ASPHALT

1. Asphalt
dark brown to black cementitious mat'l in w/c the predominating constituent is bitumen.

2. Types of Bitumen
a. Tar
i. Viscous liquid obtained from distillation of coal or wood
b. Petroleum Asphalt
i. Products of the distillation of crude oil

3. 2 Main Components of Asphalt

a. Asphaltene
i. Gives color and hardness
b. Maltene
i. Resin - provides stickiness
ii. Oil - influences viscosity and impart softness

4. Classification & Grade of Asphalt

a. Asphalt Cement -
i. asphalt in road construction (highly viscous and sticky)
ii. Penetration grade asphalt / hot asphalt
1. 60/70 - hot regions
2. 85/100 - cold regions
3. Grade = penetration x 10
b. Liquid Asphalt
i. Cutback Asphalt = asphalt cement + solvent
1. Rapid curing = AC + gasoline
2. Medium curing = AC + kerosene
3. Slow curing = AC + oil/diesel
ii. Emulsified Asphalt = AC + water + emulsifier
1. Cationic - negative charge, works better with wet agg.
2. Anionic - positive charge
a. Rapid setting emulsified asphalt
3. SS-1 , SS-1h - slow setting
c. Hard Asphalt
i. Blown asphalt, used as joint filler for weakened plane jt.
ii. Manufactured thru oxidation process
iii. Penetration = 0 ~ 30

5. Kinds of Asphalt
a. Natural
i. Lake asphalt
ii. Rock Asphalt
b. Manufactured / Petroleum Asphalt
i. Asphalt cement
ii. Oxidized asphalt

6. Uses of Asphalt
a. Binder
b. Water proofing
c. Joint and crack filler
d. Roofing
e. Prime coat
f. Tack coat
g. Under sealing PCCP
h. Pipe coating

7. Physical Properties of Asphalt

a. Consistency
i. Ranges from very thin liquid to stiff semi-solid state
Engr. Rowell A. Atendido
Civil Engr. / Materials Engr. II
 b. Temperature Susceptibility
i. Become harder as temperature decreases, softer as temp increases
ii. Temperature Susceptibility Tests
c. Adhesion
i. Ability to stick to the aggregate in the mixture

d. Cohesion
i. Ability to hold the aggregate particles firmly in place in the finished pavement
e. Durability
i. Resistance to change properties due to weathering or aging w/c involve physical and
chemical reaction called oxidation
f. Hardening
i. Tends to harden in the paving mixture during construction

8. Physical Test for Asphalt

a. Consistency Tests
i. Viscosity Test
1. Measures resistance to flow of asphalt
ii. Penetration Test
1. Measures the distance that a standard apparatus will penetrate a sample of a given
temp (25˚C) in a specified time (5sec)
2. Uses penetrometer
3. Basis for the classification of all solid and semi-solid asphalt
4. Arbitrary measurement of consistency
b. Temperature Susceptibility Test
c. Softening Point Test
i. Temperature on w/c the harder type of asphalt reach an arbitrary degree of softening
d. Loss on Heating
i. Determines the rate of loss of volatile oil of asphalt when heated and change in penetration
caused by excessive heating
e. Ductility Test
i. Ability to stretch w/o breaking
ii. Tested by ductility machine
f. Flash Point
i. Safe heating temp of asphalt
ii. Tested by cleveland open cup
g. Specific Gravity
i. Uniformity of product
ii. Tested by metal pycnometer
iii. 1.01 ~ 1.04 specific gravity
h. Spot Test
i. Determines if asphalt is overheated during production
ii. Asphalt is yellowish brown if overcooked
i. Solubility Test
i. Determines bitumen content in asphalt that is soluble in petroleum solvent
j. Distillation Test
i. Determines asphalt content in liquid asphalt
k. Sieve Test
i. Determines the presence of larger globules of asphalt in the emulsion
l. Cement Mixing
i. Determines the resistance in emulsion to breakdown on the job
ii. Indicates the rate at which the emulsion will break when mixed w/ aggregate
m. Storage Stability
i. Detects the tendency of the asphalt globules in the emulsion to settle during storage

9. Composition of Bituminous Mixtures

a. Aggregate = 92 ~ 95%
i. Types
1. Coarse - retained on sieve#8
2. Fine - passing #8 ~ #200
3. Mineral Filler
a. Produces density, impermeability and stability
b. Extends the life of bitumen, retarding weathering, resisting action of weather
c. Passing #200 sieve
d. PI = 4 max
Engr. Rowell A. Atendido
Civil Engr. / Materials Engr. II
 ii. Important Properties of Aggregate
1. Strength
2. Particle shape
3. Surface texture
4. Absorption and specific gravity
5. Gradation
6. Cleanliness
7. Affinity for asphalt
iii. Gradation = 7 gradation ranges
b. Asphalt = 5 ~ 8%
i. Factors
1. Grade of asphalt
2. Quantity in the mix
c. Others
i. Hydrated Lime = 0.5~1.0%
ii. Voids in Mineral Aggregates (VMA) = 3~5%

10. Properties of Bituminous Mix

a. Stability
i. Ability to resist deformation from imposed load
ii. Factors Affecting Stability
1. Surface texture
2. Particle shape
3. Gradation
4. Density
5. Quantity and type of asphalt
b. Durability
i. Ability to resist detrimental effects of air, water, temp and traffic
ii. Factors
1. Asphalt content
2. Density
3. Gradation
c. Flexibility
i. Ability to bend slightly w/o cracking and to conform to gradual settlements and movements of
the base and subgrade
ii. Factors
1. High asphalt content
2. Gradation (open-graded)
d. Fatigue Resistance
i. Ability to withstand repeated flexing caused by the passage of wheel loads
ii. Factors
1. Asphalt content
2. Gradation
e. Skid Resistance
i. Ability to offer resistance to slipping or skidding
ii. Factors
1. Texture of aggregate
2. Proper asphalt content
f. Workability
i. Ease w/ w/c paving mixture maybe placed or compacted
ii. Factors
1. Grading
2. Properties of aggregate
g. Strength
i. 1.4 Mpa (200psi) minimum dry compressive strength
h. Stripping
i. Measures relative adhesion of asphalt film to aggregates in the presence of moisture

11. Tests on Bituminous Mixture

a. Extraction Test
i. Determines the amount of asphalt and aggregate present in the mix
ii. Gasoline - solvent used in extraction
iii. Computed based on by mass of dry aggregate
b. Grading Test
i. Determines if the grading in the mix conforms with the Job Mix Formula
Engr. Rowell A. Atendido
Civil Engr. / Materials Engr. II
 ii. Uses mechanical analysis
c. Immersion/Compression Test
i. Determine the effect of water on the cohesion of the mix
ii. Core specimen for wet stability shall be soaked for 4 days, while 24 hours for dry stability
iii. IRS = (wet stability / dry stability) x 100
iv. 70% min IRS, AASHTO T-165
v. Core Samples
1. Thickness - 4 measures by Vernier Caliper
2. Density
d. Degree of Compaction
i. 97% min density of laboratory test density
e. Stability
i. Tested by Marshall Stability Test at 60˚C

12. Quality Control Measures on Bituminous Mixtures

a. Selection of materials
b. Design of mixture
c. Aggregate production control
d. Asphalt mix production control
e. Sampling and testing of mixes
f. Foundation control
g. Construction control
h. Drainage control

13. Steps in Pavement Construction

a. Preparation of existing surface
b. Prime/tack coat application
c. Preparation of asphalt mix
d. Hauling
e. Inspection of the mix
f. Compaction of the mix

14. Job Mix Formula

a. determines the proportion of aggregates and asphalt, submit 3 weeks before production
b. Contains provisions on the following
i. Grading of aggregates
ii. Percentage and type of asphalt
iii. Temperature of aggregate and asphalt
iv. Temp of mixture upon delivery or at time of compaction

15. Construction Requirements

a. Job Mix Formula Ranges of Tolerance
i. Passing #4 and larger sieves = ±7%
ii. Passing #8 ~ #100 sieves = ± 4%
iii. Passing #200 = ±2%
iv. Bituminous mat'l = ±0.4%
v. Temp of mixture = ±10˚C
b. 107˚C - temp of mix prior to dumping to spreader
c. 66 ~ 107˚C when tar is used, temp of dumping to spreader
d. Service of asphalt pavement is greatly influenced by grade and quantity of asphalt
e. Calculation of bitumen content
i. % Bitumen ={ (W1 -W2)/W2} x 100
1. W1=weight of sample
2. W2 = weight of sample after extraction
f. Trial Section = 500 sq.m.

16. Temperatures Employed in Design

a. 177˚C ~ 191˚C - heating temp of aggregate
b. 121˚C ~ 138˚C - heating temp of asphalt cement
c. 163˚C - mixing temp. of bitu. mix
d. 124˚C ± 10˚C - molding / compaction temp.

17. Major Causes of Failure in Asphalt Construction

a. Inadequate thickness of base/subbase
b. Inadequate design of asphalt mix
Engr. Rowell A. Atendido
Civil Engr. / Materials Engr. II
 c. Poor quality of material
d. Poor construction control
i. Hot mix is cold during construction
ii. Inadequate compaction of structural layer
iii. Inadequate drainage

18. Common Distresses in Asphalt Concrete Pavement

a. Potholes
i. Bowl-shaped holes of various sizes in the pavement surface
b. Alligator cracking
i. Interconnected cracks forming a series of small blocks resembling an alligator's skin or
chicken wire
c. Raveling
i. Wearing away of pavement surface caused by dislodging of aggregate particles
d. Corrugation or shoving
i. Corrugation is a form of plastic movement typified by ripples across the pavement surface
ii. Shoving a form of plastic movement resulting in localized bulging of the pavement
e. Rutting
i. Longitudinal surface depression in the wheel paths
f. Bleeding
i. Upward movement in asphalt pavement resulting in the formation of a film of asphalt in the
surface
ii. Result of too much asphalt content
g. Reflection cracking
i. Cracks in asphalt concrete overlay surfaces that occur over joints in concrete pavement

19. 3 Phases of Rolling

a. Breakdown / initial Rolling
i. Temp (200~225˚F) is the most dependable guide in rolling
ii. Carried out by steel wheeled roller, 5 km/hr, not <10 tons
b. Intermediate Rolling
i. Densifies and seals the surface
ii. Carried out by pneumatic roller
c. Final Rolling
i. Removes roller marks and other blemishes left from previous rolling
Rolling shall begin at edges and proceed longitudinally toward CL, each trip overlapping half the
roller's width, gradually progressing to the crown of the road.
97 mass percent of the theoretical max density in the job mix

20. Application of Asphalt

APPLICATION TYPE OF ASPHALT RATE OF USE REMARKS
APPLICATION

Prime Coat Cutback Asphalt 1.0 ~ 2.0 L/m² surface of base undisturbed for
(RC or MC) course 24 hrs

Tack Coat Emulsified Asphalt 0.2 ~ 0.7 L/m² existing pavement

or CA(RC)

Seal Coat Asphalt Cement 0.9~1.8 L/m² existing bitu. w/ or w/o

surface course aggregates

Cutback Asphalt 1.5~3 L/m²

Cover aggregate 5~14kg/m²

0.004-0.007 m³/m²

21. Minimum Testing Requirement (Item 310: Bituminous Concrete Surface Course, Hot-laid)
a. Aggregate
i. 1-G&P per 75 cu.m/200t
b. Bituminous Material
i. 1-Q per 40t or 200 drums
c. Mix
i. 1-G,Extraction,Stability,Lab Compaction/ 75cu.m or 130t
Engr. Rowell A. Atendido
Civil Engr. / Materials Engr. II
 d. Hydrated Lime
i. 1Q per 100t
e. Mineral Filler
i. 1-G&P per 75 cu.m.
f. Compacted Pavement
i. At least 1 core but not more than 3 for a full day's operation, for density and thickness
ii. If no core had been taken for each day's operation, a core shall be taken for every 100
lm/lane

22. Asphalt Plant Components

a. Aggregate storage bins
b. Dryer
c. Pugmill for mixing

Engr. Rowell A. Atendido

Civil Engr. / Materials Engr. II