas and most valuable outlook
from thought leaders of the Power Industry.
My Suggestions to the GoI

hh Rationalizing GST rates for electric vehicles
essential components; currently GST on electric
vehicles stands at 5% whereas majority of its
components are between 18% and 28%. The
Government should bring these components
under the same umbrella of 5%;
hh Government should consider extending FAME
timeline, given that this sector is at a nascent
stage;
54 February 2024
Q. Pinpoint required developmental upgrades performance is paramount. Collaborating

– especially in quality and standards in the with industry experts to establish and enforce
functioning of EV Sector at large.
these standards will not only ensure customer
satisfaction but also contribute to the overall
Needed Quality & Standard Upgrade credibility of the EV sector.
hh Our industry is committed to continuous
improvement. We urge a focus on research and
Other Important Issues of Concern
development to enhance the overall quality of
electric three-wheelers. This includes investing in hh Developing skilled manpower for the EV industry
advanced materials and technologies to make the is essential. Collaborating with educational
vehicles more durable and efficient. institutions and government bodies to introduce
hh Government can mandate a Quality Control specialized courses and training programs will
Order, in specific areas, to ensure compliance ensure a steady workforce equipped to meet the
with the defined standards of EV battery, Ac/DC growing demands of the sector.
charging etc.
hh Enhancing awareness among consumers
hh As EV sector is exponentially growing, India will
about the benefits of electric three-wheelers
play a vital role to become export house of EV
products. Mandatory compliance with Indian is vital. Initiatives to educate the public on the
Standards (BIS) should be a good next step. environmental and economic advantages
will contribute to a informed and receptive
hh Setting higher standards for safety and
market. 
Februay 2024 55
Case Study
Case Study
Electric Vehicle Technology & Advancement

In an era marked by pressing environmental concerns and a growing need for sustainable
transportation solutions, this article aims to provide a comprehensive understanding of the core
elements that underpin the EV revolution. This article explores the fundamental aspects of electric
vehicles (EVs), shedding light on their history, types, key components, performance characteristics,
challenges, and future prospects.
T his article endeavors to achieve three primary

objectives: first, to chronicle the historical evolution
Introduction
Electric vehicles have a rich history, dating back to the
of electric vehicles from their early beginnings to their
early 19th century, and have witnessed a remarkable
resurgence in contemporary times; second, to categorize revival in recent years. Battery Electric Vehicles (BEVs)
and dissect the various types of EVs, including Battery have emerged as a dominant force in the market,
Electric Vehicles (BEVs), Plug-In Hybrid Electric Vehicles capitalizing on advancements in battery technology.
(PHEVs), Hybrid Electric Vehicles (HEVs), and Fuel EVs offer superior energy efficiency and have a
significantly reduced carbon footprint compared to
Cell Electric Vehicles (FCEVs); and third, to assess the
internal combustion engine vehicles. However,
performance attributes of EVs, including acceleration, challenges such as range anxiety and the need for
range, energy efficiency, and their environmental impact. robust charging infrastructure remain to be addressed.
Fig.1: Electric Vehicle (Image source: The Open University)
56 February 2024
Case Study
The future of EVs appears promising, with ongoing

research focusing on improving battery technology and
charging infrastructure. (Refer Figure 1)
In recent years, the growing importance of electric
vehicles (EVs) has become evident, driven by
increasing environmental concerns and the imperative
for sustainable transportation solutions. Electric
vehicles and their pivotal role in achieving sustainable
transportation solutions is well known to everyone.
(Refer Figure 2)
Fig.3: Electric Car Infographic (Image source: freepik)
Governments worldwide are recognizing the

environmental imperative of transitioning to electric
mobility. Many countries are implementing policies and
offering incentives to encourage the adoption of electric
vehicles. These measures include tax incentives,
Figure 2: Electric Vehicle subsidies, and investments in charging infrastructure,
fostering a conducive environment for the growth of the
Traditional internal combustion engine vehicles (ICEVs) EV market.
have long been associated with adverse environmental
impacts. The combustion of fossil fuels in ICEVs leads The automotive industry has witnessed a paradigm
to the emission of pollutants, including carbon dioxide shift with major manufacturers making substantial
(CO2), nitrogen oxides (NOx), and particulate matter. commitments to electric mobility. Established
These emissions contribute significantly to air pollution, automakers are investing heavily in research and
climate change, and associated health problems. development of electric vehicles, and new entrants
As awareness of these issues has heightened, there are emerging, focused solely on electric mobility.
is a pressing need to transition to cleaner and more This industry trend further underscores the growing
sustainable alternatives. importance of EVs in the broader landscape of
sustainable transportation.
Electric vehicles represent a paradigm shift towards
sustainable transportation. Their propulsion systems
rely on electricity, often sourced from renewable
History and Evolution of Electric
energy, making them inherently cleaner and more Vehicles
environmentally friendly. By reducing reliance on The history of electric vehicles (EVs) is a compelling
traditional fossil fuels, EVs offer a tangible solution to narrative that dates back to the early 19th century,
mitigate air pollution and decrease greenhouse gas marked by innovative minds exploring the potential
emissions. of electric propulsion.
One of the key advantages of electric vehicles is their In the early 1800s, inventors like Thomas Davenport
potential to reduce carbon footprints significantly. Unlike and Robert Anderson laid the groundwork for electric
ICEVs that directly burn fossil fuels, EVs produce zero vehicles with the creation of primitive electric
tailpipe emissions. Even when accounting for electricity motors. However, it was in the mid-19th century that
generation, EVs can be more carbon-efficient, especially substantial progress occurred. In 1834, Thomas
in regions with a substantial share of renewable energy Davenport, an American blacksmith, built a small,
in their power grids. non-practical electric vehicle—a model car powered
by a small electric motor. Following this, the Scottish
Electric vehicles exhibit higher energy efficiency
inventor Robert Anderson developed a crude electric
compared to traditional internal combustion vehicles.
carriage around 1832.
Electric motors are inherently more efficient in
converting electrical energy to mechanical power than The late 19th century saw the involvement of the iconic
internal combustion engines. This efficiency translates inventor Thomas Edison in electric vehicle development.
into reduced energy consumption and lower overall Edison, known for his innovations in electric lighting and
environmental impact. (Refer Figure 3) power systems, worked on electric vehicles with the
February 2024 57
58 February 2024
Februay 2024 59
Case Study
hope that they would become the dominant mode of performance, durability, and affordability. Solid-state
transportation. He even predicted that electricity would batteries and other emerging technologies hold
replace gasoline as the primary fuel for automobiles. promise for further improving the efficiency and range
of electric vehicles.
Electric vehicles gained some popularity in urban areas
during the late 19th and early 20th centuries. Electric
taxis, particularly in cities like New York and London,
were a common sight. These early electric taxis were
favored for their quiet operation and absence of noxious
emissions, making them attractive for city transportation.
Despite initial success, electric vehicles faced
challenges such as limited range, long charging
times, and the high cost of batteries. The emergence
of the internal combustion engine and the discovery
of vast petroleum reserves led to the dominance of
gasoline-powered vehicles. Gasoline vehicles offered
longer ranges and quicker refueling, contributing to
their widespread adoption.
The latter half of the 20th century witnessed sporadic
attempts to revive interest in electric vehicles, driven Fig.4: Electric Car Sales (Image source: Forbes)
by concerns about air pollution and dependence
on fossil fuels. However, these efforts often faced Major automotive manufacturers globally began
technological and economic challenges that committing to electric mobility. Traditional automakers,
hindered mass adoption. recognizing the inevitability of an electric future,
have announced ambitious plans to transition their
The early 21st century marked a significant fleets to electric power. Countries and cities have set
resurgence of interest in electric vehicles. Advances targets to phase out internal combustion engine
in battery technology, coupled with environmental
concerns and efforts to reduce greenhouse gas vehicles, signaling a global commitment to electric
emissions, led to a renewed focus on electric mobility as a key component of sustainable
mobility. Companies like Tesla played a pivotal role in transportation. (Refer figure 4)
popularizing high-performance electric vehicles and
The development of a robust charging infrastructure
challenging traditional automotive norms.
is crucial for the widespread adoption of electric
The revival of electric vehicles (EVs) in recent years vehicles. Governments, businesses, and electric utilities
marks a transformative period in the automotive industry, have been investing in expanding charging networks,
characterized by technological breakthroughs, growing including fast-charging stations along highways
environmental consciousness, and a shift towards and charging points in urban areas. This infrastructure
sustainable transportation. expansion addresses the challenge of range anxiety
and enhances the practicality of electric vehicles for
Reasons of Emergence of Electric daily use.
Vehicle Industry The market for electric vehicles has diversified, with
an increasing range of models catering to different
A pivotal player in the revival of electric vehicles has consumer needs. In addition to high-end luxury
been Tesla, led by entrepreneur Elon Musk. Tesla’s electric cars, there are more affordable options, electric
introduction of the Roadster in 2008 marked a SUVs, and electric trucks entering the market. This
significant milestone, demonstrating that electric diversification contributes to a broader adoption of
vehicles could be high-performance, desirable,
electric vehicles across various demographics.
and competitive with traditional combustion engine
vehicles. The success of Tesla’s subsequent models, Electric vehicles often integrate cutting-edge
particularly the Model S, Model 3, and Model X, technologies, including advancements in autonomous
reshaped perceptions of electric vehicles and set new driving. The intersection of electric mobility and
standards for range, acceleration, and technology. autonomous technology is shaping the future of
transportation, offering potential benefits in safety,
One of the key enablers of the electric vehicle
efficiency, and urban mobility.
resurgence has been advancements in battery
technology. Lithium-ion batteries, with their high
energy density and declining costs, became the Types of Electric Vehicles
standard for electric vehicles. Ongoing research In this section, the focus shall be on different types of
and development efforts focus on enhancing battery electric vehicles available in the markets.
60 February 2024
Case Study
Battery Electric Vehicles (BEVs) 3. Reduced Operating Costs: BEVs have fewer
moving parts than traditional vehicles, resulting in
Battery Electric Vehicles (BEVs) represent a category of lower maintenance costs. Additionally, the cost of
electric vehicles that rely solely on electric energy stored electricity for charging is often lower than the cost
in rechargeable batteries for propulsion. Unlike hybrid of gasoline.
vehicles, BEVs do not have an internal combustion
engine and operate entirely on electric power. Here’s an 4. Quiet Operation: BEVs operate quietly compared
in-depth explanation of the concept, key components, to internal combustion engine vehicles, reducing
and advantages of Battery Electric Vehicles: noise pollution in urban environments.
BEVs operate on the principle of electric propulsion, 5. Lower Carbon Footprint: The overall carbon
where an electric motor is powered by energy stored footprint of BEVs depends on the energy sources
in high-capacity rechargeable batteries. These batteries used for electricity generation. In regions with a
are typically lithium-ion batteries due to their high high share of renewable energy, BEVs can have
energy density, efficiency, and relatively light weight.
a significantly lower carbon footprint compared to
The electric motor converts electrical energy from the
traditional vehicles.
battery into mechanical energy to drive the vehicle’s
wheels. (Refer figure 5) 6. Government Incentives: Many governments offer
incentives such as tax credits, rebates, and access
Key Components to carpool lanes to promote the adoption of BEVs.
1. Battery Pack: The heart of a BEV is its battery
pack, which stores and provides electric energy.
Modern BEVs use advanced lithium-ion battery
packs that offer a high energy-to-weight ratio.
2. Electric Motor: BEVs are equipped with one or
more electric motors responsible for converting
electrical energy from the battery into mechanical
energy to drive the wheels. Electric motors are
known for their efficiency and instantaneous
torque delivery.
3. Power Electronics: Power electronics
components, such as inverters and converters, are
crucial for managing the flow of electrical energy
between the battery and the electric motor. They
ensure efficient energy conversion and control
the speed and torque of the motor.
Fig.5: Different Types of Electric Cars & Components
4. Charging System: BEVs come with onboard
charging systems that facilitate the charging of the
battery pack. Charging can be done using various Plug-In Hybrid Electric Vehicles (PHEVs)
methods, including standard AC charging, fast
Plug-In Hybrid Electric Vehicles (PHEVs) represent a
DC charging, and, increasingly, ultra-fast charging
hybrid vehicle category that combines features of both
technologies.
conventional internal combustion engine vehicles and
5. Regenerative Braking System: BEVs often Battery Electric Vehicles (BEVs). PHEVs are equipped
feature regenerative braking systems, which with a rechargeable battery that can be charged via an
capture and convert kinetic energy during
external power source (plugged in), and they also have
braking into electrical energy. This energy is
an internal combustion engine (ICE). This hybrid nature
then fed back into the battery, improving overall
allows PHEVs to operate in electric-only mode, gasoline-
energy efficiency.
only mode, or a combination of both. Here’s a detailed
Advantages exploration of PHEVs, their hybrid characteristics, and
how they differ from BEVs:
1. Zero Emissions: BEVs produce zero tailpipe
emissions, contributing to a reduction in air Hybrid Nature
pollution and mitigating the environmental impact PHEVs are characterized by their dual powertrain
of transportation. systems—a combination of an electric motor and an
2. Energy Efficiency: Electric motors are inherently internal combustion engine. This hybrid architecture
more efficient than internal combustion engines, allows PHEVs to switch seamlessly between electric
leading to higher energy efficiency and reduced and gasoline-powered modes, providing flexibility and
energy consumption. extending the vehicle’s overall range. (Refer figure 5)
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Case Study
Key Components Hybrid Electric Vehicles (HEVs)

1. Electric Motor: PHEVs are equipped with an Hybrid Electric Vehicles (HEVs) represent a category
electric motor powered by a rechargeable of vehicles that integrate both an internal combustion
battery. The electric motor can propel the vehicle engine (ICE) and an electric motor. Unlike Plug-In
independently or work in conjunction with Hybrid Electric Vehicles (PHEVs), HEVs do not have
the internal combustion engine for enhanced a plug-in option for external charging; instead, they
performance. generate electric power through regenerative braking
and the internal combustion engine. Here, we’ll delve
2. Internal Combustion Engine: Unlike BEVs, PHEVs into the working principles of HEVs and their efficiency.
have an internal combustion engine, usually fueled (Refer figure 5)
by gasoline. The internal combustion engine can
be used to provide additional power, especially Main Components
when the battery charge is depleted. 1. Electric Motor: HEVs are equipped with an electric
3. Battery Pack: PHEVs feature a rechargeable motor powered by a small onboard battery. This
battery pack that can be charged using an external electric motor assists the internal combustion
power source, typically a standard electrical outlet engine during acceleration and can operate the
or a dedicated charging station. vehicle at low speeds.
4. Power Electronics: Power electronics 2. Internal Combustion Engine (ICE): HEVs

components manage the flow of energy between also have a conventional internal combustion
engine, typically fueled by gasoline. The internal
the electric motor, the battery, and the internal
combustion engine provides additional power
combustion engine. They optimize energy usage
during high-speed driving or when additional
and control the seamless transition between
power is needed.
electric and hybrid modes.
3. Regenerative Braking: HEVs use regenerative
5. Regenerative Braking System: Similar to BEVs,
braking, a technology that captures and converts
many PHEVs incorporate regenerative braking kinetic energy during braking into electrical energy.
systems to capture and convert kinetic energy This captured energy is then stored in the battery
during braking into electrical energy for the battery. for later use by the electric motor.
Differences from BEVs 4. Automatic Start/Stop: Many HEVs feature
1. Dual Power Sources: The primary distinction lies automatic start/stop systems, which shut off the
in the dual power sources of PHEVs. While BEVs internal combustion engine when the vehicle
rely solely on electric power, PHEVs can operate comes to a stop, such as at traffic lights. The engine
using both electric and gasoline power. restarts automatically when the driver presses the
accelerator.
2. Extended Driving Range: PHEVs have an
5. Power Split Device (PSD): HEVs often incorporate
extended driving range compared to BEVs due to
a power split device, also known as a hybrid
the presence of the internal combustion engine.
transmission. The power split device manages
This makes PHEVs suitable for longer trips, even
the distribution of power between the internal
when there are no charging stations available.
combustion engine, the electric motor, and the
3. Gasoline Backup: In PHEVs, the internal wheels. It allows for seamless transitions between
combustion engine serves as a backup power electric-only, gasoline-only, and combined power
source, providing additional range and eliminating modes.
concerns related to range anxiety, a common Main Advantages
consideration for BEV owners.
1. Fuel Efficiency: HEVs are designed to optimize
4. Flexibility in Charging: PHEVs offer flexibility in fuel efficiency by utilizing the electric motor during
charging. They can be charged via an electric low-speed driving and in situations where the
outlet like a BEV, but they can also rely on the internal combustion engine may be less efficient.
internal combustion engine for power, eliminating The electric motor assists the internal combustion
the need for immediate recharging. engine, especially during acceleration, reducing
5. Reduced Dependency on Charging the overall fuel consumption.
Infrastructure: PHEVs are not as dependent on 2. Regenerative Braking Efficiency: The
charging infrastructure as BEVs since they can regenerative braking system improves overall
operate using gasoline. This can be advantageous efficiency by recapturing energy that would
in areas where charging infrastructure is limited. otherwise be lost as heat during braking. This
62 February 2024
Case Study
Fig.6: Fuel Cell Electric Car & Components (Image source: afdc.energy.gov)
recovered energy is stored in the battery and 2. Hydrogen Fuel: FCEVs store hydrogen in high-
used to assist the vehicle during subsequent pressure tanks onboard the vehicle. The hydrogen
acceleration. fuel is then fed into the anode side of the fuel cell.
3. Automatic Start/Stop Efficiency: The automatic 3. Chemical Reaction: In the fuel cell, hydrogen
start/stop feature reduces idling time, especially in molecules (H2) undergo a chemical reaction at the
city driving conditions, enhancing fuel efficiency anode, splitting into protons (H+) and electrons
by shutting off the engine when the vehicle is (e-). The protons pass through the electrolyte
stationary. membrane to the cathode, while the electrons
are forced to travel through an external circuit,
4. Optimized Power Distribution: The power split generating electrical current.
device ensures that the internal combustion
engine and the electric motor work together 4. Electricity Generation: As the electrons move
efficiently, utilizing each power source for optimal through the external circuit, they create an electric
performance based on driving conditions. current that powers the electric motor of the
vehicle. At the cathode, the protons and electrons
5. Reduced Emissions: By using the electric motor combine with oxygen from the air, forming water
during low-speed and stop-and-go driving, HEVs (H2O) as the only byproduct.
can reduce emissions in urban environments. The
5. Efficiency and Zero Emissions: The efficiency
electric mode, particularly in city driving, allows for
of the fuel cell process is high, and the only
zero-emission operation.
emission is water vapor, making FCEVs a clean
and environmentally friendly option.
Fuel Cell Electric Vehicles (FCEVs)
Key Characteristics of FCEVs
Fuel Cell Electric Vehicles (FCEVs) represent an
innovative category of electric vehicles that utilize 1. Zero Tailpipe Emissions: FCEVs produce zero
hydrogen as a fuel source to generate electricity tailpipe emissions, as the only byproduct of
through a chemical reaction in a fuel cell. FCEVs are the hydrogen fuel cell reaction is water vapor.
distinct from other electric vehicles in their reliance on This feature makes FCEVs a promising solution
hydrogen rather than conventional electric charging. for reducing air pollution and greenhouse gas
Here, we’ll introduce FCEVs, emphasizing their use of emissions.
hydrogen fuel cells. (Refer figure 6) 2. Quick Refueling: FCEVs can be refueled with
hydrogen in a matter of minutes, providing a
Hydrogen Fuel Cell Technology: refueling experience similar to traditional gasoline
1. Fuel Cell Stack: At the heart of FCEVs is a fuel cell vehicles. This quick refueling time contributes to
stack, which contains multiple individual fuel cells. the convenience of FCEVs.
Each fuel cell consists of an anode, a cathode, 3. Long Range: FCEVs typically have a longer
and an electrolyte membrane. The most common driving range compared to battery electric vehicles
type of fuel cell for FCEVs is the proton exchange (BEVs) and can cover substantial distances on a
membrane fuel cell (PEMFC). single tank of hydrogen.
February 2024 63
Case Study
Fig.7: Electric Car Components (Image source: AFDC.energy.gov)
4. Versatility in Applications: FCEVs find Electric motors are known for their high efficiency
applications beyond passenger vehicles, including compared to internal combustion engines. They can
buses, trucks, and even some trains. The versatility convert a large percentage of electrical energy from
of hydrogen fuel cells makes them suitable for a the battery into mechanical energy, contributing to the
range of transportation needs. overall energy efficiency of the electric vehicle.
5. Challenges: Despite their advantages, FCEVs One notable feature of electric motors in EVs is
face challenges related to the availability of regenerative braking. During braking or deceleration,
hydrogen infrastructure, production methods, and the electric motor operates in reverse, acting as a
cost. Establishing a comprehensive hydrogen generator. It converts kinetic energy back into electrical
refueling network remains a key consideration for energy, which is then fed back into the battery for
the widespread adoption of FCEVs. storage. This regenerative braking system enhances
energy efficiency and extends the vehicle’s range. (Refer
Key Components of an Electric Vehicle figure 7)
Electric Motors Batteries

Electric motors are the heart of an electric vehicle’s Batteries serve as the energy storage powerhouse in
propulsion system, responsible for converting electrical electric vehicles (EVs), providing the necessary power
energy from the vehicle’s battery into mechanical for electric motors and other vehicle systems. The types
energy to drive the wheels. The primary types of electric of batteries used in EVs have a significant impact on
motors used in electric vehicles are typically alternating performance, range, and overall efficiency. The most
current (AC) motors, with the most common being prevalent battery technology in EVs is lithium-ion (Refer
the three-phase induction motor and the permanent figure 8), but other types are also considered. Let’s delve
magnet synchronous motor. into the characteristics of these batteries:
Electric motors operate based on the principles of Lithium-Ion Batteries

electromagnetism. When electric current flows through
1. Chemistry: Lithium-ion batteries use lithium
a coil or winding within the motor, it generates a
ions as the charge carriers. Most Li-ion batteries
magnetic field. The interaction between this magnetic
share a similar design consisting of a metal oxide
field and the field produced by permanent magnets (in
positive electrode (cathode) that is coated onto an
the case of synchronous motors) or induced currents (in
aluminum current collector, a negative electrode
the case of induction motors) creates a rotating force.
(anode) made from carbon/graphite coated
The rotational motion produced by the electric motor on a copper current collector, a separator and
is transferred to the vehicle’s wheels through a electrolyte made of lithium salt in an organic
transmission system. This rotational energy propels the solvent. The most common chemistry variants
vehicle forward. include lithium cobalt oxide (LiCoO2), lithium
64 February 2024
Case Study
manganese oxide (LiMn2O4), lithium iron are still in the early stages of development and
phosphate (LiFePO4), and others. commercialization.
2. Energy Density: Lithium-ion batteries are known 2. Nickel-Metal Hydride (NiMH) Batteries: While
for their high energy density, which means they can less common in modern EVs, NiMH batteries have
store a significant amount of energy in a relatively been used in some hybrid vehicles. They offer a
small and lightweight package. This characteristic decent energy density but are bulkier and heavier
is crucial for extending the driving range of compared to lithium-ion batteries.
electric vehicles.
3. Lithium-Sulfur Batteries: Lithium-sulfur batteries
are being explored for their potential to provide
higher energy density than traditional lithium-
ion batteries. Research is ongoing to address
challenges related to cycle life and overall stability.
Power Electronics
Power electronics play a pivotal role in the operation
of electric vehicles (EVs) by controlling and managing
Fig.8: Lithium-Ion Battery Charging & Discharging
the flow of electrical energy between the battery, electric
3. Voltage Stability: Lithium-ion batteries exhibit motor, and other components. The importance of power
stable voltage characteristics throughout most of electronics in EVs lies in their ability to optimize energy
their discharge cycle, providing consistent power efficiency, control motor performance, and ensure the
to the electric motor and contributing to the overall safe and reliable operation of the vehicle.
efficiency of the vehicle.
Energy Conversion and Inversion:
4. Fast Charging: Lithium-ion batteries are capable
of fast-charging, allowing EVs equipped with these A. DC-AC Inverters: Electric motors in EVs require
batteries to replenish a substantial portion of their alternating current (AC) to operate, while batteries
provide direct current (DC) electricity. Power
charge in a relatively short time. Fast-charging
electronics, specifically DC-AC inverters, are
capability enhances the practicality of EVs for daily
responsible for converting the DC power from the
use.
battery to AC power for the electric motor. This
5. Long Cycle Life: Lithium-ion batteries generally conversion is crucial for the seamless operation of
have a long cycle life, meaning they can the electric drivetrain.
undergo numerous charge-discharge cycles
B. AC-DC Converters: During regenerative braking
before experiencing a significant decrease in
or when charging the battery, power electronics
performance. This longevity contributes to the
facilitate the conversion of AC power generated
durability of EVs.
by the electric motor or received from an external
6. Thermal Management: Proper thermal power source (such as a charging station) into DC
management is crucial for lithium-ion batteries to power for storage in the battery.
ensure safety and performance. Advanced battery Motor Control
management systems (BMS) in EVs monitor and
A. Variable Frequency Drives (VFDs): Power
regulate the temperature of the battery cells to
electronics, in conjunction with sophisticated
prevent overheating and optimize performance.
motor control algorithms, enable precise control
7. Cost Considerations: While the cost of lithium- of the electric motor’s speed and torque. This
ion batteries has significantly decreased over the level of control is essential for achieving optimal
years, it remains a notable factor in the overall cost performance, efficiency, and responsiveness in
of electric vehicles. Ongoing research focuses various driving conditions.
on further reducing the cost of production and B. Regenerative Braking Control: Power electronics
enhancing the efficiency of lithium-ion batteries. govern the regenerative braking process by
Other Battery Technologies: efficiently capturing and converting kinetic energy
during braking into electrical energy. This energy
1. Solid-State Batteries: Solid-state batteries are is then fed back into the battery for later use,
a next-generation technology that replaces the enhancing overall energy efficiency.
liquid electrolyte in traditional batteries with a
solid electrolyte. These batteries offer potential Battery Management
advantages such as higher energy density, faster A. Battery Charging Control: Power electronics
charging, and enhanced safety. However, they control the charging process of the battery,
February 2024 65
Case Study
ensuring that it occurs within safe voltage and Level 2 Charging (Residential and Public
temperature ranges. This includes managing the Charging Stations):
charging rate during different charging stages,
hh Voltage: 240 volts (AC)
such as fast charging or slow overnight charging.
hh Power Output: Typically 7 to 22 kW
B. Discharge Control: Power electronics regulate
hh Charging Time: Faster than Level 1, suitable for
the discharge of energy from the battery to the
home and public charging stations
electric motor, maintaining optimal conditions to
prolong the battery’s life and performance. hh Application: Level 2 charging is suitable for both
residential and public charging. It is faster than
Thermal Management: Level 1 and is commonly used at home or at
Cooling Systems: Power electronics generate heat workplaces.
during their operation. Efficient thermal management
DC Fast Charging (Public Charging Stations):
systems, integrated with power electronics, ensure
that components remain within safe temperature limits. hh Voltage: 480 volts (DC) or higher
This involves cooling mechanisms such as liquid hh Power Output: Varies, but can range from 50 kW to
cooling or air cooling to prevent overheating and 350 kW or more
maintain optimal efficiency.
hh Charging Time: Rapid charging, provides a
significant amount of charge in a short time
Efficiency Optimization
hh Application: DC fast charging is designed for public
Power Factor Correction: Power electronics contribute
charging stations and is suitable for long-distance
to power factor correction, improving the efficiency of
travel. It enables quick charging stops, providing
energy transfer between the power source (battery or
a substantial charge in a matter of minutes. (Refer
external grid) and the electric motor. High power factor
figure 9)
is essential for minimizing energy losses and ensuring
a more effective use of electrical power.
Safety Features
Fault Detection and Protection: Power electronics
systems incorporate safety features, including fault
detection and protection mechanisms. In the event
of anomalies or failures, these systems can quickly
respond to protect the vehicle’s components and
ensure the safety of occupants.
Charging Methods & Infrastructure Fig.9: Electric Car Charging Station – Residential & Public
Charging infrastructure is a key component in the Charging Infrastructure

widespread adoption of electric vehicles (EVs). The
availability, accessibility, and efficiency of charging 1. Home Charging Stations: Many EV owners
methods significantly impact the convenience and prefer to install Level 2 charging stations at home.
practicality of electric mobility. Let’s explore the Home charging is convenient, especially for
different charging methods and the infrastructure overnight charging. Home charging stations
needed for EVs: are often hardwired into the electrical system and
offer faster charging compared to a standard
Charging Methods household outlet.
2. Workplace Charging Stations: Installing charging
Level 1 Charging (Standard Household
stations at workplaces encourages EV adoption
Outlet):
by providing employees with a convenient and
hh Voltage: 120 volts (AC) reliable charging option during the workday. Level
2 charging stations are commonly deployed in
hh Power Output: Typically 1 to 2 kilowatts (kW)
workplace charging setups.
hh Charging Time: Slow, suitable for overnight
3. Public Charging Stations: Public charging
charging
stations are crucial for enabling long-distance
hh Application: Level 1 charging is commonly used travel and providing charging options in urban
with a standard household outlet. While it is the areas. These stations can offer both Level 2 and
slowest method, it is convenient for overnight DC fast charging, catering to the diverse needs of
charging at home. (Refer figure 9) EV users.
66 February 2024
Case Study
4. Charging Networks: Charging networks, operated initiatives and industry commitments, positions electric
by companies or utilities, play a role in connecting vehicles as a crucial component in the global pursuit of
charging stations and providing services such as a greener and more sustainable future.
payment processing, charging station location
information, and real-time status updates. This Battery Electric Vehicles represent a clean and efficient
enhances the user experience and contributes to mode of transportation, offering numerous advantages
the growth of the charging infrastructure. in terms of environmental sustainability, energy
efficiency, and cost-effectiveness. The increasing
Challenges and Future Developments: popularity and advancements in battery technology
are contributing to the continued growth of BEVs in the
1. Infrastructure Expansion: A critical challenge
for EV adoption is the need for an expanded and automotive market.
well-distributed charging infrastructure. Continued The development and expansion of charging
investments in infrastructure expansion are infrastructure are critical factors in the widespread
essential to support the growing number of electric adoption of electric vehicles. The availability of diverse
vehicles on the road. charging methods, along with a well-connected and
2. Standardizing charging: connectors and accessible infrastructure, contributes to the overall
protocols is crucial to ensure interoperability success of electric mobility. Ongoing advancements in
among different EV models and charging stations. charging technologies and infrastructure development
Efforts to establish global charging standards will continue to shape the future of electric vehicle
aim to create a seamless charging experience charging.
for users.
3. Ultra-Fast Charging: Ongoing research and References
development focus on ultra-fast charging 1) A. Ahmadian, B. Mohammadi-Ivatloo, A. Elkamel “A
technologies, with charging stations capable of Review on Plug-in Electric Vehicles: Introduction,
delivering power in the range of 350 kW or more. Current Status, and Load Modeling Techniques”
Ultra-fast charging aims to reduce charging J. Mod Power Syst. Clean Energy, 8 (3) (2020),
times further and enhance the practicality of EVs
pp. 412-425
for all users.
2) B. Al Hanahi, I. Ahmad, D. Habibi, M.A.S. Masoum
4. Innovations in Wireless Charging: Wireless
“Charging Infrastructure for Commercial Electric
charging technologies are being explored to
Vehicles: Challenges and Future Works” IEEE
eliminate the need for physical cables. These
systems use electromagnetic fields to transfer Access, 9 (2021), pp. 121476-121492
energy between a charging pad on the ground 3) T. Altenburg, E.W. Schamp, A. Chaudhary
and a receiver on the vehicle, simplifying the “The emergence of electromobility: Comparing
charging process. technological pathways in France, Germany,
China and India” Sci. Public Policy, 43 (4) (2016),
Conclusion pp. 464-475 
The history of electric vehicles is characterized by a
series of innovations, setbacks, and revivals. The early Divyanshu Arora
developments laid the foundation for contemporary Third Year Electronics & Communication Engineering student
electric mobility, and the ongoing advancements at Bharati Vidyapeeth’s College of Engineering. He also has a
suggest a promising future for electric vehicles as a specialization in Renewable Energy, Data Analytics, Fintech,
sustainable and mainstream mode of transportation. IT Support and Machine Learning from Coursera other than a
Google Digital Garage's Digital Marketing Certificate.
The various types of EVs, including Battery Electric
Vehicles (BEVs), Plug-In Hybrid Electric Vehicles
(PHEVs), Hybrid Electric Vehicles (HEVs), and Fuel Dr. Rajesh Kumar Arora
Cell Electric Vehicles (FCEVs) w.r.t. the performance B. Tech. & Master of Engineering (ME) in Electrical
attributes of EVs, including acceleration, range, energy Engineering. A PhD in grounding system design from UPES,
efficiency, and their environmental impact have been Dehradun, he is also a certified Energy Manager and Auditor
discussed. and has worked in 400kV and 220kV Substation for over 14
years in Delhi Transco Limited (DTL). He has held the position
The increasing prominence of electric vehicles is of Deputy Director (Transmission and Distribution) in Delhi
intricately linked to the urgent need to address Electricity Regulatory Commission (DERC) and contributedto
environmental concerns and transition towards the OS department of DTL rendering services in the SLDC
sustainable transportation models. The alignment of EVs of DTL and presently with D&E (Design and Engineering)
with clean energy principles, coupled with government department of the same company.
February 2024 67
Case
CaseStudy
Study
Energy Conservation in Transportation:

Promoting Sustainable Mobility
through Alternative Fuels and Electric Vehicles
This technical paper examines the role of alternative fuels, electric vehicles (EVs),
and sustainable transportation modes in achieving energy conservation and
promoting sustainable mobility.
T he transportation sector is a significant contributor

to greenhouse gas emissions and energy
consumption. To address these challenges, the adoption
Furthermore, transportation-related emissions
contribute significantly to climate change, leading
to global warming and its associated impacts, such
of alternative fuels, such as biofuels and natural gas, as rising sea levels, extreme weather events, and
along with the widespread use of EVs, has gained disruptions to ecosystems. The detrimental effects of
momentum. Additionally, promoting sustainable climate change have spurred a global call for action
transportation modes, including public transportation, to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and transition to
walking, and cycling, can significantly contribute to more sustainable practices.
energy conservation. This paper explores the technical
aspects, environmental benefits, and policy implications The significance of energy conservation
associated with these measures, providing insights in transportation can be understood from
into achieving a more energy-efficient and sustainable various perspectives:
transportation system.
1) Climate Change Mitigation
Keywords : Energy; Transportation; Alternative Fuels; 2) Air Quality Improvement
Electric Vehicles.
3) Energy Security
Introduction 4) Economic Benefits
The transportation sector is one of the largest
5) Technological Advancements and Innovation
consumers of energy, accounting for a significant
portion of global oil consumption. The reliance on 6) Sustainable Development
fossil fuels for transportation has led to concerns about
7) Global Cooperation
energy security, as many countries are dependent on
oil imports, making them vulnerable to price fluctuations Energy conservation in transportation is a multi-faceted
and geopolitical tensions. approach that involves a combination of policies,
68 February 2024
Case Study
technological advancements, and individual actions. By energy intensive, and it can lead to competition for
implementing these strategies, we can reduce energy land and resources with food production, potentially
consumption, lower emissions, and work towards affecting food prices and availability.
creating a more sustainable transportation system.
Existing vehicles can use E10 blends; the availability
of flex-fuel vehicles (capable of running on higher
Alternative Fuels for Energy ethanol blends like E85) is limited, which hampers the
Conservation broader adoption of higher ethanol blends because this
Alternative fuels are non-conventional sources of will require modifications to existing infrastructure to
energy that can be used to power vehicles. They often accommodate higher ethanol blends.
produce fewer greenhouse gas emissions compared
to conventional fossil fuels. Each alternative fuel has Biodiesel
its advantages and challenges. Some are already Biodiesel is another important alternative fuel that has
in widespread use, like ethanol blends in gasoline or gained attention as a renewable and environmentally
electric vehicles. Others are still in the development friendly option for the transportation sector. Produced
and research stages due to cost, infrastructure, and from vegetable oils or animal fats, biodiesel can be
scalability concerns. The adoption of alternative fuels used as a diesel fuel replacement or blended with
often depends on factors like government policies, traditional diesel. Biodiesel offers several advantages
technological advancements, and public awareness as an alternative fuel.
of environmental issues. Some common alternative
fuels include: Biodiesel can be replenished through farming and
agricultural practices, making it a renewable energy
source as well as providing energy security. It has
Biofuels
lower lifecycle greenhouse gas emissions compared
These are fuels derived from biomass, such as plants, to traditional diesel fuel because of its carbon-neutral
algae, or agricultural waste. The two most common cycle. Biodiesel is biodegradable and less toxic than
types of biofuels are ethanol and biodiesel. Biofuels petroleum-based diesel, reducing the environmental
can be used in conventional vehicles with minor impact in case of spills or leaks. It can be used in
modifications and offer reduced carbon emissions existing diesel engines with little to no modifications and
compared to fossil fuels. it has excellent lubrication properties, which can lead to
reduced engine wear and potentially longer engine life.
Ethanol:
However, biodiesel as an alternative fuel also faces
Ethanol is a renewable and relatively clean-burning some challenges and considerations. The availability
alternative fuel that has gained attention as a potential of feedstocks for biodiesel production, such as
replacement or supplement to gasoline in the vegetable oils and animal fats, can be influenced by
transportation sector. Often made from corn, sugarcane, land use considerations, including competition with
or other crops, ethanol is used as an additive in gasoline food production and concerns about deforestation
or as a standalone fuel in certain flex-fuel vehicles. and habitat destruction. In addition, its production
Ethanol is produced from crops, which can be grown requires huge energy particularly in the form of heat
annually, making it a renewable and sustainable source and electricity. It has slightly different properties than
of energy thus enhancing energy security for countries traditional diesel, which can impact storage and fuel
that can produce it locally. Compared to gasoline, quality. Moreover, biodiesel performance poorly in cold
ethanol generally results in lower net greenhouse weather due to increased viscosity and potential gelling,
gas emissions, mainly because the carbon dioxide which can affect fuel flow and engine performance in
released during combustion is offset by the carbon colder climates.
dioxide absorbed by the plants during growth. This
cycle is known as the carbon-neutral cycle. In addition,
it is compatible with existing vehicles with minor
modifications, especially in blends like E10 (10% ethanol
and 90% gasoline) and it has a higher-octane rating than
gasoline, which can lead to better engine performance
and efficiency when used as an additive in gasoline
or in high-compression engines designed specifically
for ethanol. The production of ethanol from crops can
provide economic benefits to rural communities by
creating jobs and supporting agricultural industries.
However, there are some considerations associated

with ethanol as an alternative fuel. Its production is
February 2024 69
Case Study
Natural Gas transported in a liquefied state, which makes it highly

portable and convenient to use.
Compressed Natural Gas (CNG) and Liquefied Natural
Gas (LNG) are forms of natural gas that can be used as As an alternative fuel, LPG offers several advantages.
transportation fuels and it is cleaner-burning fossil fuels LPG combustion produces lower levels of greenhouse
compared to gasoline and diesel. It primarily consists gases and air pollutants in comparison, and it has
of methane and is considered a cleaner-burning option, higher energy content per unit volume compared to
making it an attractive choice for various applications. gasoline, which can result in better fuel efficiency and
longer driving range for vehicles using LPG as fuel.
Natural gas vehicles emit fewer pollutants and Apart from transportation it can be used in a wide range
greenhouse gases like sulfur dioxide and particulate of applications, including heating and cooking. LPG
matter compared to coal and oil, resulting in reduced is produced domestically, reducing dependence on
air pollution and improved air quality. Apart from imported oil and enhancing energy security. LPG can
transportation natural gas can be used in a wide range be easily integrated into existing fuel distribution
of applications, including electricity generation, heating, systems, making it a viable option with minimal
and cooking with higher energy efficiency than those modifications. LPG has built-in safety features, including
using coal or oil, leading to lower fuel consumption and odorants that add a distinct smell for leak detection,
operating costs. Natural gas reserves are abundant and the fuel has a narrow flammability range, making
in many regions, providing a stable and domestically it safe when handled correctly. LPG is often more
sourced energy supply that reduces dependency on cost-effective than other fuels, which can lead to
foreign oil. savings for consumers and businesses, especially in
regions where it is readily available. It can serve as a
The existing natural gas infrastructure, including
transitional fuel during the shift to more sustainable
pipelines and distribution networks, allows for efficient
energy sources, providing a cleaner and more
delivery and use of fuel. Natural gas power plants
environmentally friendly option while renewable
can provide a stable and reliable source of electricity,
technologies continue to develop.
serving as a complement to intermittent renewable
energy sources like solar and wind. While LPG has numerous advantages as an alternative
fuel, it is essential to address some challenges and
Challenges and Considerations of Natural gas include
considerations, such as safety precautions, proper
methane emissions (primary component of natural gas)
handling and storage, and the need for continued
because it is a potent greenhouse gas. Leakage during
efforts to diversify energy sources and promote the use
extraction, transportation, and distribution can offset its
of renewable and low-carbon alternatives. It has limited
climate benefits. While natural gas is cleaner than coal
refueling infrastructure, baring bi-fuel or dedicated LPG
and oil, it is still a fossil fuel, and it may not be sufficient
vehicles, converting existing gasoline vehicles to run on
for achieving deep decarbonization goals necessary to
LPG can be costly, and vehicle owners might be hesitant
combat climate change. Its extraction through hydraulic
to make the switch. LPG-powered vehicles may have a
fracturing (fracking) raises environmental concerns,
slightly shorter range compared to gasoline or diesel
including water pollution and habitat disruption. It can
vehicles. LPG refueling may take longer compared to
be used as a transportation fuel, the infrastructure for
gasoline or diesel refueling, as the tank has to be filled
CNG and LNG is not as widespread and may require slowly to prevent over-pressurization. LPG tanks are
huge investments. bulkier and heavier than gasoline or diesel tanks, which
can affect vehicle design and reduce cargo space in
LPG: Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG) some cases. While LPG emits fewer greenhouse gases
LPG (liquefied petroleum gas) is considered an and pollutants compared to gasoline and diesel, it is
important alternative fuel. Liquefied Petroleum Gas still a fossil fuel and contributes to carbon emissions.
(LPG), also known as autogas, is a mixture of propane Proper handling and storage of LPG are crucial to
and butane. LPG is produced during natural gas ensure safety.
processing and crude oil refining and is stored and
Hydrogen
Hydrogen as a fuel can be used in fuel cell electric
vehicles (FCEVs) or it can be combusted directly in
internal combustion engines. In FCEVs, hydrogen
reacts with oxygen in a fuel cell to produce electricity,
powering the vehicle with zero tailpipe emissions.
Hydrogen can be produced from various sources,
including water electrolysis using renewable energy,
natural gas (via steam methane reforming), biomass,
and other renewable resources. The main byproduct
70 February 2024
Case Study
of hydrogen fuel use is water vapor, making it a clean

alternative. Hydrogen is considered one of the most
promising and versatile alternative fuels for the future.
It is the lightest and most abundant element in the
universe, making it a potential clean and renewable
energy carrier.
Here are some key characteristics and
advantages of hydrogen as an alternative fuel:
1. Clean and Zero Emissions: When hydrogen
is used in fuel cells to generate electricity, the
only byproduct is water vapor, making it a zero-
emission energy source. When used in combustion
engines, it produces minimal emissions, especially
if produced using renewable energy sources. store and transport efficiently. Developing safe and
2. Versatile Energy Carrier: Hydrogen can be cost-effective storage solutions is essential.
used in a wide range of applications, including 4. End-Use Efficiency: Converting hydrogen into
transportation (fuel cell vehicles), electricity usable energy (e.g., electricity or mechanical
generation, heating, and industrial processes. power) involves energy losses in the process,
3. Energy Efficiency: Hydrogen fuel cells have affecting overall system efficiency.
higher efficiency than internal combustion engines, 5. Safety Concerns: Hydrogen has unique safety
and they can convert a greater proportion of the considerations, as it is highly flammable and can
energy content in hydrogen to electricity. cause explosion risks if not handled properly.
4. Energy Storage: Hydrogen can serve as 6. Technological Advancements: Advancements
an energy storage medium, allowing excess in fuel cell technology and hydrogen production
renewable energy to be converted into hydrogen methods are ongoing to improve efficiency, reduce
during periods of low demand and used later when costs, and address safety concerns.
demand is high.
5. Energy Independence: Hydrogen can be Synthetic Fuels
produced domestically from various sources,
Synthetic fuels, also known as synfuels or renewable
reducing dependence on imported fossil fuels and
fuels or e-fuels or power-to-liquids fuels, are a category
enhancing energy security.
of alternative fuels that are produced through chemical
6. Potential for Large-Scale Use: Hydrogen has the processes using non-petroleum feedstocks. They
potential to be used on a large scale to decarbonize are produced by gasification or the Fischer-Tropsch
various sectors, including transportation, industry, process where carbon-based feedstocks like coal or
and power generation. biomass are converted into liquid fuels by capturing
CO2 emissions and combining them with renewable
Challenges and Considerations: energy to create synthetic hydrocarbon fuels. These
However, there are several challenges and fuels can be used in existing ICE vehicles, aircraft, and
considerations associated with the widespread ships, offering a potential alternative to fossil fuels.
adoption of hydrogen as an alternative fuel: Synthetic fuels can be produced from a variety of
sources, including biomass, natural gas, and carbon
1. Production Methods and Costs: The most dioxide captured from the atmosphere.
common method of hydrogen production involves
using natural gas, which generates carbon dioxide Here are some common types of synthetic
as a byproduct. Producing hydrogen using fuels and their characteristics:
renewable energy sources, like electrolysis, can be
1. Synthetic Gasoline: Synthetic gasoline is produced
more expensive and require further technological
through processes like gasification or Fischer-
advancements to be cost-competitive.
Tropsch synthesis. It is chemically similar to
2. Infrastructure Development: The existing conventional gasoline and can be used as a drop-
infrastructure for hydrogen production, storage, in replacement or blended with regular gasoline.
and distribution is limited, and establishing
2. Synthetic Diesel: Synthetic diesel is produced
a robust hydrogen infrastructure is a significant
using similar processes to synthetic gasoline but
challenge.
is tailored to have properties similar to petroleum
3. Storage and Handling: Hydrogen has a low energy diesel. It can be used in existing diesel engines
density by volume, which makes it challenging to without any modifications.
February 2024 71
Case Study
Challenges and Considerations:

hh Production Costs: The
production of synthetic fuels can
be more expensive compared to
traditional fossil fuels, which can
impact their competitiveness and
widespread adoption.
hh Feedstock Availability:
The availability and scalability of
feedstocks, such as biomass or
renewable electricity, can be limiting
factors for large-scale synthetic fuel
production.
hh Energy Intensity: The
processes involved in synthetic fuel
production may require significant
energy inputs, which can affect the
overall energy efficiency of the fuels.
3. Bio-Synthetic Fuels: These are synthetic fuels hh Infrastructure Development:
produced from biomass, such as agricultural Scaling up synthetic fuel production would require
residues, energy crops, or algae. Bio-synthetic significant investment in new infrastructure and
fuels are considered renewable and have the facilities.
potential to reduce greenhouse gas emissions
hh Competition with Other Alternatives: Synthetic fuels
compared to conventional fossil fuels.
face competition from other renewable energy
4. E-Fuels (Power-to-X Fuels): E-fuels are synthetic options, such as electric vehicles and hydrogen, in
fuels produced using renewable electricity the transition to a low-carbon energy future.
to convert carbon dioxide and water into hh In conclusion, synthetic fuels hold promises as a
hydrocarbons. They include power-to-gas (P2G) cleaner and potentially more sustainable alternative
and power-to-liquid (P2L) processes. E-fuels to traditional fossil fuels. Their ability to reduce
have the advantage of potentially using excess greenhouse gas emissions and compatibility with
renewable energy and providing a means of existing infrastructure make them an attractive
energy storage. option for transitioning to a low-carbon energy
5. Carbon-Recycled Fuels: These synthetic fuels system. However, addressing challenges related
are produced using captured carbon dioxide to feedstock availability, production costs, and
from industrial processes or directly from the infrastructure development is essential to realizing
atmosphere, reducing the net carbon emissions their full potential as an alternative fuel source.
when used.
Hydrocarbon Fuels from Non-Petroleum
Advantages of Synthetic Fuels:
Sources
hh Reduced Greenhouse Gas Emissions: Synthetic
fuels, especially those produced from renewable Some researchers are working on producing traditional
sources or carbon-recycled methods, can have liquid fuels, such as gasoline and diesel, from non-
significantly lower greenhouse gas emissions petroleum sources like algae or certain types of waste.
compared to conventional fossil fuels. Hydrocarbon fuels from non-petroleum sources, also
known as drop-in fuels or advanced biofuels, are a class
hh Compatibility with Existing Infrastructure: Synthetic
of alternative fuels that share similar chemical properties
fuels are designed to be compatible with existing
with traditional petroleum-based fuels but are derived
engines, pipelines, and fueling infrastructure,
from non-fossil, renewable sources. These fuels are
allowing for easier adoption. considered promising options for reducing greenhouse
hh Energy Security: By reducing dependence on gas emissions and achieving energy security while
traditional petroleum-based fuels, synthetic minimizing the need for significant changes to existing
fuels can enhance energy security, especially if infrastructure and vehicle technology.
produced from domestically available feedstocks.
Here are some key examples of hydrocarbon
hh Technological Compatibility: The production
fuels from non-petroleum sources:
of synthetic fuels often involves advanced
technologies, which can drive innovation and 1. Hydroprocessed Esters and Fatty Acids
economic development in the energy sector. (HEFA): HEFA fuels are produced through the
72 February 2024
Case Study
hydroprocessing of vegetable oils, animal fats, Challenges and Considerations:

or algae-derived oils. The process involves hh Feedstock Availability and Cost: The availability
hydrogenation to remove oxygen, resulting in and cost of sustainable and abundant feedstocks
a fuel that is chemically similar to conventional are essential for large-scale production of these
diesel and jet fuel. fuels.
2. Renewable Diesel: Also known as green diesel hh Energy Intensive Production: Some production
or hydrotreated vegetable oil (HVO), renewable processes may require significant energy inputs,
diesel is produced from various feedstocks like which can impact the overall carbon footprint and
vegetable oils, animal fats, and waste oils. It can energy efficiency of these fuels.
be used as a drop-in replacement for petroleum hh Competition with Conventional Fossil Fuels:
diesel in existing engines. Advanced biofuels may face competition with
3. Alcohol-to-Jet (ATJ) Fuel: ATJ is a synthetic jet low-cost petroleum-based fuels, especially during
fuel produced from alcohols, such as ethanol or periods of low oil prices.
butanol, through a series of chemical processes. hh Scale-Up and Commercialization: Scaling up
It meets the specifications of traditional jet fuel production and commercializing these fuels on
and can be used in existing aircraft without a large scale can present technical and financial
modifications. challenges.
4. Gas-to-Liquid (GTL) Fuels: GTL fuels are derived
from natural gas through a process called Fischer- Electric Vehicles (EVs) for Energy
Tropsch synthesis. They include synthetic gasoline,
diesel, and jet fuel, which can be used as direct
Conservation
replacements for their petroleum counterparts. Electric vehicles are becoming increasingly popular as
a sustainable mode of transportation. They are powered
5. Isobutanol: Isobutanol is an alcohol fuel that by electricity, reducing or eliminating tailpipe emissions.
can be used as a gasoline additive or blended As the electricity grid becomes cleaner and renewable
with gasoline. It offers certain advantages, such energy sources are used for charging, the environmental
as higher energy content and compatibility with benefits of EVs become even more significant. EVs are
existing engines and infrastructure. vehicles that run on electricity stored in rechargeable
Advantages of Hydrocarbon Fuels from Non- batteries, eliminating the need for conventional internal
combustion engines (ICEs) and reducing or eliminating
Petroleum Sources:
tailpipe emissions. Key points about EVs include:
hh Reduced Greenhouse Gas Emissions: These fuels
can significantly reduce greenhouse gas emissions Electric Vehicles (EVs) play a significant role in energy
compared to conventional fossil fuels, especially conservation and sustainability. They offer numerous
when produced from renewable feedstocks or benefits that contribute to reducing energy consumption
waste materials. and mitigating environmental impacts. Here are some
hh Compatibility with Existing Infrastructure: ways in which EVs contribute to energy conservation:
Hydrocarbon fuels from non-petroleum sources 1. Energy Efficiency: EVs are more energy-efficient
are designed to be used in existing engines and compared to internal combustion engine vehicles.
fueling infrastructure without the need for extensive They convert a higher percentage of energy from
modifications.
hh Energy Security: By diversifying fuel
sources and reducing dependence on
fossil fuels, these advanced biofuels
can enhance energy security and
reduce reliance on imported oil.
hh Drop-in Capability: The drop-in nature
of these fuels means they can be easily
integrated into existing distribution
systems and fueling stations, reducing
the need for new infrastructure.
hh Economic Opportunities: The
production of advanced biofuels can
create economic opportunities in
the agricultural and biotechnology
sectors, as well as in research and
development.
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the grid into vehicle movement, while conventional By embracing electric vehicles and supporting their
vehicles waste a significant portion of energy as widespread adoption, society can move towards a more
heat during combustion. This increased efficiency sustainable and energy-efficient transportation system.
translates to less energy consumption per mile However, to fully maximize the energy conservation
driven. potential of EVs, it is essential to continue promoting
renewable energy sources, improving battery
2. Regenerative Braking: EVs use regenerative
technologies, expanding charging infrastructure,
braking technology, which captures and stores and encouraging sustainable practices in vehicle
energy during braking. This process converts manufacturing and recycling.
the vehicle’s kinetic energy back into electrical
energy, which is stored in the battery and can be
used to power the vehicle again, reducing overall
Battery Electric Vehicles (BEVs)
energy waste. Battery Electric Vehicles (BEVs) are a key driver for energy
conservation and sustainability in the transportation
3. Reduced Dependence on Fossil Fuels: By using
sector. BEVs are powered solely by electricity stored
electricity as their primary energy source, EVs
in onboard batteries. They produce zero tailpipe
help reduce the demand for fossil fuels, including
emissions and offer a longer range with advancements
gasoline and diesel. This reduces the need for oil in battery technology. BEVs offer numerous benefits
extraction, refining, and transportation, resulting that contribute to energy conservation and reduced
in lower associated energy consumption and environmental impact.
environmental impacts.
Here are some ways in which BEVs promote
4. Utilizing Renewable Energy: Charging EVs
energy conservation:
with electricity generated from renewable energy
sources, such as solar, wind, hydro, or geothermal, 1. Energy Efficiency: BEVs are more energy-efficient
further enhances their environmental benefits. It compared to internal combustion engine vehicles.
promotes the use of clean and sustainable energy They convert a higher percentage of energy from
for transportation, contributing to overall energy the grid into vehicle movement, while conventional
conservation efforts. vehicles waste a significant portion of energy as
heat during combustion. This increased efficiency
5. Grid Load Management: Smart charging
translates to less energy consumption per mile
technologies enable EVs to charge during driven.
off-peak hours when electricity demand is lower.
This practice optimizes the use of existing 2. Reduced Dependence on Fossil Fuels: By using
electricity infrastructure, avoids strain on the electricity as their primary energy source, BEVs
power grid during peak hours, and helps conserve help reduce the demand for fossil fuels, including
energy resources. gasoline and diesel. This reduces the need for oil
extraction, refining, and transportation, resulting
6. Energy Storage and Grid Stabilization: EV in lower associated energy consumption and
batteries can be used as energy storage systems greenhouse gas emissions.
when connected to the grid. During periods of
high electricity demand, EVs can release stored 3. Utilizing Renewable Energy: Charging BEVs
energy back into the grid, helping to stabilize it and with electricity generated from renewable energy
support the integration of intermittent renewable sources, such as solar, wind, hydro, or geothermal,
energy sources. further enhances their environmental benefits.
It promotes the use of clean and sustainable
7. Long-term Efficiency Improvements: The energy for transportation, contributing to overall
ongoing development and advancements in EV energy conservation efforts and lowering carbon
technology are leading to more efficient electric emissions.
drivetrains and batteries, which will further enhance
energy conservation in the transportation sector. 4. Regenerative Braking: Like other electric vehicles,
BEVs use regenerative braking technology, which
8. Waste Reduction: EVs have fewer moving parts captures and stores energy during braking. This
and require less maintenance than conventional process converts the vehicle’s kinetic energy back
vehicles, reducing the energy and resources into electrical energy, which is stored in the battery
required for manufacturing and maintenance. and can be used to power the vehicle again,
reducing overall energy waste.
9. Lifecycle Energy Analysis: Studies have shown
that, even when accounting for the energy required 5. Smart Charging and Grid Integration: BEVs can
to manufacture and recycle batteries, EVs have a be charged during off-peak hours when electricity
lower overall energy footprint over their lifetime demand is lower. Smart charging technologies
compared to conventional vehicles. enable optimized charging times, which helps
74 February 2024
Case Study
balance the load on the power grid, reducing strain 4. Smart Charging and Grid Integration: PHEVs
during peak hours and further conserving energy can take advantage of off-peak charging times
resources. when electricity demand is lower. Smart charging
technologies enable optimized charging
6. Grid Stabilization and Energy Storage: BEV
schedules, which can help balance the load on the
batteries can serve as energy storage systems
power grid and promote efficient energy use.
when connected to the grid. During periods of
high electricity demand, BEVs can release stored 5. Utilizing Renewable Energy: When charged with
energy back into the grid, helping to stabilize it and electricity from renewable sources, such as solar
support the integration of intermittent renewable or wind, PHEVs can significantly reduce their
energy sources. environmental impact and promote the use of
clean energy in transportation.
7. Long-term Efficiency Improvements: Ongoing
advancements in battery technology and electric 6. Lower Tailpipe Emissions: During electric-only
drivetrains are leading to more efficient BEVs, operation, PHEVs produce zero tailpipe emissions,
which will further enhance energy conservation leading to improved local air quality and reduced
and extend the driving range of electric vehicles. pollution in urban areas.
8. Lifecycle Energy Analysis: Studies have shown 7. Energy Storage and Grid Support: PHEV
that, even when accounting for the energy required batteries can serve as energy storage systems
to manufacture and recycle batteries, BEVs have when connected to the grid. They can provide grid
a lower overall energy footprint over their lifetime support by releasing stored energy during peak
compared to conventional vehicles. demand periods, contributing to grid stability and
renewable energy integration.
9. Reduced Noise Pollution: BEVs are quieter than
internal combustion engine vehicles, reducing 8. T ransitioning Option: PHEVs serve as a transitional
noise pollution, especially in urban environments. option for consumers who may have range anxiety
or limited access to charging infrastructure. They
Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicles (PHEVs) allow drivers to experience the benefits of electric
driving while having the security of a backup
Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicles (PHEVs) are another internal combustion engine.
important option for energy conservation in the
transportation sector. PHEVs combine an electric motor 9. Incentive for Electric Infrastructure: The
and an internal combustion engine. They can run on increasing adoption of PHEVs can incentivize the
electricity for shorter distances, and the combustion development of charging infrastructure, benefitting
engine provides additional range. Alternatively, PHEVs the broader transition to electric mobility.
may have a larger battery pack that can be charged 10. Behavioral Impact: PHEVs can raise awareness
through an external power source. PHEVs offer lower about electric driving and sustainability,
emissions compared to conventional vehicles. encouraging drivers to make more energy-
conscious choices.
PHEVs offer several benefits that contribute to
energy conservation and sustainability: EV Charging Infrastructure
1. Reduced Fuel Consumption: PHEVs can operate EV charging infrastructure plays a crucial role in
in electric-only mode for shorter trips, reducing the adoption and successful integration of electric
the need for gasoline or diesel consumption. vehicles (EVs) into the transportation system. Different
This mode allows for lower energy consumption charging technologies, such as Level 1, Level 2, and
and fewer greenhouse gas emissions, particularly DC fast charging, offer various charging speeds and
during city driving. capabilities, impacting energy conservation and the
convenience of charging for EV owners.
2. Energy Efficiency: PHEVs benefit from the energy
efficiency of electric vehicles during electric-only Here’s an overview of these charging
operation. They can take advantage of regenerative technologies:
braking to recapture energy during deceleration, 1. Level 1 Charging:
contributing to reduced energy waste.
hh Charging Speed: Level 1 charging is the slowest
3. Extended Driving Range: Unlike battery-only charging option. It typically provides charging at a
electric vehicles, PHEVs have the flexibility to use rate of 120 volts (V) and 15 amperes (A), resulting
their internal combustion engine for longer trips, in a power output of around 1.4 kilowatts (kW).
providing extended driving range without the need hh Charging Time: Level 1 charging is the least
for frequent recharging. energy-efficient and requires the longest time
February 2024 75
Case Study
to charge an EV fully. It can take several hours

to charge a depleted battery, depending on the
battery size and state of charge.
hh Use Case: Level 1 charging is often used with
standard household outlets, making it accessible
to all EV owners. It is suitable for overnight charging
when the vehicle is parked for an extended period.
2. Level 2 Charging:
hh Charging Speed: Level 2 charging operates at 240
volts (V) and can provide charging rates ranging
from 3.3 kilowatts (kW) to 19.2 kilowatts (kW), hh In conclusion, the availability and deployment of
depending on the charging station’s capacity and diverse EV charging technologies are crucial for
the EV’s onboard charger. supporting the widespread adoption of electric
hh Charging Time: Level 2 charging is significantly vehicles. A mix of Level 1, Level 2, and DC fast
faster than Level 1 charging and can fully charge charging infrastructure caters to various charging
an EV in a few hours, depending on the battery needs, enabling energy conservation while
size and state of charge. ensuring the convenience and accessibility of EV
charging for drivers. As EV technology continues
hh Use Case: Level 2 charging is commonly installed to evolve, advancements in charging infrastructure
in residential, workplace, and public charging and charging speeds will further enhance the
stations. It is ideal for daily charging needs and energy conservation benefits of electric mobility.
can provide convenient charging options for EV
owners.
Sustainable Transportation Modes for
3. DC Fast Charging (DCFC):
Energy Conservation
hh Charging Speed: DC fast charging is the fastest
Sustainable transportation modes are those that have
charging option available for EVs. It operates at
a reduced impact on the environment and contribute
much higher power levels, ranging from 50 kilowatts
to long-term ecological balance by promoting efficient
(kW) to over 350 kilowatts (kW), depending on the
and low-carbon options for moving people and goods.
charging station and the EV’s compatibility.
Embracing these modes can significantly contribute
hh Charging Time: DC fast charging can provide to energy conservation and create a more sustainable
an 80% charge in a matter of minutes, making transportation system. They aim to minimize energy
it suitable for long-distance travel and quick consumption, greenhouse gas emissions, and other
charging needs. negative environmental effects associated with
hh Use Case: DC fast charging is primarily used transportation.
for highway charging stations and charging
Here are some examples of sustainable transportation
infrastructure along major travel routes. It is
modes:
designed for fast and convenient charging during
road trips. 1) Public Transportation: Efficient and well-planned
public transportation systems, such as buses,
Energy Conservation Considerations: trams, subways, and trains, can move large
hh Level 1 charging is the least energy-efficient numbers of people efficiently reducing the overall
option, as it operates at a lower power output. It energy consumption and emissions compared
may not be the most sustainable choice for drivers to individual car trips. They provide a more
seeking to minimize their energy consumption and sustainable alternative to private cars, as they have
carbon footprint. the potential to transport a large number of people
in a single journey, reducing traffic congestion
hh Level 2 charging offers a good balance between
and emissions. Investing in and improving public
charging speed and energy efficiency. It is suitable
transportation networks encourage more people
for daily charging needs, including overnight
to use sustainable modes of travel.
charging at home or workplace charging stations.
hh DC fast charging is the most energy-intensive Carpooling and Ride-Sharing:
option due to its high charging power. While Carpooling and ride-sharing services promote the
it is essential for long-distance travel and sharing of vehicles, reducing the number of cars on the
enhancing the convenience of charging, its road. By maximizing vehicle occupancy, these services
widespread deployment should be balanced with help decrease traffic congestion and emissions per
considerations of grid capacity and overall energy passenger, making them more sustainable than
demand. single-occupancy vehicles. Another example is
76 February 2024
Case Study
Car-sharing programs and MaaS platforms that transportation modes such as electric vehicles (EVs).
offer flexible mobility options without the need for Here’s how they contribute to energy conservation:
individual vehicle ownership. These services can lead 1. Efficient Energy Use: Alternative fuels and
to fewer vehicles on the road and promote sustainable EVs offer higher energy efficiency compared
transportation choices. to conventional vehicles. Internal combustion
engines are relatively inefficient, with a significant
Rail Transport:
amount of energy lost as waste heat. In contrast,
Rail systems, including trains and light rail, are an electric motors used in EVs are more efficient,
energy-efficient mode of transportation for long- converting a higher percentage of energy from the
distance travel and commuting between cities. Trains battery to power the vehicle. Alternative fuels like
have a lower carbon footprint compared to airplanes biofuels and natural gas can also be produced with
or cars, especially when powered by electricity from higher energy conversion efficiency compared to
renewable sources. High-speed rail systems are an extracting and refining fossil fuels.
energy-efficient alternative to air travel for medium-
2. Reduced Energy Losses: EVs and alternative
distance travel between cities. They can significantly
fuel vehicles can minimize energy losses during
reduce energy consumption and greenhouse gas
operation. In conventional vehicles, energy is
emissions compared to flights.
wasted through idling, braking, and inefficiencies
Water Transport: in the engine. EVs, with regenerative braking,
can recover and store energy that is typically
Water-based transportation, such as ferries and boats, lost as heat during braking. This regenerative
can be a sustainable option for both passengers and braking technology improves overall energy
cargo. Water transport generally consumes less energy efficiency by reusing energy that would have
and produces fewer emissions compared to road or otherwise been wasted.
air transport for similar distances. Freight transport
by waterways is generally more energy-efficient than 3. Renewable Energy Integration: Electric vehicles
trucks, especially for long-distance hauls. Utilizing have the advantage of being compatible with
these modes for freight transportation can significantly renewable energy sources such as solar and wind
reduce energy consumption and emissions. power. By charging EVs with electricity generated
from renewable sources, the transportation sector
Micro-mobility: can reduce reliance on fossil fuels and transition
Micro-mobility refers to small, lightweight transportation to a cleaner energy mix. This integration promotes
modes, typically including electric scooters, electric sustainable energy use and conservation.
bikes, and other micro-mobility solutions like segways. 4. Reduced Energy Waste in Refining and
They are suitable for short trips and can be a sustainable Distribution: Alternative fuels like biofuels and
alternative to car use, especially in urban areas. These synthetic fuels can be produced from renewable
modes can help alleviate congestion and reduce the sources, reducing the energy wasted in extracting,
environmental impact of short trips. refining, and distributing fossil fuels. Additionally,
since these fuels can be produced locally, the
Eco-Driving Practices: energy required for transportation and distribution
Encouraging eco-driving practices, such as maintaining is minimized, further conserving energy.
proper vehicle maintenance, driving at moderate 5. Shift to Public Transportation and Active
speeds, and avoiding aggressive acceleration and Modes: Sustainable transportation modes, such
braking, can improve fuel efficiency and energy as public transportation, walking, and cycling,
conservation. contribute to energy conservation by reducing
2) Active Transportation: Walking and Cycling: the overall number of vehicles on the road. Public
transportation systems are designed to transport
Walking and cycling are highly sustainable modes of a large number of passengers efficiently, using
transportation that do not rely on fossil fuels, and they less energy per person compared to individual
produce zero emissions and promote physical activity. vehicles. Walking and cycling require no energy
They are particularly suitable for short trips within consumption, relying solely on human power.
urban areas. Promoting pedestrian and cyclist-friendly
infrastructure, such as sidewalks, bike lanes, and 6. Efficient Urban Planning: Sustainable
dedicated paths, encourages people to opt for these transportation systems promote compact and
mixed-use urban planning, which reduces the
energy-efficient modes for shorter trips.
need for long-distance travel. By creating walkable
neighborhoods with easy access to amenities
Energy conservation and public transportation, energy consumption
Energy conservation can be achieved through the use associated with commuting and transportation can
of alternative fuels and the adoption of sustainable be significantly reduced.
February 2024 77
Case Study
7. Smart Mobility Solutions: Integrated mobility improvement of public transportation systems,

systems, incorporating ride-sharing, carpooling, including metro rail, buses, and suburban rail
and advanced traffic management technologies, networks, to encourage people to shift from
optimize transportation efficiency. By utilizing private vehicles to more energy-efficient modes of
data-driven solutions and intelligent routing, these transport.
systems can reduce congestion, travel times, and
8. Promotion of Biofuels: The Indian government
unnecessary energy consumption.
has set targets for blending biofuels, such as
ethanol and biodiesel, with conventional fuels
Policy and Regulatory Considerations to reduce fossil fuel consumption and promote
Indian government has implemented several policies and energy security.
regulatory measures to promote energy conservation in
9. National Mission on Transformative Mobility
the transportation sector. These initiatives aim to reduce
and Battery Storage: Launched in 2019, this
fossil fuel consumption, greenhouse gas emissions,
mission aims to drive clean, connected, shared,
and air pollution while encouraging the adoption of
sustainable, and holistic mobility initiatives,
cleaner and more sustainable transportation modes.
including EV adoption, setting up charging
Here are some key policy and regulatory considerations
infrastructure, and promoting domestic battery
for energy conservation in transportation in India:
manufacturing.
1. National Electric Mobility Mission Plan
(NEMMP): The NEMMP was launched in 2013 to 10. Roadmap for Hydrogen Fuel: The government
promote the adoption of electric vehicles (EVs) is exploring the use of hydrogen as an alternative
and reduce dependence on imported fossil fuels. fuel and is developing a roadmap to promote
It aims to achieve 30% electric vehicle penetration hydrogen-based transportation solutions.
in the country by 2030 and has various incentives 11. Green Urban Mobility Scheme (GUMS):
and subsidies for EV manufacturers and buyers. Launched to provide financial support for
2. Faster Adoption and Manufacturing of Electric implementing urban transport projects,
Vehicles (FAME) Scheme: Launched under GUMS encourages the adoption of clean and
NEMMP, FAME India is a financial incentive energy-efficient public transportation solutions in
program to promote the manufacturing and urban areas.
adoption of electric and hybrid vehicles in various
vehicle segments, including two-wheelers, three- Recommendations
wheelers, and buses. Energy conservation in transportation is a critical
3. Bharat Stage Emission Standards: India has aspect of sustainable development and reducing
adopted the Bharat Stage (BS) emission standards, greenhouse gas emissions. Policymakers, industry
similar to Euro emission norms, for vehicles. The stakeholders, and researchers play essential roles in
implementation of stricter BS emission standards shaping the future of transportation towards energy
aims to regulate vehicular emissions and improve efficiency and environmental sustainability. Here are
air quality. some recommendations for each group:
4. Fuel Efficiency Standards: India has introduced 1. Policymakers:

Corporate Average Fuel Efficiency (CAFE) hh Incentive Programs: Implement and expand
standards for vehicle manufacturers to improve fuel incentive programs for the adoption of electric
efficiency and reduce greenhouse gas emissions. vehicles (EVs) and other low-carbon transportation
These standards mandate specific fuel efficiency
options. These can include tax credits, subsidies,
targets for different vehicle categories.
reduced registration fees, and other financial
5. Green Tax: The Indian government has proposed incentives.
a Green Tax policy, intending to discourage the
hh Regulatory Measures: Enforce and strengthen
use of older and polluting vehicles while promoting
fuel efficiency standards for vehicles, emission
the adoption of cleaner vehicles.
limits, and clean air regulations. Set ambitious
6. National Smart Cities Mission: The Smart Cities targets for the transition to electric mobility and
Mission encourages the development of smart and renewable energy in transportation.
sustainable transportation infrastructure in selected
hh Investment in Infrastructure: Allocate funding
cities, with an emphasis on public transportation,
for the development of charging stations, public
non-motorized transport, and intelligent traffic
transportation networks, bicycle lanes, and
management.
pedestrian-friendly infrastructure. Support the
7. Public Transportation Expansion: The expansion of electric vehicle charging infrastructure
government is investing in the expansion and to make it more accessible to all.
78 February 2024
Case Study
hh Research and Development Support:

Provide funding and support for research and
development in areas like battery technology,
hydrogen fuel cells, and sustainable biofuels to
accelerate technological advancements in the
transportation sector.
hh Sustainable Urban Planning: Promote
sustainable urban planning that prioritizes public
transportation, cycling, and walking to reduce the
need for private vehicle use.
2. Industry Stakeholders:
hh Vehicle Manufacturers: Continue investing in
research and development to improve the energy
efficiency of vehicles, reduce vehicle weight, and
increase battery range for electric vehicles.
hh Charging Infrastructure Providers: Collaborate
with policymakers and other stakeholders to Future Direction and Emerging
build a robust and reliable charging infrastructure technologies
network that can support the growing fleet of
electric vehicles. As the world continues to prioritize sustainability and
energy conservation, the transportation sector is
hh Public Transportation Companies: Invest in
witnessing rapid advancements in technologies and
cleaner and more energy-efficient buses and
innovative solutions to promote energy-efficient and
trains. Improve public transportation services to
low-carbon mobility. Some future directions and
encourage more people to use sustainable modes
emerging technologies in energy-conserving
of travel.
transportation include:
hh Logistics and Freight Companies: Adopt
1. Electrification: The shift towards electric mobility
sustainable practices, such as using electric trucks
is expected to continue, with the development of
for last-mile deliveries, optimizing routes, and
more efficient and longer-range batteries, faster-
employing alternative fuels for freight transport.
charging infrastructure, and improved electric
3. Researchers: drivetrains. This includes the growth of battery
hh Battery Technology Advancements: Conduct electric vehicles (BEVs) and the adoption of
research to enhance battery technology, such electric buses, trucks, and even airplanes.
as increasing energy density, reducing charging 2. Autonomous Vehicles: Self-driving vehicles
times, and improving battery life for electric have the potential to improve energy efficiency
vehicles. by optimizing driving patterns, reducing
hh Alternative Fuels: Explore and develop traffic congestion, and enabling platooning,
advanced biofuels, synthetic fuels, and hydrogen- where vehicles drive close together to reduce
based technologies for various transportation aerodynamic drag.
applications. 3. Vehicle-to-Grid (V2G) Technology: V2G
hh Data Analytics and AI: Use data analytics and technology allows electric vehicles to return stored
artificial intelligence to optimize traffic flow, design energy to the grid during peak demand periods.
efficient transportation networks, and promote It can enhance grid stability, promote renewable
energy-efficient driving practices. energy integration, and offer financial incentives
hh Life Cycle Assessments: Conduct life cycle for EV owners.
assessments to analyze the overall environmental 4. Hydrogen Fuel Cell Vehicles: Hydrogen fuel cell
impact of different transportation modes and vehicles use hydrogen to generate electricity and
technologies, taking into account manufacturing, have the advantage of fast refueling and longer
use, and end-of-life considerations. driving ranges compared to battery-powered EVs.
Collaboration and cooperation among policymakers, Advances in fuel cell technology and hydrogen
industry stakeholders, and researchers are crucial for infrastructure could make these vehicles more
successful energy conservation efforts in transportation. viable for certain applications.
By working together, these groups can accelerate the 5. Sustainable Aviation: The aviation industry is
transition to a more sustainable and energy-efficient exploring alternative fuels and electric propulsion
transportation system, contributing to a greener future systems for aircraft to reduce greenhouse gas
for the planet. emissions and noise pollution.
February 2024 79
Case Study
6. Lightweight Materials and Design: The infrastructure, storage, and safety challenges is
use of lightweight materials, such as carbon vital for broad adoption in a sustainable energy
fiber composites, and aerodynamic design landscape.
improvements can reduce vehicle weight and hh Non-petroleum hydrocarbon fuels cut emissions,
improve fuel efficiency. boost energy security, and diversify sources.
7. Biofuels and Synthetic Fuels: Advanced biofuels Addressing feedstock availability, cost, and large-
and synthetic fuels produced from renewable scale production is crucial for sustainability.
sources or carbon capture technologies can
hh Embracing Battery Electric Vehicles (BEVs) and
offer low-carbon alternatives for existing internal
renewable energy promotes energy conservation.
combustion engine vehicles.
Enhancing battery tech, charging infrastructure,
8. Smart Traffic Management: The integration and sustainable manufacturing, along with policy
of smart traffic management systems and support, accelerates the transition.
real-time data can optimize traffic flow, reduce
congestion, and improve fuel efficiency for all hh Sustainable transportation prioritizes energy
vehicles on the road. conservation, emissions reduction, and a cleaner
future. Electric vehicles, public transportation,
9. Mobility-as-a-Service (MaaS): MaaS platforms
active modes, and government support are
offer integrated and on-demand transportation
essential for this transition.
services, encouraging the use of shared mobility
options and reducing the need for private car
ownership. Acknowledgment
10. Renewable Energy Integration: Integrating The authors of the paper are very much grateful to
renewable energy sources, such as solar and wind, the management of Central Power Research Institute
into charging infrastructure and transportation (CPRI), India for the backup and support of this study.
hubs can ensure that EVs are charged with clean
energy. References
11. Urban Planning and Sustainable Infrastructure:
1. Muhammad Shahid Mastoi, Shenxian Zhuang,
Smart urban planning that prioritizes walking,
cycling, and public transportation, along with Hafiz Mudassir Munir, Malik Haris, Mannan Hassan,
sustainable infrastructure development, can Muhammad Usman, Syed Sabir Hussain Bukhari,
encourage energy-efficient transportation choices. Jong-Suk Ro, “An in-depth analysis of electric
vehicle charging station infrastructure, policy
12. Vehicle Connectivity and Data Analytics:
implications, and future trends”, Energy Reports,
Connectivity and data analytics can help optimize
Volume 8, pp. 11504-11529, November 2022
vehicle performance, predict maintenance needs,
and enable energy-efficient driving practices. 2. Avinash Vinod Shrivastav, Sajidhussain
13. Circular Economy for Electric Vehicle Batteries: Sakirhussain Khan, Rahul Krishna Gupta, Prajkta
Developing a circular economy approach for Ramdas Ekshinge, Parmeshwar N suryawanshi,
electric vehicle batteries, including recycling and “Electric Vehicle Charging Station (Case study on
reusing battery materials, can minimize waste and infrastructure of EV charging station)”, Journal of
improve resource efficiency. Emerging Technologies and Innovative Research,
Volume 7 Issue 4, pp. 2017-2033, April 2020
These emerging technologies and future directions
are part of a comprehensive effort to transform the 3. Lena Partzsch, “Biofuel research: perceptions of
transportation sector into a more sustainable and power and transition”, Energy, Sustainability and
energy-conserving system. Society, Volume 7, Article number: 14 (2017)
4. Elsevier’s Transportation Research Part D:
Conclusion Transport and Environment (www.journals.elsevier.
Energy conservation in transportation is crucial com/transportation-research-part-d-transport-and-
for environmental sustainability, energy security, environment)
and economic growth. Transitioning to cleaner 5. Transportation Research Board (TRB) website
transportation practices combats climate change and (www.trb.org) 
enhances resilience.
hh Shifting to sustainable transportation requires Sumbul Munshi and Saumitra Pathak
EVs, supportive policies, charging infrastructure, Joint Director and Test Engineer
battery tech advancements, and renewable energy Central Power Research Institute
for charging. Switchgear Testing and Development Station
hh Hydrogen offers zero-emission potential and Govindpura, Bhopal, MP,462023
energy storage, but overcoming production, sumbul@cpri.in, saumitra@cpri.in
80 February 2024
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INSIGHT
Natural Disaster Management & Power Restoration

IEEMA columnist Dr. Deepak Lakhapati in his regular column illustrates his experiences from
Oman where he restored power lines and tackled other issues related to the damage caused by
cyclones, storms and hurricanes
G lobal warming, environmental changes is of highest

concern globally. We are witnessing frequent
cyclonic condition resulting in lot of damages to power
areas. The Army, Police and Civil defense troops were
mobilized and about 18,000 people were evacuated
across the Country.
infrastructure, uprooting of trees, damage to housing,
evacuation of affected families and unfortunate loss of The 132 kV double circuit transmission line which links
innocent people. Some of the recent cyclones have
given transmission line engineers, lessons to protect Madinat Sultan Qaboos with Jahloot Circuits 1 & 2
future power infrastructure globally. was down. This caused electrical shutdown on Jahloot
Ministry of Power, Central Electricity Authority in India Grid station, which feeds the entire Welayat Al Amerat
have recently revised the regulations for designing and Welayat Qurayat region, which has more than 40
transmission towers coming under coastal region as villages and 5 major towns.
a preventive measure from blackouts. Similarly, many
countries have investigated criticality of their power
infrastructures adequacy to mitigate the situations.
Some of the examples are given in the article.
Cyclonic damage due to GONU in Oman and

Power Restoration of transmission network
MUSCAT, 03 June 2007 – The Country declared red
alert warning for the CYCLONE GONU, the strongest
tropical storm hit the region with winds of 160 kms an
hour. Weather officials said the Cyclone was strongest
to hit the peninsula since 1977.
Cyclone GONU reached Oman’s Eastern coast
producing strong winds and waves on June 5, 2007.
The streets of Muscat were almost deserted, thousands
of residents were evacuated from Eastern Coastal Picture 1: Tropical Cyclone Gone with storm category
82 February 2024
INSIGHT
Picture 2: Cyclonic advancement of Gonu towards

Oman.
Picture 7: Damages to many of the heavy vehicles
The impact was so devastating, that the country still

shivers at its name.
Cyclonic winds created waves of the height of over 4-5

meters hitting the city and many tall trees got uprooted.
Most of the infrastructure of the city of Muscat was badly
damaged, heavy flooding in the city.
Picture 3: Over 4-5 meters of water waves hitting the The whole country was ripped apart- from their
city of Muscat. highways to roads to the airport. Transmission lines
had collapsed, leaving the country in pure darkness,
including the King’s palace itself.
Most of the transmission line towers suppling

power to the city were washed away due to high intensity
of floods. Even the access to check the damage was
not available.
There was no back up power nor alternative transmission

lines which can temporarily divert the power. After the
water levels receded the MEW’s team went for the
Picture 4: Strong wing speeds hitting the costal trees.
inspection to assess the damage. It was concluded that
the main damaged transmission line will need much
longer time to re-construct, hence it was decided to
construct a temporary line using the wooden poles and
restore power using one circuit.
In this moment of crisis, transmission line EPC company

was called in by MEW and the asked to extend support
in reinstate power at the King’s residence and the city
at the earliest.
Picture 5: Entire city experienced flooding of roads and houses
Immediately the construction crew was diverted from
another project site. All materials required for the
construction was shifted to locations. We had to do the
temporary foundations and protect by stone pitching
surrounded at the base of wood pole. A frame with
three wooden poles and a tie wooden beam fixed at the
top was made as a structure used for power evacuation.
Frame by Frame at shorter spans were erected day

and night, by then all insulators, conductor and other
Picture 6: Damage to all major highways & roads hardware fittings were kept ready for installation.
February 2024 83
INSIGHT
Picture 8: Collapse of major bridges, flyovers made the life

almost standstill. Picture 13: Inspection of the damaged towers to get a firsthand
information by MEW officials
Picture 9: Complete Tower Collapse
Picture 10: Many of towers of the transmission line had

Collapsed.
Picture 11: removal of undamaged insulators for future

use
Picture 12: Inspection of the damaged towers to get a firsthand Picture 14-17: Installation of wood poles for temporary
information by MEW officials restoration of power.
84 February 2024
INSIGHT
near the Sundarbans in West Bengal. Amphan was

the costliest tropical cyclone on record in the North
Indian Ocean, with reported economic losses in
India of approximately USD 14 billion and 129
casualties across India and Bangladesh.
C) Cyclone Fani (2019): Fani struck the eastern coast
of India on May 3, 2019, near Puri in Odisha at a wind
speed of 175 kmph. The extremely severe cyclonic
storm claimed 64 lives and caused substantial
Picture 18: Final commissioned line & restoration of Power. damage to infrastructure, including houses, power
lines, agricultural fields, communication networks
Restoration of electricity was done with day & night and water supply systems.
efforts within 7 days which was very much appreciated
by the Utility D) Cyclone Vardah (2016): Vardah made landfall near
Chennai on December 12, 2016. It was categorised
This crisis helped us develop a direct relationship with as a very severe cyclonic storm. Vardah claimed 18
the primary utility of Oman- Ministry of Electricity and lives in Tamil Nadu and caused extensive damage
Water. We advised the ministry over upgradation of their to infrastructure, uprooted trees, and disrupted
power lines from 132 kV to 400 kV lines. power supply in Chennai and neighbouring areas.
I stayed at Oman, we worked 16 hours a day, and I can’t
be thankful enough to workmen for having cooperated
to such an extent and working late into the nights. It was
solely because of them, that we succeeded with best
possible solution and the line was charged successfully
bringing the life back to normal in 7 days.
"Take away is to extend out-of-way support to customers
during an Emergencies. Power restoration in One week
during Gonu cyclone was well appreciated by MEW and
consultants"
Cyclonic damage in India and remedial

actions
Environmental changes globally are becoming a strong
reason for frequent cyclonic condition resulting in lot
of damages to power infrastructure, uprooting of trees,
damage to housing and evacuation of affected families.
Some of the recent cyclones have given us lessons to
protect future power infrastructure.
Central Electricity Authority have recently revised the
regulations for designing transmission towers coming
under coastal region as a preventive measure from
blackouts.
Following are the worst hit cyclones in recent past in
India where it took quite long to restore infrastructure
back to normal life.
A) Cyclone Tauktae (2021): Classified as an extremely
Pictures 20-22 : devasting situation due to cyclones in India
severe cyclone, Tauktae landed on the southern
coast of Gujarat on May 17, 2021, while India was
battling a fierce second wave of COVID-19. Winds
Texas, USA- Power Crisis due to
of up to 185 kmph, making it the “strongest tropical unprecedented winter storms
cyclone” in at least two decades to impact the west
In February 2021, the state of Texas suffered a major
coast of India.
power crisis, which came about during three severe
B) Cyclone Amphan (2020): Amphan, the first super winter storms sweeping across the United States
cyclone over the Bay of Bengal after Odisha’s super between 10th to 20th of FEB 2021. The storms triggered
cyclone of 1999, made landfall on May 20, 2020, the worst energy infrastructure failure in Texas state
February 2024 85
INSIGHT
history, leading to shortages of water, food, and heat.

More than 4.5 million homes and businesses were
left without power, some for several days. At least 246
people were killed directly or indirectly.
Principally natural gas infrastructure but also to a lesser
extent wind turbines, had caused the grid failure, with a
drop in power production from natural gas more than
five times greater than that from wind turbines. The
limited number of ties made it difficult for the state to
import electricity from other states during the crisis. Picture 26: Houses ,Car parks flooded.
Many of the Transmission lines had collapsed, huge
damage to the infrastructure, many of the houses were
under water, most cars were fully under water.
Last few decades, utilities in USA were having the old
transmission system and no major new transmission
lines were built.
Texas Power Crisis have shaken up the Utilities in USA
for immediate steps for building new transmission lines
to strengthen the existing grid.
Picture 27: Houses ,Car parks flooded
Most Talked about a damage to

Infrastructure due to Hurricane Katrina, USA
Katrina began on August 23, 2005, with the merger of a
tropical wave and the remnants of Tropical Depression Ten.
Early the following day, the depression intensified into a
tropical storm and headed generally westward toward Florida.
On August 25, two hours before making landfall at Hallandale
Beach, Katrina entered the Gulf of Mexico on August 26 and
rapidly intensified. The storm strengthened into a Category 5
Picture 23: Transmission lines badly collpased creating black hurricane over the warm waters of the Gulf of Mexico.
outs
Before weakening to a high-end Category 3 hurricane at its
second landfall on August 29 over southeast Louisiana and
Mississippi.
The largest loss of life in Hurricane Katrina, 80% of the city, as

well as large areas in neighboring, were flooded for weeks. The
flooding destroyed most of New Orleans's transportation and
communication facilities, leaving tens of thousands of people
who did not evacuate the city prior to landfall with little access
to food, shelter, and other necessities.
Hurricane Katrina was a devastating category 5 hurricane that

Picture 24: Transmission lines badly collpased creating black caused 1,836 fatalities and damage estimated between $97.4
outs billion to $145.5 billion in late August 2005, particularly in the
city of New Orleans and its surrounding area
icture 25: Transmission lines badly collpased creating

Picture 28: Heavy flooding, collapse of infrastructure
black outs.
86 February 2024
INSIGHT
Picture 29: Satellite image of storm.
Conclusion
From the above examples, one can notice that the whole world
is experiencing the effect of Global warming, environmental
changes, and its consequences. All out efforts are required
for reducing an impact by, more tree plantations, reducing the
pollution levels, renewable power generation replacing old
traditional generating plants etc.
Detailed study is required to assess the adequacy of existing

transmission grids, alternative back up plans in case of cyclonic
uncertainties, strengthening the transmission networks to
Picture 30: All the houses have been submerged. make it more equipped to sustain the cyclonic conditions.
CSEpower Chuan Shun Electric Company (I) Pvt Ltd

(A Taiwanese Company)
Address : #79-B, KIADB Industrial Area, Jigani Phase I
Jigani, Anekal Taluk, Bangalore- 560105.Karnataka India.
Website : www.csepower.com
Sales : Sanjay Thapaliya / Surya Sharma S.L
Phone : +91 7829903610 / +91 9110496270
Email : sanjay.thapaliya@csepower.com
surya.sharma@csepower.com
• UL Approved
Insulation Systems
up to Class R (220’C)
• Located in 4
Countries with
equal capacity &
Capability
• Customised
Magnetics for all
applications
Dry Type Power & Distribution Transformers & Reactors up to 2.5 MVA and 1 MVAR
Oil Cooled Distribution & Power Transformers up to 5 MVA with BESCOM approval
February 2024 87
Special Feature - TRAFOTECH 2023
1ST
RUNNER UP
Asset Management of Distribution Transformer Fleet

by Analysis of Winding Failure
D istribution Transformers, as defined in the
standard[1], are transformers with capacity under
2500kVA and operating at voltage levels lower than 33kV.
those cases where on-site repair couldn’t be carried
out and the DTR had to be replaced. This is because
the redundancy in most cases LT network allows load
These are often located near load centers and form an shifting allows on-site repair of DTRs with minimum
essential part of utilities’ connect with the consumers. downtime. However, in the event of ‘Failure’, the cost
With changing power scenario, utilities are now giving involved in replacement and refurbishment of DTRs is
impetus to minimizing failure of Distribution Transformers significantly large owing to larger footprint and capacity.
in order to minimize downtime and prevent loss of Following are some characteristic features of the DTR
revenue, all this while optimizing the capital and revenue population of CESC Limited:
expenditures. This has caused a paradigm shift in the
maintenance practices from the conventional periodic 1. Over 8500 in number and mounted on pole
maintenance to ‘Asset Management’. In this regards, structures/ outdoor plinths.
the approach of CESC Limited, a power generation 2. Comprises of DTRs with capacity 315kVA, 400kVA
and distribution company, has been highlighted for its & 500kVA.
operations in Kolkata & Howrah, India.
3. Comprises of both dry-type & oil cooled DTRs.
Keywords- Distribution Transformers (DTRs), Asset
Management, Winding Failure, Core Coil Assembly (CCA) 4. Equipped with AMR-enabled / Smart meters.
5. Fed through an HT network of insulated
Introduction underground cables.
As per the latest figures by CEA[2], the total DTR The utility over time has evolved its practices to suit
population in the country is about 1.3 crore, with a failure its characteristic population of DTRs, with the current
rate nearing 10% annually. This includes circumstances focus being overall health alleviation through ‘Asset
when the DTRs could be either repaired at site or had Management’.
to be replaced on account of failure. A 10% failure rate
would mean a failure of about 13 lacs DTRs annually.
On the contrary developed countries are having a Necessity of Asset Management for
failure rate of about 2%. This presents a huge potential Distribution Transformer
of saving.
The population of Distribution Transformers in any
In the context of the paper and with regard to CESC’s utility is huge. In CESC’s context, these are over 8500
operations, the term ‘Failure’ has been used to indicate in number and scattered over the entire licensed area.
88 February 2024
Since the per unit cost of these assets is relatively iii. Modified condition monitoring methods.
less, opting for a Time Based Maintenance (TBM) /
Preventive Maintenance (PM) is often uneconomical.
iv. Modified asset retirement policy.
This calls for a shift from the conventional ‘Maintenance’
philosophy to the ‘Asset Management’ philosophy. Causes Of Dtr Failure And Impressions
‘Asset Management’ encompasses measures targeted
at the overall health alleviation of the entire population
On Core Coil Assemly (Cca)
and enhancement of the capability of assets to survive The analysis of failures overtime has presented
anomaly. conclusive evidences of failure due to the following
reasons. In some of these events, a repetitive impression
Identification of such measures requires the analysis
is observed on the CCA.
of failures to make informed decisions regarding the
proposed changes. Natural Ageing- DTRs after running for >25 years under
optimal conditions are susceptible to failure owing to
Analysis As An Integrated Part Of natural degradation of paper insulation. Under such
Asset Management circumstance paper insulation of the entire winding
appears equally brittle and failure initiates from the HV
Taking the Asset Management philosophy forward,
winding through inter-turn short circuit within coils.
every decommissioned DTR is brought back to the
utilities own godown for necessary inspection. Only
after thorough inspection process further action is
finalized based on the winding & accessories condition.
In case of core / winding failure, which is irreparable at
own works, is then goes through further investigation to
identify the root cause of the failure.
The root causes and its historic statistical data is then
analyzed further to identify the following-
i) Relation of the root cause to installation, operation
& maintenance practice.
ii) Annual contribution & overall contribution of the
root cause to DTR failure.
iii) Other / secondary effects and possibilities of Figure 2: Failure due to natural ageing
condition monitoring.
Direct Water Ingression- Water ingression is common
These information acts as “Asset Knowledge Enablers” through holes on rusted conservator tops & loosened
of “DTR Asset Management Process”. / damaged gaskets on transformer tank. Water being
denser than oil tends to settle at the bottom and gets
absorbed by the paper insulation of the bottom coils
making the locus of failure centralized at the bottom
coils of HV winding.
Figure 1: Asset Management Process
This “Asset Knowledge Enabler” helps to upgrade /

modify the overall asset management process through
i. Modified DTR specification.
ii. Modified installation and O&M practice. Figure 3: Failure due to direct water ingression
February 2024 89
solid insulation. The solid insulation aging rate can

go up to 25 – 30 time higher with respect to the
natural speed. Additionally bubble formation or
condensation may cause acute insulation failure.
ii. Overheating- Can be caused by short term
overloading / choked cooling circuit / oil leakage
from bushing / oil pilferage leading to falling
of oil level below radiator levels resulting in
loss of circulation of oil. Under each of these
circumstances, the locus of failure is towards the
top coil.
Figure 4: Rusted Conservator Top causing water ingression
Overloading- This accounts for failures where the DTRs

failed while operating under overload. The loading
status is confirmed through the Smart Meters placed
with the DTRs. Such failures occur when the hottest-
spot temperature rise exceeds the limiting value for that
particular class of insulation. These are more common
in dry-type transformers as compared to oil-type DTRs
due to the low overload withstand capability of the Dry-
type DTRs[3]. The failure is located towards the top coil
and initiates from the LV winding as expected due to the
natural circulation of oil/air from bottom to top with the Figure 6: Accelerated ageing on account of low oil level
top being the hottest.
In-tank Flash- In tank flash is often associated with
flashover at accessories placed inside the main tank
like tap-link board, Riser connections, HT isolator
(special cases in CESC Ltd.) etc. In situations where
these cause irreparable damage to the windings / paper
insulations. In most of the cases, the high temperature
generated by the in-tank flash damages the insulating
papers. In some cases molten coppers / other metallic
particles falls into the active winding resulting to
subsequent failure.
Figure 5: Failure due to overload Figure 7: In-tank flash caused by tap-link board failure.
Accelerated ageing- Following factors contribute to Mechanical failure- Mechanical failure occurs due
the accelerated ageing[4] of paper insulation: to poor short-circuit withstand capability[5] of CCA
and occurs while feeding a fault in close vicinity of
i. High Moisture inside DTR- Occurs while operating the downstream network. This is often accompanied
in largely humid environment with saturated by axial and radial deformation of windings/ core or
breathers. With high moisture content, the high both. In most of the cases, the tapped winding gets
rate of pyrolysis can lead to faster deterioration of affected first.
90 February 2024
Apart from this there are certain manufacturing defects

like zigzag placing of coil spacers, use of poor grade
of conductor, winding of coils with insufficient pressure
etc. that may lead to failure in the long run. Ingression
of external entities through explosion vent, falling of rust
particles from rusted conservator tops etc. might also
lead to failure.
Another very common cause of failure is due to lightening
impulse/ surges. However, in CESC’s context, this isn’t
significant as almost the entire HV distribution network
comprises of insulated underground cables.
Modifications of DTR Asset

Figure 8: Failure after repeated fault in LT feeder
Management process based on
Winding hotspot - Improper brazing at coil/tap
connections leads to hotspot. Failure in such cases is
individual Identification and / or
localized with melted copper. Statistical Analysis
The adopted methodology for DTR asset management
process modification can be explained through the
following process flow-diagram.
Presently during inspection of site returned DTRs
it is concluded first if the core / winding is damaged
or not. In case of accessories failure only, the DTR is
repaired within the own works. On the contrary, if the
core / winding is damaged, the said DTR goes through
detailed investigation to confirm primary root cause
before being sent to the repairer for necessary repairing.
Figure 9: Failure due to Hotspot at coil connections
Core Failure- Use of high loss core leads to melting of

varnish and short circuit between laminations, further
increasing the losses. Eventually, this leads to failure
of LV winding.
Figure 10: Core Displacement Figure 11: Process Flow Diagram
February 2024 91
After identification of primary root cause & subsequent

statistical analysis, possible preventive actions &
their cost of implementation is finalized. If the cost of
implementation is found to be low then subsequent
viability check, pilot implementation is done. If found to
be sustainable then this is incorporated into the DTR
asset management process. On the other hand, if the
cost of implementation if found to be high, then the cost
benefit analysis is done. If the Return on Investment
(ROI) is acceptable, the process is adopted to be a
part of fleet management through viability check & pilot
implementation.
Figure 13: Conservator & Vent Pipe
As an outcome of the improved asset management
practice, the percentage failure contribution of different
On-site painting of DTRs
root causes varies with time.
Substantial number of DTR failed during rainy seasons
Examples and Experience Sharing due to water ingression inside main tank. In most of the
cases, the water penetrated through hole on metallic
Modified radiator position parts developed due to rusting. In order to prevent such
incidents, following process has been incorporated-
Accelerated aging of DTR winding caused by cooling
circuit choked was one of the major concerns. The a. New / repaired DTR painting quality check.
primary cause was oil leak from DTR bushing resulted b. Identification of rusted DTRs through condition
into oil level below bushings. Therefore, in a DTR if monitoring.
the top radiator header is above the bushing level, the
natural oil circulation gets affected when the oil level c. On-site painting of rusted DTRs.
drops below bushing level. In order to prevent such
incident both new & repairing spec mandated the top Evolution of tap-link board & shift to tap-less
radiator header below bushing level since 2005. winding
In tank flash leading to damage of windings was
observed to be resulting from a short circuit at tap
link board or sludge accumulating and creating a
short circuit path. In order to prevent this, the design
was modified to keep the tap-link board at an angle to
prevent sludge accumulation. It was also observed that
tap-leads coming out of common conduit were more
prone to failure, following which singly insulated tap-
leads with support. However, with significantly reduced
tap changing requirement, the utility opted for a tap-less
design aiming at better coil binding strength and an
elimination of all tap-link board related failures.
Apart from these, the utility focused on developing a
robust manufacturing & refurbishment quality control
process that includes:
Figure 12: After Modification a. Design review

b. Material quality inspection
Modified location of conservator pipe & vent pipe
c. Stage inspection
A significant quantity of DTR found failing due to rust /
foreign particles falling of the core coil assembly (CCA) d. Routine tests & type tests
through conservator pipeline and vent pipe. To prevent The impact of these changes could be visualized in
this, the conservator pipeline and vent pipe has been terms of the lowered failure rate, i.e., less than 0.4% of
specified to be placed at a corner of the main tank top the entire population in 2022-23 from about 1.2 % in
cover. Additionally, the conservator pipeline aperture at 2012-13. Contribution of different factors towards failure
the main tank top cover is equipped with a deflector have also changed allowing the utility to prioritize the
plate. actionable areas and measures.
92 February 2024
ailure-Special
Examples of 2023
Feature - TRAFOTECH Learnings & Modifications
y control team is tasked to
Parameters 2012-13 2022-23
Natural Ageing Only 6% 28%
Water Ingression 22% 19%

w the specification
Overloading
at least once31% 9%
ry 6 months.Accelerated ageing 17% 9%
acturing Manufacturing
& refurbishment
Defect 3% 9%
y check through
In-tank Flash
design review, 8% 6%
Mechanical Failure 3% 6%
al quality check,
Winding Hotspot
stage
2% 6%
tion and routine &
Foreign object type tests.7% 6%
Painting DTRs at site to prevent
Thus, it can be concluded that postmortem analysis
godown Coreoverhauling
Insulation Failure quality
1% 0%
of DTR winding failure must not be considered as a
water ingression through
separate entity in the asset lifecycle but an integrated
nce. part of the essential ‘Asset Management’.
rusted vent, radiator
Modern Solutions for Additional
ories & spars
Impact quality assurance Path Forward
conservator or damaged seals.
With significant availability of past data, the utility is
With the evolving technological scenario, the utility aiming to develop solutions for ‘AI & ML Based Dynamic
has shifted its focus to data driven solutions. In order Health Indexing of DTRs’ that not only accounts for the
hi, INDIA to enable this, the first step has been incorporation operating conditions of DTRs like loading, actual age
Aim is to ensure DTR reliability with probable defects

of Smart Meters to the entire DTR population. This in
turn has facilitated a geographical mapping of sources
etc. but also additional inputs like the performance of
DTRs of a particular make & lot. This will enable failure
and identification of the ones operating beyond their prediction with greater accuracy allowing the utility to
capacity and the ones running underloaded. With plan its expenditure & investments. A primary model in
proper network planning, the utility has been able to pilot from has been developed and its accuracy is being
lower the failures occurring on account of overload. monitored.
Apart from this, it has been able to build an extensive
Since the field presents huge potentials of saving,
asset management system to track the entire lifecycle of
greater efforts need to be put in to extract those.
the asset including its operation and maintenance. The
inputs are being used for taking decisions regarding References
on-site repair/ replacement/ refurbishment of the asset.
[1] Outdoor Type Oil Immersed Distribution Transformers
Additional projects like ‘IoT based Remote Monitoring’ of Upto and Including 2 500 kVA, 33kV - Specification
certain parameters like oil level, temperature & humidity Part 1 Mineral Oil Immersed (Fourth Revision), IS 1180
inside various chambers have been implemented at Part-1, 2014
strategic locations with the aim of preventing failures [2] ‘Guidelines and Best Practices for O&M of Distribution
due to high moisture ingression etc. Transformers’ by Central Electricity Authority
[3] Power transformers - Part 12: Loading guide for dry-type
Conclusion power transformers, IEC 60076-12:2008
According to the latest figures, the winding failure [4] C57.96-1989 - IEEE Guide for Loading Dry-Type
percentage of the utility in the past few years has Distribution and Power Transformers
been significantly low, less than <0.4% of the entire
[5] Power Transformers –Part 5: Ability to withstand short
population. One of the aspects that has contributed
circuit, IEC60076-5, Edition 3.0 2006-02 
to this, certainly has to be its approach towards the
postmortem analysis of failed DTRs and subsequent
Debashis Sikder
follow-up for alleviation of root-causes. Switching B.Tech, Electrical Engineering
from the conventional ‘Maintenance’ philosophy to Dy. Manager
‘Asset Management’ has kept its operations economical CESC Limited, Kolkata
even with no significant revision in tariffs over the past
few years. Prachi Sharma
B.Tech, Electrical Engineering
In the recent ‘CEA Guidelines on O&M of Distribution Distribution Engineer
Transformers’, these practices have been reiterated. CESC Limited, Kolkata
February 2024 93
Guest Article
Importance of
Electrical Safety in
eMobility
The authors elucidate upon
safety as an imperative element
to the concept of eMobility
I n India electrical safety monitoring

solution in electrical systems in
general was always an option and add-
on suiting the budget. It was not an
integral part of electrical systems design
and was at the mercy of mandatory
regulations and legislations. It was and
is in many instances considered as an
additional cost and kept in abeyance.
However, with exposure to global quality

requirements, international industrial
standard recommendations and with
experience in real life electrical hazards
and accidents there is a change in
attitude and perception. Further
complexity in design calls for inclusion
of electrical safety monitoring solutions
as an integral part of electrical systems
design, installation and maintenance.
eMobility ecosystem which includes
eVehicles and charging infrastructure
including storage batteries by its
intrinsic electrical power use come
under the purview of requirement of
mandatory reliable electrical safety
solution for asset and human safety.
Importance of electrical
safety in e-mobility
Electrical safety is crucial in e-mobility
because electric vehicles (EVs) are
94 February 2024
Guest Article
powered by high-voltage batteries and electric motors, grounding used in electrical installation. Grounded and
which pose a potential electrical hazard to drivers, Ungrounded. In grounded system the electrical power
passengers, and maintenance personnel and loss of source reference pole is connected to ground/chassis.
infrastructure property. Safety measures must be in In an ungrounded system the electrical power source is
place to prevent electric shock, fire, and other hazards not connected in any way to ground/chassis and totally
associated with high-voltage systems. Also continuity floating and insulated from ground/chassis.
of power supply is of utmost importance for ensuring
The use of ungrounded system is the cornerstone
availability of the system.
in the electrical design of e-Vehicle and charging
infrastructure in eMobility ecosystem. Ungrounded
Battery safety electrical system if designed intelligently is inherently
The high-voltage batteries used in EVs are potentially safe against electrical hazards namely electrical
dangerous, and any damage or malfunction can shock and fire. Further ungrounded system increases
cause a fire or explosion. Therefore, the battery must continuity and availability of electrical system. For
be designed, manufactured, and tested to ensure its encashing the benefit of ungrounded system the first
safety. Additionally, proper installation, maintenance, insulation to ground fault should be monitored, detected
and storage are necessary to prevent accidents. and annunciate to user. For this function some form of
high accuracy and sensitive online insulation leakage
Charging safety monitoring system should be deployed. IEC standards
recommend the use of such insulation monitoring
EV charging infrastructure requires proper device for 24x7 monitoring of insulation in the eV and
installation design including grounding and their chargers.
protection from electrical faults. Safe charging
stations must be installed in accordance with local
regulations and international standards to avoid electric
Which is the best insulation
shock or fire. monitoring method in E vehicles?
There are several insulation monitoring methods used
Vehicle safety in electric vehicles (EVs) to ensure electrical safety. The
The high-voltage electrical system in an EV must best method for insulation monitoring in an EV depends
be designed to prevent electric shock to occupants on factors such as the type of vehicle, the electrical
in the event of an accident. Further insulation faults system, and the specific safety requirements.
and leakages may cause fires endangering the life of Some commonly used insulation monitoring methods in
occupants and loss of asset. Safety features such as EVs:
automatic disconnect of the battery in the event of a
collision and monitoring of insulation of high-voltage Legacy cheap passive method
components can help prevent accidents.
old passive method historically originated in telephone
DC power distribution system and later spread into
Maintenance Safety various electrical installations mostly DC supplies.
Maintenance personnel must be properly trained to It uses a voltage divider series resistance circuit
handle high-voltage electrical systems, and safety connected across the 2 poles of power source with the
protocols must be in place to prevent accidents during midpoint connected to ground/chassis. The voltage
repairs or maintenance. unbalance between each pole with respect to ground is
monitored for any insulation fault. However this passive
In summary, electrical safety is critical in e-mobility
method is not very accurate and sensitive to high
to ensure that EVs are safe for drivers, passengers,
resistance insulation faults for advance prediction and
maintenance personnel, and the environment. Proper
does not detect symmetrical faults. Further this passive
design, installation, and maintenance of high-voltage
measurement technology is susceptible to electrical
systems can help prevent accidents and ensure the
noises and does not provide reliable and stable reading
safety of all stake holders.
and causes spurious alarms. Not recommended by
current IEC standards.
e-Mobility Electrical Installation
Design Online insulation monitoring
The electrical power system design with its ground/ online insulation monitoring continuously measures
chassis referencing plays a crucial role in the inherent the insulation resistance of the electrical system and
safety of EV and charging infrastructure. The type provides real-time information about the condition
of ground referencing of electrical power source of the insulation. This active measurement method is
with respect to ground/chassis plays an important more sophisticated and can detect high resistance
role in ensuring safety. There are 2 major types of faults earlier than passive insulation monitoring or any
February 2024 95
Guest Article
What is the importance of Electrical

safety in E mobility and its impact on
man & machine?
Electrical safety is of utmost importance in E-mobility,
as it directly impacts both man and machine. Here are
a few reasons why:
Protection of human life: Electric vehicles (EVs)
and electric charging stations carry high-voltage
electricity, which can be dangerous if not designed
properly. In case of an electrical fault, this voltage can
cause electric shock, burns, or even death. Proper
other method of Insulation monitoring. Further this safety measures need to be in place to prevent such
Online insulation monitoring is commonly used in high- accidents from happening.
voltage systems where the consequences of insulation
failure can be severe. Recommended by current IEC Protection of the vehicle
standards.
Electric vehicles and their components are sensitive
Is Online insulation monitoring better than passive to electrical faults, which can lead to damage to the
insulation monitoring in e vehicles vehicle’s battery, motor, or other electrical components.
Online and passive insulation monitoring are two Proper safety measures ensure that these components
methods used in electric vehicles (EVs) to detect are protected, preventing expensive repairs or
insulation faults and ensure electrical safety. replacements.
Passive insulation monitoring involves periodically Regulatory compliance
measuring the insulation resistance in terms of
unbalance voltage of the electrical system circuit Many countries have specific safety standards that
with respect to ground and to detect any changes, electric vehicles and charging stations must adhere to.
which can indicate an insulation fault. However, in Complying with these standards not only ensures safety
the case of symmetrical faults, this will not show any but also helps manufacturers avoid legal liabilities and
faults as the system is still balanced thereby leading financial penalties.
to a potential hazard of electric shock, fire, and other
associated hazards. This method is commonly used Public perception
in low-voltage telephone electrical systems and pure Safety is a critical factor in building public trust in electric
AC/DC distribution system without any nonlinear vehicles. Any accidents or incidents involving electric
loads and electrical noises and is relatively simple and vehicles can damage the public perception of EVs and
inexpensive. Not reliable for predictive monitoring. slow down their adoption.
On the other hand, online insulation monitoring Overall, electrical safety in E-mobility is crucial
continuously measures the insulation resistance of for protecting both human life and the vehicles
the electrical system with respect to earth for both themselves. By implementing proper safety measures,
asymmetrical and symmetrical including high resistance manufacturers can ensure the safety of their customers
faults and provides real-time information about the and build public trust in electric vehicles.
condition of the insulation. This is a widely used method
in the European and US market considering the safety
of man and machine.
Benefits of using an Online
Overall, the best method of insulation monitoring in
insulation monitoring system
EVs is online insulation monitoring as it takes care of all
the electrical design and installation issues in modern
Early detection of insulation faults
nonlinear electrical systems with presence of high EMI/ Insulation faults can occur in the electrical components
EMC noises. However, it is expensive compared to all of E-vehicles, such as the battery or motor, and eV
others methods but worth its price considering human Chargers which can lead to unsafe conditions or
and asset safety. As per ARAI, the choice of method component failure. Online insulation monitoring can
depends on the specific requirements of the vehicle’s detect these faults early on, allowing for timely repair or
electrical system and the level of electrical safety replacement before they cause further damage.
needed to be based on the voltage levels. However, in
general with high voltage, it is desired to have online Improved safety
insulation monitoring taking into account human and Insulation faults can create hazardous conditions
asset safety. for E-vehicle occupants and charger users and
96 February 2024
Guest Article
surrounding individuals. Early detection and Data tracking and analysis

resolution of these faults through online insulation
monitoring can prevent accidents and increase Online insulation monitoring systems can provide data
overall safety. on the insulation resistance and overall health of the
electrical components of the vehicle. This data can be
Reduced maintenance costs tracked and analysed over time, providing valuable
insights into the performance and maintenance needs
Insulation faults can cause costly repairs and of the vehicle.
replacements if left unaddressed. Online insulation
monitoring can catch faults early on, reducing the need Overall, online insulation monitoring in E-vehicles
for extensive repairs or component replacements and and e-vehicle chargers can offer numerous benefits,
lowering overall maintenance costs. including improved safety, reduced maintenance costs,
and increased efficiency. By identifying insulation faults
Increased vehicle efficiency early on, E-vehicle owners can ensure their vehicles
operate safely and efficiently over the long term. 
Insulation faults can cause electrical systems to operate
less efficiently due to leakages, leading to reduced P. K. Bhattacharyya
vehicle performance and range. Online insulation
Post Graduate Electrical Engineer with more than
monitoring can identify and correct these faults,
33 years’ experience in the E&E system application
improving the efficiency of the vehicle and maximizing
design. Having served Nuclear Power Corporation,
its range.
Department of Atomic Energy for 18 years, in 2008 he
launched Bender Germany’s subsidiary in India.
Fire safety
Insulation leakage and faults may initiate fire Srinivas Rao G
in case of short circuits endangering the life An Instrumentation Technology graduate, with over 25
of occupants in eVehicles and protect against years of experience serving Raymond's, Lafarge and
damage of eV. Similarly it will enhance fire safety of ABB and now with Bender India as
eVehicle chargers. Jt. Managing Director.
February 2024 97
Guest
GuestArticle
Article

Performance of Energy Efficient Motors
The authors elaborate upon how correct selection and actual site conditions on motor performance
affects the level of energy efficiency in the performance of motors
T he E&E industry today is well aware that the use

of energy efficient motors is imperative for optimum
utilization of energy for its operations.
necessary to understand the impact of these variations
on motor performance, especially efficiency, to ensure
optimum utilization of motors.
We are now at a stage when all users are aware of the Abnormal conditions often prevalent in industry are:
benefits of using energy efficient IE3/ IE4 motors and
A) High/ Low supply voltage
are ready to upgrade to motors of higher efficiencies.
However, in order to achieve planned goals of energy B) High/ Low supply frequency
saving through the use of such motors, it is important for
C) Combined voltage and frequency variation
users to understand the effect of correct selection and
actual site conditions on motor performance. Failing to D) Unbalance in supply voltage
do so could nullify the benefits offered by the adoption
of energy efficient motors. E)Harmonics in supply for VFD operation
This paper covers the impact of site conditions on F) Partial load operation
the starting and running performance of 3-phase G) High site ambient temperature
induction motors. The paper considers abnormal
operating conditions such as variations and unbalance The Indian standards on 3-phase motors allow voltage
in electrical supply conditions as well as variation in variation of +10% and frequency variation of +5% in
loading of induction motor, to explain their impact on supply conditions. The allowed combined variation of
the motor performance. voltage and frequency is limited to +10%.
The declared performance parameters of motors, like

efficiency, power factor, speed, current, starting torque High/Low supply voltage
and starting current, refer to rated supply conditions When the motors operate on under-voltage, they draw
and at rated load. Very often it is observed that the higher current for a given load torque. This reduces
motors are not operated on rated supply condition of motor efficiency, increases I2R losses and the heat
voltage and frequency and are often under loaded. It is generated in the motor.
98 February 2024
Guest Article
Figure -1 shows the variation in full load efficiency with Figure-3 shows variation of performance values with
respect to supply voltage. respect to supply frequency.
Figure-1 – Efficiency vs Voltage
Thus the full load efficiency reduces for under-voltage.

This also results in drop in starting torque and motor
speed. Over-voltage leads to drop in power factor and
increase in starting current of the motor due to increased Figure-3
flux densities in yoke, teeth and air gap.
Table-1 and Figure -2 shows the effect of supply voltage Combined voltage and frequency
variation on other performance parameters – power variation
factor, speed (RPM), starting torque and starting current
of a 15 kW 4 pole motor. The effect of combined voltage and frequency
variation on motor performance is illustrated in Table-3.
Table-1
Table-3
Unbalance in supply voltage

The voltage unbalance refers to supply conditions
wherein the line-to-line voltages are not same in all the
phases. This results in unbalanced currents in stator
windings. This condition induces circulating current
leading to higher stator I2R losses, higher slip, higher
rotor copper losses, increased heating and reduction
in motor efficiency. The increased temperature rise and
reduced torque greatly influences output of the motor.
Under these conditions, in order to maintain safe
operation of the motor, it becomes necessary to reduce
Figure 2 the load on motor by a factor (deration factor) as given
in Figure-4. The unbalance in supply system also
High/Low supply frequency induces torque pulsation and increased vibrations.
Table-2 shows effect on motor performance when

operated on frequency lower or higher than its rated
frequency. Operation on lower supply frequency
reduces full load efficiency and power factor.
Table-2 Figure 4
February 2024 99
Guest Article
Table-4 shows tested value of line current, motor losses The selection and the margin between motor kW
and temperature rise of a mid-sized motor. The voltage and load BkW are important considerations for
unbalance of 5% can cause current unbalance of the understanding energy consumption. It is recommended
order of 25% to 31%. to select the motor kW such that motor load remains
between 60% to 85% rated motor kW.
Table-4
Harmonics in supply for VFD operation

Harmonics in supply source has several effects on
induction motor performance.
Presence of harmonics in supply, results in higher
losses in motors by 15-20%, resulting in heating of
motor. The load on motor is to be de-rated or reduced
as per Figure-5.
Deration factor for harmonics

Figure 6
High site ambient temperature

The stator winding in 3-phase motors are normally
made of copper. The increase in ambient temperature
increases resistance of the motor winding. This leads to
increased I2R losses and reduced efficiency.
It is generally established that operation on ambient
temperature higher than designed ambient temperature
considerably reduces the insulation life. Going by
approximation, every 100C rise in winding temperature
Figure 5 can reduce insulation life by 50%.
Presence of harmonics also leads to reduction of torque

and torque pulsation Conclusion
Based on the above study, it is clear that site supply and
The HVF (Harmonic Voltage Factor) is defined as
load conditions play a major role in achieving desired
follows:
performance in motors. The user should continuously
monitor and control the site conditions in order to
maximize the operational efficiency of their processes.
It is our experience that several times customers and
users of high efficiency motors do not get the expected
energy savings. On investigation, we found that the
n is order of odd harmonics, not including those
actual site supply conditions were quite different from
divisible by 3.
the specified values. In such cases, users should decide
V is per unit magnitude of voltage at nth harmonic to use custom made motors meeting their specific site
frequency. conditions to ensure best results. 
Partial load operation Sachin S. Pilkhane

The efficiency of the induction motor varies with the load B.E. (Electronic) with over 25 year of experience in
the induction motor industry; Dy. General Manager for
on the motor. For an appropriately designed motor, the Bharat Bijli Ltd.
efficiency may remain same for 60% to 100% of rated
load; however, it reduces considerably for motor loaded Tushar Gayahaukar
for 50% or below. The curve-5 is a typical efficiency vs B.E. (Electronic) with over 12 year of experience in the
load curve for a high efficiency motor. induction motor industry; Manager for Bharat Bijli Ltd.
100 February 2024

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Guest Article
Solutions For E-Mobility

The author presents a study of the topology in a charging station
E -mobility, the shift towards electric vehicles, is no

longer a futuristic mirage but a rapidly approaching
reality. However, among various challenges, the
A. Topology 1: SCR based full bridge controlled
rectifier:
challenge “charging infrastructure or charging station” This topology consists of a three phase, 6 pulse SCR
hamper its widespread adoption. Electric Vehicle Supply based rectifier. A three phase transformer is used to
Equipment (EVSE) or charging station is a piece of isolate the three phase source from the power converter.
equipment that supplies electrical power to an electric A PID loop can be used to strictly follow the current in
vehicle (EV) to recharge the vehicle’s batteries. EVSE CC and voltage in CV profiles which will directly affect
systems include the electrical conductors, related the SCR firing angle. Benefits of this topology includes
equipment, software, and communications protocols ease of implementation, no need of a DC-DC converter
that deliver energy efficiently and safely to the vehicle. stage, robustness of the design, SCRs capability to
handle large amounts of voltage and currents and
The charging stations are of two types: AC charging
reduced complexity in firing of SCRs.
stations and DC fast chargers. In AC charging station,
power is supplied to the onboard charger with an AC Simulation results shows more than 3% ripple in battery
to DC converter (mounted on electric vehicle). The current and low input power factor. Another demerit of
DC charging station may be of different levels. Level this topology is that pulse charging scheme cannot be
1 chargers has power rating upto 15 kW with voltage adopted as SCR remains conducting till zero crossing
levels greater than or equal to 48 V. Level 3 chargers of the input ac signal.
have power rating upto 400 kW with voltage levels in
the range of 200 to 1000 V. The DC charging station B. Topology 2: Twelve pulse diode bridge rectifier
is directly interfaced with the battery of the vehicle followed by full bridge DC – DC converter:
bypassing the onboard charger. Figure 1 shows a
In this topology, three phase AC is rectified by using
typical block diagram of a DC charging station.
a 12 pulse diode bridge rectifier. Three phase isolation
DC fast charger consist of two stages i.e. AC to DC transformer with two secondary windings (one in delta
converter stage (Rectifier) and DC to DC converter and other in star connection) is used to generate twelve
stage (Chopper). There are number of topologies and pulse. The two diode bridges are connected in series
circuits to achieve the required AC to DC conversion. in order to reduce the current stress. The rectified
Below discussed are few topologies along with their DC voltage is processed by the inverter bridge, high
merits and demerits based on the simulation results in frequency transformer, high speed diode stack and filter
Matlab Simulink and circuit. to obtain the required charging voltage.
102 February 2024

Guest Article
Figure 1: DC charging station
In this topology current ripple gets reduced to less than D. Topology 4: Twelve pulse diode bridge rectifier
0.5% as it has better control derived by high switching followed by midpoint clamped three level buck
frequency of full bridge DC-DC converter. Input current converter:
harmonics are also low due to inclusion of 12 pulse diode
bridge rectifier. But the design requires high frequency In this power scheme a 12 pulse diode bridge rectifier
transformer and high frequency diodes to operate. Also is utilized to generate the rectified DC voltage. The next
there are two transformers which makes it costlier. stage here comprises of a three level buck converter.
This three level buck converter with the help of two
C. Topology 3: Six pulse Thyristor bridge rectifier capacitors reduce the voltage stress on each switch by
followed by full bridge DC – DC converter: half. A dual PID loop is implemented in the simulation.
The outer PID loop maintains the battery charging
In this power scheme instead of diode bridge which is
voltage and the inner current loop maintains maximum
uncontrolled rectifier, a six pulse SCR based controlled
current. Depending on the current requirement the duty
rectifier is used for the rectification stage. The DC to
cycle of the two IGBT’s are adjusted.
DC full bridge converter part remains same as above
topology. This topology has following advantages:
Here as per the battery voltage requirement, the DC hh Less number of switches
voltage can be changed (which was fixed in the previous hh Higher input power factor due to 12 pulse rectifier
topology) by varying the firing angle of the SCR. Thus it hh Reduced current stress on the rectifier diodes as
gives a two way control. But the input current has more two rectifiers stages are connected in series
harmonics and input power factor is low compared to
hh Reduced voltage stress on buck converter IGBTs
previous topology. In this topology in order to have
as voltage across them is halved by the use of
control over DC link voltage, SCR bridge is used at the
primary stage. input power factor is low due to 6 pulse midpoint clamped capacitors
thyristor bridge. hh Reduced inductor size
hh Control part is simplified as only two IGBTs are to
be controlled
hh Economical design
In this topology due to the use of 12 pulse diode bridge
rectifier input power factor is high. Also due to the use
of midpoint clamped three level buck converter the
current and voltage stress is reduced by half as each
power switch is exposed to half the voltage which leads
to more economical design.
Based on the comparison of all the topologies it can
be concluded that topology 4 comprising of twelve
pulse diode bridge rectifier followed by midpoint
clamped three level buck converter is the most suited
for EV charging application due to reduced voltage and
current stress, thermal stress, reduced complexity and
better control over battery parameters.
Asheesh Dhaneria
Head of Section – New Product Technologies –
Electrical and Electronics, ERDA, Vadodara
February 2024 103

Ministry Update
Updates
Compensation Methodology for Operating a

Thermal (Coal) Generating unit
below 55% Minimum Power Level
Introduction The primary focus of the utility shall have to be on the
existing control system optimization and improvements
Penetration of large-scale renewable generation in the
grid is bringing a new set of challenges in the power in some of the areas like achieving automated control
sector. The inconsistency and intermittency of solar & operation which includes proper tuning of operation
wind power has to be managed by other sources of so as to avoid temperature and pressure excursions.
generation in order to ensure the grid security, reliability Control optimization shall also include main/
and stability. Thus, huge flexible power is required for reheat steam temperature control, boiler feed water
the balancing of grid from sources like pump storage recirculation control, flue gas temperature control.
system, thermal power plants, battery storage system Better combustion control include, optimum fuel to air
etc. Thermal generation capacity constituting about ratio, fuel to load coordination, furnace pressure control,
54% of total installed capacity is the dominant part of
burner tilt control and proper flame monitoring at low
power generation in the country and more than 70%
of country’s energy demand is being met from thermal loads are essential. Condition monitoring of boiler and
generation, Thus, lowering of minimum power loadof turbine, flame monitoring is crucial from the safety point
existing coal-fired power plants along with ramp rate of view. To reduce the running cost of the unit at low
capability (ie flexible operation)is very much essential loads, the optimization of auxiliaries is also important.
for handling the instability & intermittency of renewable The above measures are essential for a unit and may
generation and ensuring security, reliability of power require anestimated capital investment of Rs 10 crores.
supply. Further, the cost of flexible power from thermal In case of very old units which have not upgraded their
fleet is very less compared to power from battery plant control and instrumentation system previously,
storage system.
the estimated capital investment will beRs 30 crores
In this context CEA has also notified a Regulation depending on the retrofit.
regarding Flexible operation of coal based Thermal
Power Generating Units on 30.1.2023.
Proposed Compensation
Measures required for achieving The compensation mechanism has been prepared
based on the studies carried out by various
lower Minimum Power Load agencies(CEA’s report “Flexibilisation of coal fired
For achieving minimum power load (40%) and higher power plants”published in Feb 2023). The power
ramp rate, Coal based power plants may require plant needs to be compensated for both fixed cost
few modifications by way of improved control systems due to infusion of capital investment,increased O &
etc and also required to be compensated for the loss M cost, variable charges due to efficiency loss at part
of life and increased variable cost due to regular part load operation and additional oil consumption due to
load operation. increasedEquivalent Forced Outage Rate (EFOR).
104 February 2024

Ministry Update
A. Fixed Cost iv. As per theRegulation 8 (11) of Central Electricity

Authority (Technical Standards for Construction
a) Capital Expenditure of Electrical Plants and Electric Lines) notified on
One-time expenditure to be incurred in retrofitting of 20.08.2010,pulverised fuel combustion-based
various measures to make the plant capable of low steam generator shall not require oil support above
load operation. 40% unit load.
i. In case of old units (commissioned before Therefore, measures/ retrofits are not required in
01.01.2004) which have not upgraded their plant these units for operation upto 40% load. However,
control and instrumentation system previously, as per the OEM few measuresare requiredto
capex requirement may around Rs 30 crores for be implemented for regular 40% load operation
each unit. of subcritical units though the same (40%) was
demonstrated during PG test.Considering above
ii. It is estimated that measures essential, to operate
it is proposed a maximumcapital investment of
at 40% load may require anestimated capital
investment of aroundRs 10 crores for each Rs.6 crores may be allowed to the subcritical
unitcommissioned on or after 01.01.2004and generating units where investment approval
except units covered under para3(a)(iv). received on or after 01.01.2011 and the impact is
calculated as underTable-II:
iii. Unit will be eligible for increased fixed tariff
irrespective of actual operationonce measures Table-II
are implemented and exhibits desired low load
operation.Considering five (5) years payback For units in Para 3(a)(iv)
period the impact has beenestimated as under
Table-I. Unit Size Recovery Capital Increase in
(MW) period cost fixed charge
Table-I (years) ( Rs Cr) per annum
(Rs. Cr.)
For units in Para For units in Para
3(a)(ii) 3(a)(i) 200/250 5 6 1.53
Unit Size Recovery Total Increase Total Increase 500 5 6 1.53

(MW) period Capital in fixed Capital in fixed
600 5 6 1.53
(years) cost charge cost charge
(Rs Cr) per (Rs Cr) per
annum annum v. Power plant may be penalised proportionally
(Rs. Cr.) (Rs. Cr.) (Fixed cost) for not exhibiting low load operation at
least 85% of time when asked for.
200 5 10 2.55 30 7.65
500 5 10 2.55 30 7.65 b) O&M cost due to increased Life Consumption
(damage costs):
660 5 10 2.55 30 7.65
800 5 10 2.55 30 7.65 Flexible operation also leads to a higher rate of
deterioration of plant’s components. This is observed
in increased failure rate and more frequent replacement
of components. The impact on life of components
increases with increase in number of flexible operation
instances and also with number of start stops the
unit undergoes in a year. As a result, the operation
and maintenance cost are significantly higher in units
operated on a daily or weekly start-stop basis.Based on
CEA Report “Flexibilization of coal fired power plants”
the increase in annual O&M cost has been considered
as 9%, 14% and 20% of O&M Cost at 50%, 45%, 40%
loading respectively (Table-III).
The increase in O&M cost shall be allowed on the basis
of plant actual low load operation.Unit will be eligible
for full compensation if the unit participated in flexible
operation minimum 310 days (85% days) in a year.For
less than 310 days low load operation compensation
may be calculated proportionately.
February 2024 105

Ministry Update
Table-III The variable cost of any plant has been estimated using
the formula given below:
Capacity Loading Increase Proposed
(MW) (%) in O&M increase in Variable Expense (Rs/kwh) = Coal Cost (Rs/kwh) +
(%) O&M cost Oil Cost (Rs/kwh)
(Rs Cr.) Coal Cost (Rs/kwh) =
200 <55 to 50 9.00 6.58
<50 to 45 14.00 10.23 Station Heat Rate(kcal / kwh) -
OilCV (kcal / l) xSpecific OilConsumption(ml / kwh)
Coal Cost (Rs/MT) × 1000
<45 to 40 20.00 14.62 FuelCalorific Value(kcal / kg)
500 <55 to 50 9.00 11.23

<50 to 45 14.00 17.47 OilCos t (Rs / kL) xSpecific OilConsumption(ml / kwh)
Oil Cost (Rs/kwh) =
<45 to 40 20.00 24.97 106
660 <55 to 50 9.00 13.34

<50 to 45 14.00 20.76 Varible Expense (Rs / kwh)
<45 to 40 20.00 29.66 Variable Charge at bus bar (Rs/kwh) = % Aux Consumption
(1- )
800 <55 to 50 9.00 14.55 100
<50 to 45 14.00 22.64
<45 to 40 20.00 32.35 b) Cost due to additional oil consumption for
additional EFOR (Equivalent Forced Outage Rate):
B) Variable Cost Based on Electric Power Research Institute study report
the additionalEFOR due to regular low load operation
a) Cost due to increase in Net Heat Rate: It has been
of thermal generating units may increase specific oil
observed that the extent of deterioration in Net Heat Rate
consumption from 0.5 ml/kWh to 0.7 ml/kWh. Therefore,
depends on the percentage unit loading. Units running
it is proposed to compensate 1.0 paisa/ kWh on account
minimum power load below 55% shall be additionally
compensated in Electricity Charge Rate (ECR) to the of EFOR.
extent of Net Heat Rate (NHR) deterioration. Based
Note : EOFR – Equivalent Forced Outage Rate is defined
on the actual study/test conducted at few coal based
the percentage of scheduled operating time that a unit
power plants andHeat Balance Diagram (HBD) reports
of major OEMs (BHEL/GE/Siemens) on unit size is out of service due to unexpected problems or failures
Net Heat Rate degradation, compensation has been and can no reach full load capacity due to component/
proposed in variable part of tariff considering coal price equipment failures.
Rs 2000.00 per ton (estimated average cost of coal at
pithead plants), Rs. 3300.00 per ton (estimated average
cost of coal at non-pithead plants) and is as in Table-IV
Likely increase in paisa/ kWh on
account of proposed compensation
Table-IV Sample calculation on basis of the compensation
mechanism proposed above and various assumptions
Capacity Loading Net Heat Variable Tariff VariableTariff Proposed
(MW) (%) Rate increase increase variable are given in Annexure-I.:
increase (%) at (%) at Tariff
(%) coal price coal price increase i. Total likely increase in tariff considering capital
Rs 2000/ton Rs 3300/ton (%) investment of Rs. 30 crores, increase of O&M cost,
200 <55-50 10.00 9.88 9.94 9.91 variable cost and EFOR cost is given in Table-A.
<50-45 13.00 12.84 12.92 12.88
<45-40 16.00 15.81 15.90 15.86 ii. Total likely increase in tariff considering capital
500 <55-50 10.90 10.76 10.83 10.80 investment of Rs.10 crores,increase of O&M
<50-45 13.60 13.44 13.51 13.48 cost,variable cost and EFOR costis given in
<45-40 16.00 15.81 15.90 15.86 Table-B.
660 <55-50 8.70 8.59 8.64 8.62
iii. Total likely increase in tariff considering capital
<50-45 11.90 11.75 11.82 11.79
investment of Rs. 6 crores, increase of O&M
<45-40 14.60 14.42 14.50 14.46 cost, variable cost and EFOR cost is given in
800 <55-50 8.60 8.49 8.54 8.52 Table-C,This is only applicable for subcritical
<50-45 12.00 11.84 11.92 11.88 unit’swhere investment approvalreceived on or
<45-40 15.00 14.81 14.90 14.86 after 01.01.2011.
106 February 2024

Ministry Update
Table-A. Likely Incremental Tariff ( Rs 30 crores capital investment)
Unit Loading Coal price Rs Coal price Rs Fixed Tariff increase EFOR Total tariff Total tariff Proposed
Size % 2000.00 per ton 3300.00 per (Paisa/kWh) compensation (fixed & (fixed & total tariff
(MW) ton (Paisa/kWh) variable) variable) (fixed &
increase increase variable)
(Paisa/kWh) (Paisa/kWh) increase
(Paisa/kWh)
Variable Tariff Variable Tariff due to due to Coal price Rs Coal price Rs
increase increase increased increased 2000.00 per 3300.00 per
(Paisa/kWh) (Paisa/kWh) O&M cost capital cost ton ton
200 <55 to 50 13.68 22.57 6.70 7.68 1 29.06 37.95 33.51
<50 to 45 17.78 29.34 10.42 7.68 1 36.88 48.44 42.66
<45 to 40 21.89 36.11 14.88 7.68 1 45.45 59.67 52.56
500 <55 to 50 14.66 24.20 4.57 3.07 1 23.30 32.84 28.07
<50 to 45 18.30 30.19 7.11 3.07 1 29.48 41.37 35.43
<45 to 40 21.53 35.52 10.16 3.07 1 35.76 49.75 42.76
660 <55 to 50 11.17 18.42 4.12 2.56 1 18.85 26.10 22.48
<50 to 45 15.27 25.20 6.40 2.56 1 25.23 35.16 30.20
<45 to 40 18.74 30.92 9.14 2.56 1 31.44 43.62 37.53
800 <55 to 50 10.65 17.57 3.70 1.92 1 17.27 24.19 20.73
<50 to 45 14.86 24.52 5.76 1.92 1 23.54 33.20 28.37
<45 to 40 18.58 30.65 8.23 1.92 1 29.73 41.80 35.77
Table-B. Likely Incremental Tariff (Rs 10 crores capital investment)
(Paisa/kWh)
200 <55 to 50 13.68 22.57 6.70 2.56 1.00 23.94 32.83 28.39
<50 to 45 17.78 29.34 10.42 2.56 1.00 31.76 43.32 37.54
<45 to 40 21.89 36.11 14.88 2.56 1.00 40.33 54.55 47.44
500 <55 to 50 14.66 24.20 4.57 1.02 1.00 21.25 30.79 26.02
<50 to 45 18.30 30.19 7.11 1.02 1.00 27.43 39.32 33.38
<45 to 40 21.53 35.52 10.16 1.02 1.00 33.71 47.70 40.71
660 <55 to 50 11.17 18.42 4.12 0.85 1.00 17.14 24.39 20.77
<50 to 45 15.27 25.20 6.40 0.85 1.00 23.52 33.45 28.49
<45 to 40 18.74 30.92 9.14 0.85 1.00 29.73 41.91 35.82
800 <55 to 50 10.65 17.57 3.70 0.64 1.00 15.99 22.91 19.45
<50 to 45 14.86 24.52 5.76 0.64 1.00 22.26 31.92 27.09
<45 to 40 18.58 30.65 8.23 0.64 1.00 28.45 40.52 34.49
February 2024 107

Ministry Update
Table-C. Likely Incremental Tariff for units where investment approval received on or after
01.01.2011 (Rs 6 crores capital investment)
(Paisa/kWh)
200 <55 to 50 13.68 22.57 6.70 1.54 1 22.92 31.81 27.37
<50 to 45 17.78 29.34 10.42 1.54 1 30.74 42.30 36.52
<45 to 40 21.89 36.11 14.88 1.54 1 39.31 53.53 46.42
500 <55 to 50 14.66 24.20 4.57 0.61 1 20.84 30.38 25.61
<50 to 45 18.30 30.19 7.11 0.61 1 27.02 38.91 32.97
<45 to 40 21.53 35.52 10.16 0.61 1 33.30 47.29 40.30
660 <55 to 50 11.17 18.42 4.12 0 1 16.29 23.54 19.92
<50 to 45 15.27 25.20 6.40 0 1 22.67 32.60 27.64
<45 to 40 18.74 30.92 9.14 0 1 28.88 41.06 34.97
800 <55 to 50 10.65 17.57 3.70 0 1 15.35 22.27 18.81
<50 to 45 14.86 24.52 5.76 0 1 21.62 31.28 26.45
<45 to 40 18.58 30.65 8.23 0 1 27.81 39.88 33.85
hh No additional capital investment is required in the unit size of 660MW and 800 MW units for operating them
at 40% load.
Annexure-I
b) Rs. 3300.00 per ton (estimated average cost of
Assumptions coal at non-pithead plants)
1. General: ii. Weighted average cost of capital for annuity

calculations : 10%
i. Auxiliary power consumption (APC): 6.5%,
ii. Average PLF: 60%, 2. Unit size 200 MW
iii. PAF: 100%, O&M Cost Rs 36.56 lakh/MW, Heat rate 2430 kcal/
iv. Debt to equity ratio: 70:30, kWh.
v. Return on equity: 15.5%,

3. Unit size 500 MW
vi. Interest on loan:10%,
O&M Cost Rs 24.97lakh/MW, Heat rate 2390 kcal/
vii. Depreciation rate:5.28%, kWh
viii. Specific oil consumption: 0.5 ml/kWh,
4. Unit size 660 MW
ix. Price of oil-: Rs 35/lt,
OO&M Cost Rs 22.47lakh/MW, Heat rate 2280
x. GCV of oil: 10000 kcal/lt,
kcal/kWh.
xi. GCV of Coal:3800 kcal/kg.
xii. Landing cost of coal 5. Unit size 800 MW
a) Rs.2000.00 per ton (estimated average cost of coal O&M Cost Rs 20.22 lakh/MW, Heat rate 2200 kcal/
at pithead plants) kWh.
108 February 2024

Product Launch
designed for buildings without an (external) lightning

protection system and is used in the main distribution
board and in sub-distributions/control cabinets of the
building. With a total dissipation capacity of 60 kA
(20 kA/pole), the V20 surge protection devices are
also suitable for use in systems with increased safety
requirements in accordance with IEC 61643. The V20
arresters offer a system fuse of 160 A without a separate
back-up fuse.
PRODUCT
The Reliable Rearguard - V20 Series - Type 2
Surge Arrester
The V20 type 2 arrester series for surge protection
according to VDE 0100-443 (IEC 60364-4-44) is
Dol Mobility Product Portfolio

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carefully engineered drive trains suiting to the Indian
environment and driving conditions.
Indian weather conditions, road conditions and the
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design. While designing, DOL Mobility gave a special
attention to:
Optimum quantity of active material such as copper &
the magnets to produce the extra torque and power
High quality bearings and termination lugs & connectors
High Grade copper and steel for higher efficiency for longer life expectancy
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February 2024 109

NEWS Analysis
Trend in Exports and Imports of Electrical Products

IEEMA’s research wing offers a bird’s eye-view of the trends that dominated in the EXIM Sector
over the past decade
T he Indian electrical sector has a diverse, mature,

and powerful industrial base and a robust supply
network that is fully prepared to fulfil domestic
products have increased by almost 3 times from INR
91,410,53.39 Lacs in 2015 to INR 258,850,85.67 Lacs
in 2023 (Figure 1). This is despite the fact that exports
demand and any capacity expansion. According to a have not been consistent across years and product
Technavio analysis, the electrical equipment industry segments. Data also reveal that the top five destinations
in India, with a market size rise of USD 52.97 billion,
for India’s export are the United States of America,
is poised for remarkable growth. This growth potential
the United Kingdom, Bangladesh, UAE, and the
is driven by several factors, including an increase in
Netherlands.
residential and commercial construction projects, an
increased reliance on renewable energy sources for The pattern of exports of electrical products also indicates
power generation, and significant expenditures in the that while growth in export of electrical products was
power sector1. The sector’s increasing contribution to marginal during FY 2015 to FY 2018, in the later years
India’s trade is another factor that makes the sector
beginning FY 2019, it realized significant growth. As per
even more important.
the growth of exports for different electrical products,
Electrical equipment sector has emerged a major major exported products that contributed to the growth
sector for India’s foreign trade over the period. include Rotating machines, Cables, Transformers and
Review of trade data reveals that exports of electrical parts (Figure 2).
(Figure 1) (Figure 2)
110 February 2024

NEWS Analysis
(Figure 3)
Some of the products’ categories showed downward imports for different electrical products, major imported
trend during the seven-year period. These include products which have contributed to this growth include
Electric Lamps and Boilers & parts. This decline could Capacitors & parts, Switchgears & Controlgears and
be because of decline in demand of these products Transformers and parts. The top five importing countries
in the importing countries, or it could have also been are China, Germany, Singapore, Japan, and the United
caused by improved trade and investment relationships States of America.
of importing countries with India’s competitors.
In the case of imports of electrical products, data
Reference
1) https://www.technavio.com/report/electrical-equipment-
shows that imports have increased approximately market-in-india-industry-analysis?utm_source=LinkedIn&utm_
2.5 times from INR 108,877,92.24 Lacs in 2015 to medium=Social&utm_campaign=LinkedInArticle_19thOc
INR 261,633,66.16 Lacs in 2023. As per the growth of t_Top+SKU&utm_term=2023&utm_content=IRTNTR41598 
ELECTRICAL CONTROL, SIGNALING & SWITCHING ISO 9001 : 2015

ISO 14001 : 2015
SOLUTIONS
AN ISO 9001 : 2015 COMPANY
Heavy Duty IP-67 Miniature Limit Precision Terminal Strips Terminal Blocks
LS-J Series Switches IP-65 PS1,PS2 Series TPB Series TB Series
PRODUCT RANGE LS-V Series
SMPS
Relay Sockets
Limit Switches
Terminal Strips
Micro Switches
Loom Switches
Terminal Blocks Mounting 30X60mm Mounting 21X56mm
Pilot Lamp Holders
Push Button Switches LED Module Pilot Light LED Module Pilot Light Push Button Microswitches Miniature Microswitches
Electronic Connectors LM/PCB2 Series LML8/LM8 Series PCB2 Series R Series MV25 Series
Micro Control Switches
LED Module Pilot Lights
Precision Limit Switches
Miniature Limit Switches
Miniature Micro Switches
Heavy Duty Limit Switches
Moulded Cable Assemblies
Plot No.22, Industrial Area, Phase-II

Chandigarh-160002
Tel.:+91-172-2653111-115 MOB : 9764004709 MOB : 9845082841 MOB : 9866500285
Fax.:+91-172-2653106
Email.:info@essendeinki.com
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Resident Engineers Based at : Delhi,Indore, Kanpur, Pune, Aurangabad, Chennai, Baroda
February 2024 111

Power Statistics
Global Energy Outlook 2023
Source: BP Energy Outlook 2023
112 February 2024

Power Statistics
India’s Energy Outlook 2023
Source: BP Energy Outlook 2023
February 2024 113

IEEMA Database
Basic Prices and Index Numbers

as on as on
Unit Unit
01.11.23 01.11.23
IRON, STEEL & STEEL PRODUCTS PVC Compound Grade HR - 11 CABLE 151825.00
BLOOMS (SBLR) 150mmX150mm TLT 49684.00 Transformer Oil Base Stock (TOBS) TOBS 105397.00
BILLETS (SBIR) 100MM TLT 50837.00 OTHER IEEMA INDEX NUMBERS
CRNGO Electrical Steel Sheets IN-BUSDUCTS (BASE July

RM 109.91
M-45,C-6 (Ex-Rsp) 2000=100) FOR THE MONTH 336.50
September 2023
CRGO Electrical Steel Lamination 578213.00
IN - BTR - CHRG (BASE JUNE
NON-FERROUS METALS 2000=100)
Electrolytic High Grade Zinc TLA&H 241900.00 IN - WT (BASE JUNE 2000=100) 354.27
Lead (99.97%) CABLE 206700.00 Wholesale price index number for

'Insulators' (Base 2011-12 = 100) 126.70
for the month September 2023
Copper Wire Bars SWGR 721875.00
Wholesale price index number
Copper Wire Rods CABLE 738675.00 for 'Manufacture of Basic Metals
143.00
(Base 2011-12 = 100) for the
Aluminium Ingots - EC Grade month September 2023
TLA&H 226696.00
(IS 4026-1987)
Aluminuium Properzi Rods - EC Wholesale price index number
CABLE for' Fuel & Power
Grade (IS5484 1978) 153.10
(Base 2011-12 = 100) for the
Aluminium Busbar (IS 5082 1998) SWGR 295000.00 month September 2023
OTHER RAW MATERIALS All India Average Consumer

Price Index Number For Industrial
137.50
Epoxy Resin CT - 5900 SWGR 736.00 Workers (Base 2016=100)
September 2023
Phenolic Moulding Powder SWGR 110.00
# Estimated, NA: Not available
PVC Compound - Grade CW- 22 CABLE 150825.00
QE/PVC/39
900000
Copper Wire Rods (RS./MT)
850000
800000
750000
700000
650000
600000
550000
500000
12-21
01-22
02-22
03-22
04-22
05-22
06-22
07-22
08-22
09-22
10-22
11-22
12-22
01-23
02-23
03-23
04-23
05-23
06-23
07-23
08-23
09-23
10-23
11-23
The basic prices and indices are calculated on the basis of raw material prices, exclusive of excise/C.V.
duty wherever manufactures are eligible to obtain MODVAT benefit.
These basic prices and indices are for operation of IEEMA’s Price Variation Clauses for various products.
Basic Price Variation Clauses, explanation of nomenclature can be obtained from IEEMA office.
Every care has been taken to ensure correctness of reported prices and indices. However, no
responsibility is assured for correctness. Authenticated prices and indices are separately circulated
by IEEMA every month. We recommend using authenticated prices and indices only for claiming
price variation.
Source : IEEMA
114 February 2024

IEEMA Database
6000 Distribution Transformers
5000
000' KVA
4000
3000
2000
1000
Sep 20 to Aug 23
0
9 11 1 3 5 7 9 11 1 3 5 7 9 11 1 3 5 7
Production
Accounting
Name of Product For the Month From Sept 22 Highest Annual
Unit
Aug 23 to Aug23 Production
Electric Motors
AC Motors - LT 000' KW 1618 18100 17744
AC Motors - HT 000' KW 393 5034 5273
DC Motors 000' KW 31 356 618
Switchgears
Contactors 000' Nos. 1512 15171 15211
Motor Starters 000' Nos. 200 2081 2427
SDF 000' Nos. 58 691 752
Circuit Breakers DIN Rail Mounted 000' Poles 17696 213915 213362
Circuit Breakers - LT Nos. 448558 5288927 4850300
Circuit Breakers - HT Nos. 6440 70274 77659
Custom Built Product Rs. Lakhs 20793 295465 452536
HRC Fuses & Overload Relays 000' Nos. 1343 17005 17246
Power Cables KM 85393 872839 855297

Power Capacitors - LT & HT * 000' KVAR 4564 56778 57368
Transformers *
Distribution Transformers 000' KVA 4004 45068 58341
Power Transformers 000' KVA 16163 166823 234922
Instrument Transformers *
Current Transformers 000' Nos. 120 1183 1042
Voltage Transformers Nos. 21476 201393 177288
Energy Meters * 000' Nos. 2469 28692 25973
Transmission Line Towers * 000' MT 78 913 1250

* Weighted Production
Source : IEEMA # NA – Not Available
February 2024 115

IMPACT NEWS
IMPACT NEWS
Local 2 Global
of Scheduling, Accounting And Billing for the same,

NATIONAL NEWS chapter 14 deals with methods of Sharing Of Benefits
and finally Chapter 15 notes Miscellaneous Provisions.
CERC Issues Draft Central Electricity
The entire report is worth a read and available on https:/
Regulatory Commission Regulations 2023 cercind.gov.in dated Jan 4, 2024.
The CERC issued Draft Central Electricity Regulatory
Commission (Terms and Conditions of Tariff) Cabinet approves signing of a Memorandum
Regulations, 2024 for stakeholder comments. It
of Understanding (MoU) between India and
outlines the regulations that will be in effect from April
1, 2024, to March 31, 2029. It covers various aspects of United States for International Development/
the tariff structure, including components of the tariff, India (USAID/India) for supporting Indian
provisions for true-up of tariffs, determination of tariffs
after the implementation of revised emission standards, Railways to achieve Mission Net Zero Carbon
scheduling, metering, accounting, billing, and payment Emission
of charges. The regulations aim to provide a framework
The Union Cabinet chaired by the Prime Minister,
for the determination of tariffs for the supply of electricity
Shri Narendra Modi, today was apprised of signing of
from thermal and hydro generating stations, as well
Memorandum of Understanding between India and
as for the transmission of electricity on inter-State
United States for International Development/India
transmission systems. It also specifies the process for
determining tariffs and the sharing of capacity charges (USAID/India) on June 14, 2023 for supporting Indian
for thermal generating stations among beneficiaries. Railways to achieve Mission Net Zero Carbon Emission
by 2030.
Chapter 1 details a preliminary of 88 pointers followed
by Chapter 2 that lists the date of commercial The MoU provides a platform for Indian Railways
operation. Chapter 3 deals with the Procedure of Tariff to interact and share the latest developments and
Determination and Chapter 4 on Tariff Structure. Chapter knowledge in the railway sector. The MoU facilitates
5 talks about Capital Structure and Chapter 6 touches utility modernization, advanced energy solutions and
upon Computation of Capital Cost. Chapter 7 deals systems, regional energy and market integration and
with Computation of Additional Capital Expenditure private sector participation and engagement, training and
and Chapter 8 Is on Computation of Annual Fixed Cost. seminars/workshops focusing on specific technology
Chapter 9 deals with the Computation of Input Price areas like Renewable Energy, energy efficiency and
of Coal and Lignite from Integrated Mine and Chapter other interactions for knowledge sharing.
10 details about the Components of Energy Charge,
Earlier, USAID/India had also worked with IR focused on
while Chapter 11 is called Computation of Capacity
deployment of rooftop solar across railway platforms.
Charges and Energy Charges with formulae for
calculating the same are shared. Chapter 12 specifies The MoU signed by Indian Railways with United
the Norms of Operation and Chapter 13 reveals aspects States Agency for International Development/India is
116 February 2024

IMPACT NEWS
for enabling energy self-sufficiency with the following Cabinet approves signing of Memorandum of
understanding:
Understanding between India and Guyana on
i. Both the Participants intend to jointly work broadly cooperation in the hydrocarbon sector
on the following key activity areas with details to be
agreed separately: The Union Cabinet chaired by the Prime Minister,
Shri Narendra Modi has approved the signing of
a) Long-term energy planning including clean Memorandum of Understanding (MoU) between the
energy for Indian Railways. Ministry of Petroleum & Natural Gas, Government of
India and the Ministry of Natural Resources, Republic
b) Develop an Energy Efficiency Policy and Action of Guyana on cooperation in the hydrocarbon sector.
Plan for Indian Railway Buildings.
Details of the MoU:
c) Planning for clean energy procurement to The proposed MoU covers the complete value chain of
achieve Indian Railway’s net-zero vision. hydrocarbon sector including sourcing of crude oil from
Guyana, participation of Indian companies in Exploration
d) Technical support for addressing regulatory
and Production (E&P) sector of Guyana, cooperation
and implementation barriers.
in the areas of crude Oil refining, capacity building,
e) Bid design and bid management support Strengthening bilateral trade, collaboration in natural
for system-friendly, large-scale renewable gas sector, collaboration in developing regulatory policy
procurement. framework in oil & gas sector in Guyana; Cooperation
in the area of clean energy including biofuels as well as
f) Supporting Indian Railways in the promotion of renewables sector including solar energy etc.
e-mobility. Impact:
g) Collaboratively host event, conferences, and The MoU on cooperation in hydrocarbon sector with
capacity-building programs in the mentioned Guyana will strengthen bilateral trade, foster investment
identified areas. in each other countries and help diversifying source
of crude oil, thus augmenting the energy & supply
ii. Either participant may request in writing a revision,
security of the country. It will also provide opportunity to
modification or amendment to all or any part of this
Indian company to participate in E&P sector of Guyana,
MoU. Any revision, modification or amendment
gaining experience by working with global oil & gas
approved by the Participants will form part of
companies in upstream projects, thus fostering the
the revised MoU. Such revision, modification or vision of “Aatmanirbhar Bharat”.
amendment will come into effect on such date as
may be determined by the Participants. Implementation strategy and targets:
iii. This Memorandum of Understanding is effective as This MoU shall enter into force on the date of its
of the date of signing and is expected to continue signature and will remain in force for a period of five
for a period of five year or until the effective end of years and shall be automatically renewed thereafter
South Asia Regional Energy Partnership (SAREP) on a quinquennium basis unless either Party gives the
whichever period is shorter. other Party a written notice three months in advance of
its intention to terminate this Understanding.
Impact:
Background:
The MoU has been signed to support India Railways in
achieving Mission Net Zero Carbon Emission (NZCE) In recent times, Guyana has gained significant salience
by 2030. This will help Indian Railways to reduce in the oil & gas sector becoming the world’s newest oil
dependence on imported fuel such as Diesel, Coal etc. producer. The new discoveries of 11.2 billion barrels of
Deployment of Renewable Energy (RE) plants will give oil equivalent, amounts to 18% of total global Oil & Gas
fillip to RE technology in the country. This will help in discoveries and 32% of discovered oil. As per OPEC
development of local ecosystem which subsequently World Oil Outlook 2022, Guyana is projected to see a
gives boost to local product development. significant ramp-up in production, with liquids supply
growing from 0.1 mb/d in 2021 to 0.9 mb/d in 2027.
Expenditure involved:
Further, as per BP Statistical Review of World Energy
Technical assistance for the services under this MoU is 2022, India is the world’s 3rd largest energy consumer,
intended to be provided by USAID under the SAREP 3rd largest consumer of oil and 4th largest refiner and
initiative. This MoU is not an obligation of funds or a the fastest-growing major economy with rising energy
commitment of any kind, and it is non-binding. This needs. BP Energy Outlook and International Energy
does not involve any financial commitment from Agency estimate that India’s energy demand would
Indian Railways. grow at about 3% per annum till 2040, compared to
February 2024 117

IMPACT NEWS
the global rate of 1%. Further, India is likely to account A matter of monumental stride towards sustainable
for approximately 25-28 per cent of the global energy energy solutions for the archipelago, the solar power
demand growth between 2020-2040. plant will help reduce dependency on the Diesel-based
Power Generation plant at Kavaratti. The Lakshadweep
With a view to give a further impetus to ensure energy
Energy Development Agency (LEDA) will now harness
access, availability, affordability to citizen underpinned
power from these solar plants, marking a pivotal shift
by energy security of the country, India is focusing from diesel-based power to a sustainable, eco-friendly
on fostering new partnership in hydrocarbon sector, energy source for the region.
both through diversification of crude oil sources and
through acquiring quality overseas assets. This dilutes Over the anticipated technical lifespan, the initiative is
dependencies on a single geographical/economic unit projected to yield commercial savings of approximately
and increase India’s strategic maneuverability. Rs. 250 crores. The substantial reduction of diesel
consumption by up to 190 lakh litres and the offsetting of
Noting the significance of Guyana and given the 58,000 tonnes of carbon dioxide emissions underscore
renewed momentum to the bilateral relationship in its profound significance in promoting green energy
hydrocarbon sector, and the number of possible areas and fostering a cleaner and more sustainable future for
of cooperation, it is proposed to enter into an MoU with Lakshadweep.
Guyana on cooperation in the hydrocarbon sector.
The Engineering, Procurement & Construction
New Solar Power Scheme (for PVTG (EPC) expertise for the project has been provided by
SunSource Energy.
Habitations/Villages) Under PM JANMAN
Solar Energy Corporation of India Limited (SECI), a
STORY:
Miniratna Category-I Central Public Sector Unit under
The President has sanctioned the implementation the administrative control of the Ministry of New and
of A New Solar Power Scheme (for particularly Renewable Energy (MNRE), Government of India, is
Vulnerable Tribal Groups(PVTG) Habitations/Villages engaged in promotion and development of various
under Pradhan Mantri Janjati Adivasi Nyaya Maha renewable energy resources, especially Solar and
Abhiyan (PM JANMAN) during 2023-24 to 2025-26. Wind energy, renewable energy (RE) - based storage
Implementation guidelines of the scheme can be found systems, trading of power, R&D as well as RE-based
at https:/cdnbbsr.s3waas.gov.in. products like Green Hydrogen, Green Ammonia and
RE-powered electric vehicles.
Kavaratti’s First On-grid Solar Power Plant The company is one of the nodal agencies for
with state-of-the-art Battery Energy Storage implementation of a number of schemes of MNRE. The
System projected to save Rs. 250 crores, company also has a Category 1 power trading license
and is active in this domain through trading of Solar/
reduce diesel consumption by 190 lakh Wind/Hybrid/RTC/BSES power from projects set up
litres and offset 58,000 tonnes of carbon under the schemes being implemented by it.
emissions
REC Limited and Bank of Baroda join hands
In a historic milestone for Lakshadweep, the Prime
Minister Shri Narendra Modi dedicated to the
to finance Power, Infrastructure and Logistics
nation on January 3, 2024, the solar power plant at Projects
Kavaratti, which is the region’s first on-grid solar project REC Limited has signed a Memorandum of
with state-of-the-art Battery Energy Storage System Understanding (MoU) with Bank of Baroda in order
(BESS) technology. Together, these two installations of to facilitate joint sanctions of loans to fund power,
Solar Energy Corporation of India Limited (SECI) have infrastructure and logistics projects in the country
a combined solar capacity of 1.7 MW and an advanced over the next three years. Recognizing the pressing
1.4 MWh battery storage facility. need to fortify these critical domains, REC Limited and
Bank of Baroda unite with a shared vision of advancing
sustainable growth and bolstering the nation’s
infrastructural backbone. By pooling resources and
expertise, both entities endeavor to champion initiatives
that will invigorate economic development and enhance
accessibility to essential services nationwide.
The MoU was signed on January 3, 2024 in the presence
of Chairperson and Managing Director (CMD), REC
Limited, Shri Vivek Kumar Dewangan and Managing
Director & CEO, Bank of Baroda, Shri Debadatta Chand
118 February 2024

IMPACT NEWS
along with Executive Director, Bank of Baroda, Shri Lalit of Baroda and REC to jointly finance Power (including
Tyagi. renewable power), Infrastructure and Logistics projects.
With the Indian economy on a strong growth path,
we will see a rise in capital expenditure and private
investment and an increasing need for collaborative
and innovative financing structures.”
POWER INDUSTRY
Worldwide electricity generation from coal
hit record highs in 2023, while thermal coal
exports surpassed 1 billion metric tons for
Commenting on the collaboration, Mr. Dewangan said: the first time as coal’s use in power systems
“This landmark agreement signifies a collaborative continues to grow despite widespread efforts
effort to accelerate the realization of pivotal projects
crucial to the nation’s progress. This partnership marks to cut back on fossil fuels.
a significant stride in our commitment to fostering Coal-fired electricity generation was 8,295 terawatt
inclusive development. By harnessing synergies
hours (TWh) through October, up 1% from the same
between REC’s expertise in the power sector and
period in 2022 and the highest on record, according to
Bank of Baroda’s financial prowess, we aim to catalyze
transformative projects that will positively impact environmental think tank Ember.
communities and drive socio-economic progress.” Total thermal coal exports were 1.004 billion metric tons
Managing Director & CEO, Bank of Baroda, for the whole year, up by 62.5 million tons or 6.6% from
Shri Debadatta Chand said: “This MoU will enable Bank 2022, ship-tracking data from Kpler shows.
February 2024 119

IMPACT NEWS
India was the second biggest importer (172 million

tons), followed by Japan (109 million tons), South Korea
(80 million tons) and Taiwan (51 million tons).
Other notable importers included the Philippines

(37 million tons) and Vietnam (31 million tons), both
notching up strong double-digit percentage increases
in year-on-year imports.
Emissions from coal-fired electricity generation also hit
Locked in Generation
new highs through October 2023, topping 7.85 billion
tons of carbon dioxide and equivalent gases, around In major coal importing nations, coal-fired electricity
66.7 million tons more than during the same period in generation increased on the year in China, India, the
2022, according to Ember. Philippines, Turkey and Vietnam, Ember data shows.
Coal-fired output declined by 8.2% in Japan and by 4%

The continued expansion in coal use and emissions in South Korea, but those reductions were nearly offset
provides a stark reminder to climate trackers that the by the increase in Vietnam alone last year.
high-polluting power fuel remains integral in key power
systems even as solar, wind and other clean energy
sources are deployed at a record rate.
Growing Asian Concentration
The footprint of coal mining and exports and its use in
power generation is overwhelmingly concentrated in
Asia, as many other parts of the world including Europe
and North America have adopted measures to phase
down the use of coal for power.
Globally, around 82% of all coal-fired electricity
But even as the geographical area of coal use and trade
generation occurred within Asia in 2023, up from an
is shrinking, the outright volumes of extraction, exports
average of around 75% in 2019, according to Ember.
and consumption in power plants remains on a rising
trajectory. Asia’s share of coal use and imports should continue to
Indonesia was the top thermal coal exporter in 2023, climb as other regions further reduce coal consumption.
shipping out a record 505.4 million tons for the year, up
54 million tons or 12% from 2022’s levels.
For the first time, Indonesia accounted for more than
half of all thermal coal shipments within a calendar year
in 2023, Kpler data shows.
Australia was the second largest thermal coal exporter,
shipping out 198 million tons, up 12.5 million tons (7%)
from the year before.
Russia, South Africa and Colombia were also notable
exporters, shipping 103 million tons, 60 million tons and But total volumes of Asia’s coal imports and consumption
51 million tons respectively last year. for power generation also look set to continue climbing,
On the import side, China was the top thermal coal especially in major and fast-growing economies such
buyer, taking delivery of a record 325 million tons, which as China, India, Vietnam, the Philippines and Indonesia,
is 109 million tons more than 2022’s total. where cheap power sources remain critical for industry
competitiveness.
Those same countries are also committed to steep

increases in the deployment of renewable energy
sources, but over the near term they look just as liable
to continue steering total coal use and emissions to
further heights. The opinions expressed here are those
of the author, a columnist for Reuters. News reporting
by Gavin Maguire and edited by Tom Hogue. 
120 February 2024

INDEX TO ADVERTISERS
ABB 9
Apar 23
Axis Electrical Components (I) Pvt. 19

Ltd.
Benders 33
Billets COVER II
CCI 55
CSE Power 87
Dynamic Cables Limited 37
Energy Capacitors 97
ERDA 25
EssenDeinki 111
Fluke 41
Mahindra Accelo 21
MECO 17
MENNEKES Electric India Private

121
Limited
Mitsubhishi Electric India Pvt Ltd. 13
OBO Bettermann India Pvt. Ltd. 5
Polycab India Limited 49
R R Kabel Ltd. 7
Ravin Cable 51
Salzer 119
Schneider 29
Schneider 58,59
Universal Cable 53
Februay 2024 121

On a Lighter Note! - Shocks & Sparks !
Shocks & Sparks

Shocks & Sparks !
India’s EV Dream !
By Kamakshi Fernandes
E lectrifying vehicles to ensure a smooth ride
for us humans and more so for environmental
By Kamakshi Fernandes
E
enthusiasts, should
lectrifying ideally
vehicles translatea to
to ensure modesride
smooth of
transport that are not only economically viable,
for us humans and more so for environmental but
truly close to nature.
enthusiasts, should So EV should
ideally ideally
translate stand for
to modes of
environmentally-friendly vehicles.
transport that are not only economically viable, but
trulyhumble
The close bullock
to nature.
cartSo EVreturn.
must shouldNotideally stand the
only would for
environmentally-friendly vehicles.
family of cows and bullocks benefit, the environment too
would be saved,
The humble shepherds
bullock would
cart must get employment,
return. the
Not only would
local municipality
the family of cowswould be relieved
and bullocks fromthe
benefit, so environment
many duties
and the national
too would finance
be saved, ministerwould
shepherds too would benefit. Let
get employment,
us see how.
the local municipality would be relieved from so many
duties
The and bullock
humble the national finance
cart would ensureminister too would
that animals too
occupy
benefit. roads,
Let us see hitherto
how. dominated mostly by smoke
emitting
The humblemetalbullock
structures of various
cart would ensure brands and sizes,
that animals too
colours
occupy roads, hitherto dominated mostly the
and intimidating shapes. So, with brand
by smoke
new transport opportunity of having a bullock cart on
emitting metal structures of various brands and sizes,
the road, there would be a mandatory need for green
colours and intimidating shapes. So, with the brand
patches at every juncture of the road so that the bullock
new transport opportunity of having a bullock cart on animals to carry them on their backs. Our PM to be pulled
could snack upon some fresh and crispy grass. This
the road, there would be a mandatory need for green by 3 lions, the President by tigers. Global delegates
would ensure to be a cost effective option instead of
patches at every juncture of the road so that the bullock would be offered services by their national animal like a
expending upon expensive fuels like petrol, diesel or
could snack upon some fresh and crispy grass. This zebra would carry delegates from Botswana, giraffe for
electricity, as is being considered now.
would ensure to be a cost effective option instead of animals to
Tanzania, carry them
leopard on their backs.
for Rwanda, Our PM tobison
the American be pulled
for
As we know speed
expending kills, so thefuels
upon expensive humble likebullock
petrol,cart would
diesel or by 3 lions,
American the President
delegates and the by tigers. Global delegates
likes.
ensure a decent long and healthy lifespan, saving us
electricity, as is being considered now. would be
Other offered services
sectors by theiremulate
that could national animal
the like
trulya
from the gory road accidents reported by newspapers.
As we know speed kills, zebra would carry delegates from Botswana, giraffe for
Assuming the cartwheel of thesocart
the humble
is 125 cms is bullock
diameters,cart environmentally-friendly vehicles or EVs would be the
would ensure a decent long and healthy lifespan, Tanzania, leopard for Rwanda, the American bison
paint industry, by scrapping usage of artificial synthetic for
it would take 10 rounds per 4 seconds to cover a distance
American delegates and the likes.
ofsaving us in
22.5 kms from the approximately.
an hour gory road accidents Not bad,reported
as with theby colours offer consumers environment-friendly version
newspapers. Assuming the cartwheel of
current traffic conditions, we move at a pace of 1 inch perthe cart is 125 ofOther
cowdung;sectors that postal
the national could department
emulate couldthe usetruly
cms slower
hour, is diameters,
than the it would
slowest take 10 rounds per 4 seconds
snail. environmentally-friendly
pigeons while airmail couldvehicles
train theor falcon
EVs would be the
for a global
to cover a distance of 22.5 kms in an hour approximately. paint flamingos
reach, industry, byandscrapping
seagullsusage of artificial
traveling synthetic
intercontinental
All gas stations would convert to parks. There would
Notno
bad, as with the colours offer consumers environment-friendly version
of current
parkingtraffic conditions, we move at are other options.
be problems spaces as bullocks would
a pace of 1 inch per hour, slower than the slowest snail. of cowdung;
Even after the the national
demise postal
of the department
animal it would be could use
useful
only need to be left free while the carts were tied. Every
All gas stations would convert to parks. There would pigeons while airmail could train the falcon
and environmentally friendly, unlike the metal (and nowfor a global
office complex would have a shepherd to look after the
be no problems
bullocks, of parking
creating new spacesopportunities.
employment as bullocks Come
would reach, smoking
plastic) flamingosboxes
and seagulls
running ontraveling
the roadintercontinental
ending their
only sun,
rain, needcold,
to be the
left bullocks
free whilewould
the carts were
never tied. Every
abandon us are other options.
lives in junk yards. Every part of the animal is used to
office complex
humans leaving would
us to diehave a shepherd
in nature’s fury. to
Welook after
could the
easily Even after
create the demise
products after itsoflife
thespan
animal it would
comes to anbeend
useful
–
bullocks,
rely on thecreating
animals new employment
to reach us safelyopportunities. Come
and soundly home. and environmentally
bones, skin and hornsfriendly,
are usedunlike
to makethe metal (and now
biodegradable
rain, sun, cold, the bullocks would never abandon
The hi-fi, the CEOs, millionaires and billionaires could us plastic) smoking
designer consumer boxes running
products on aonlarge
the road ending their
scale.
humans leaving us to die in nature’s fury. We
travel on elephants, horseback or a horse cart like the could easily livesmessage
The in junk yards.
is loudEvery part of- the
and clear animal
employ youris used to
natural
rely on
ones the animals
shown to reach us
in the televised safely and
versions soundly home.
of Ramayana and create products
resources smartly after
and its
withlifediscretion,
span comes to that
such an end
they–
bones, skin
contribute to and
not horns
only are
the used to make biodegradable
environment, but also the
The hi-fi, the CEOs,
Mahabharata. millionaires
In a desert and billionaires
region they could use camelcould
designer And
economy. consumer
more products
so, beingon a aMumbaikar,
large scale.I feel the
traveland
carts on in
elephants, horseback
snowy places or acould
reindeers horsepull
cartsledges.
like the
ones shown
Some in the
countries televised
have dogs, versions of Ramayana
goats, donkeys and
and other The message
bullock is loud
carts racing androads
on the clearcan
- employ your results
yield higher natural
Mahabharata.
beasts In apulling
of burden desert carts.
region All
they could use
animals couldcamel
get if resources
the road issmartly and street.
called Dalal with discretion, such that they
carts and in snowy
employment and forplaces reindeers could
international guestspull
we sledges.
could contribute to not only the environment,
For Suggestions, but also
Comments the
email
Some countries
consider going tohave
the dogs,
zoo togoats, donkeys
procure and other
rare breeds of economy. And more kamakshi.fernandes@ieema.org
so, being a Mumbaikar, I feel
beasts of burden pulling carts. All animals could get the bullock carts racing on the roads can yield higher
employment and for international guests we could results if the road is called Dalal street.
1 February 2024
consider going to the zoo to procure rare breeds of kamakshi.fernandes@ieema.org
2ND PROOF 23 JAN 2024
122 February 2024

R. N. I. No. MAHENG/2009/29760
Published and Posted on 1st of every month at Mumbai Postal Regd. No. MCW/120/2024-26
Patrika Channel Sorting Office, Mumbai 400 001. License to post without prepayment WPP Licence No. MR/Tech/WPP-199/West/2021-23 the leading electrical & electronics monthly
VOL 15 l ISSUE NO. 6 l FEBRUARY 2024 PGS. 124 ISSN 0970-2946 l Rs. 100/-
Hon’ble Power Minister of India Shri RK Singh Inaugurates

BuildELEC IntELECT DistribuELEC 2024
IEEMA JOURNAL
VOLUME 15 • NO. 6•FEBRUARY 2024
www.ieema.org
Inside...
37 Cover Story Hon’ble Cabinet Minister of Power and
New & Renewable Energy,
The Zip Zap Zoom of E Vehicles
Shri RK Singh
eMobility, EVs & Charging Infrastructure
82 Insight
124 Dr. Deepak Lakhapati

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Hon’ble Power Minister of India Shri RK Singh Inaugurates

Samvaad in the future of transportation globally; what with ‘environment’

For suggestions and feedback please write to us on editor.ieemajournal@ieema.org

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