Department of Education

National Capital Region

SCHOOLS DIVISION OFFICE

10 MARIKINA CITY

Science
Quarter 3 – Module 2
Menstrual Cycle and Ovarian Cycle

Vandon T. Borela

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 What I Need to Know

The purpose of this module is to help you understand the feedback

mechanisms involved in regulating processes in the female reproductive system.

The module is divided into two lessons, namely:

● Lesson 1 – Hormones and the Menstrual Cycle
● Lesson 2 – The Ovarian Cycle and Menstrual Cycle

After going through this module, you are expected to describe the feedback
mechanism involved in regulating processes in the female reproductive
system. S10LT-IIIc-35
Specifically, you are expected to:
1. describe the feedback mechanisms involved in regulating processes in the
female reproductive system (e.g., menstrual cycle);
2. explain the function of hormones in the menstrual cycle and ovarian cycle;
3. describe the important events of the menstrual cycle using a diagram; and
4. describe and compare the ovarian cycle and menstrual cycle.

What I Know
Read and understand each item carefully and encircle the letter
corresponding to the word or group of words that completes the sentence.

1. Which of the following is NOT a hormone associated with the menstrual cycle?
A. Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) C. Luteinizing hormone
B. Testosterone D. Estrogen

2. What is the path that blood travels during menstruation?

A. Uterus, fallopian tube, vagina C. Uterus, cervix, vagina
B. Vagina, uterus, fallopian tube D. Cervix, uterus, vagina

3. How many days are in an average menstrual cycle?

A. 7 B.14 C. 28 D. 35

4. What is the effect of increased levels of estrogen in the follicular phase of the
menstrual cycle?
A. Hair thinning C. Thickening of cervical mucus
B. Thinning of cervical mucous D. Thickening of the endometrium

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5. At which stage in the menstrual cycle does the proliferative phase occur?
A. Days 1-5 B. Days 5-14 C. Days 15-28 D. Days 28-35

6. Which term is closely related to menstruation?

A. Anterior pituitary C. Posterior pituitary
B. Hypothalamus D. Adrenal gland

7. At which stage in the menstrual cycle does the proliferative phase occur?
A. Days 1-5 B. Days 5-14 C. Days 15-28 D. Days 28-35

8. Which statement is true about menstruation?

A. During menstruation, only the functional layer of the endometrium is shed,
with the basal layer remaining intact.
B. In a normal 28-day menstrual cycle you would expect menstruation to last
approximately 3-5 days.
C. The absence of menstruation always indicates an active pregnancy.
D. During menstruation, the entire endometrium is shed.

9. Which is a function of progesterone?

A. Inhibition of estrogen production
B. Inhibition of LH and FSH production
C. Initiation of the secretory phase of the endometrium
D. Increase in basal body temperature

10. At which point in the menstrual cycle is a woman most fertile?

A. Days 1-5 B. Days 9-16 C. Days 17-21 D. Days 22-28

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Lesson
Hormones and the Menstrual Cycle
1

What’s In

Let us now find out how much you remember from your previous lesson
about the female reproductive system. Label the parts of the internal female
reproductive system. Choose your answer in the box.

cervix endometrium fallopian tube follicle

ovarian ovary uterus vagina

Figure A. Internal structure of

Females’ reproductive system

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 What’s New

The Menstrual Cycle

Match the Number of Days of the Menstrual cycle in Column A with the description
in Column B. Then, answer the guide questions that follow.

Column A Column B

1. Day 1 A. The lining of the uterus begins to get thicker.

2. Days 2-7 Draw a thin pink lining in the uterus.
3. Days 7 – 14 B. An ovum (human egg cell) is released from one of the
4. Day 14 ovaries. Make a blue dot in one of the ovaries, then
5. Days 14-17 one just inside the Fallopian tube.
C. The ovum travels down the fallopian tube to the
6. Days 17 - 28
uterus. If it is not fertilized, it dies and passes out of
the body. Make a series of blue dots traveling down
the Fallopian tube, through the uterus, and out the
vagina.
D. The lining of the uterus continues to thicken. Draw a
pink lining on the uterus to make it thicker.
E. The menstrual flow begins again, the lining of the
uterus thins, and the whole cycle repeats. Draw a red
flow exiting the vagina.

Guide Questions:
1. How long is one menstrual cycle?______________________________________________
2. Which day of the menstrual cycle does the period start? ________________________
3. Which day of the menstrual cycle is an egg released from the ovary?____________
4. What happens to the lining of the uterus if an egg is not fertilized?______________
_______________________________________________________________________________
5. Does a woman have periods while she is pregnant? Explain your answer. _______
_______________________________________________________________________________
6. How long does a period usually last in the 28-day cycle? _______________________
_______________________________________________________________________________

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 What Is It

Phases of the Menstrual Cycle.

1. Menstrual phase
This phase is from the first day of the menses to the last day of bleeding
(usually lasts from 3–5 days, up to 7 days). Bleeding occurs when there is no
fertilization. Low levels of both progesterone and estrogen make the blood
vessels of the endometrium constrict, cutting off blood flow to the uterine
lining. The cells of the uterine lining start to die, and the lining sloughs off and
causes bleeding. Two-thirds of the endometrial lining sheds during menses.
During this time, the ovaries are beginning the follicular stage.
2. Proliferative phase
It happens on Days 6-14. This phase is from the cessation of menses
to ovulation. The endometrial lining thickens in preparation for the
implantation of a fertilized ovum. Its thickness doubles to about 4–6 mm.
Uterine secreting glands increase in size and produce mucus. Uterine blood
vessels begin to grow. Ovulation occurs in the ovaries at the end of this stage,
usually around day 14, triggered by a surge in the luteinizing hormone (LH)
from the anterior pituitary gland.
3. Secretory phase
It happens on Days 15-28. This phase is from ovulation to the start of
the next menses. Endometrial glands secrete mucus, which prepares the
uterus to receive a fertilized ovum. The corpus luteum produces estrogen, while
the cells of the ovaries produce progesterone. The endometrium continues to
thicken.

What’s More

Activity: Hormones Regulating the Menstrual Cycle

You Will Need:
Graph card, Data table of the hormones, Coloring materials, Science notebook

1. Copy the graph card in your Science notebook.

2. Using the following data and your graph card, plot the graph for all the
hormones in the table

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 Figure C: Graph card Table 1: Level of Hormonal secretion

Guide Questions:

1. What hormones are being represented by the data for

each column below?
A. ______ B. _____ C. _______ D. _______
2. What stimulates the release of an egg on day 14?

_____________________________________________________

3. When is a woman most fertile?

___________________________________________________

4. What causes the lining to rebuild after the period?

______________________________________________________________________________

What I Have Learned

Complete Table 2 below by supplying the missing information.

Table 2: Phases of Menstrual cycle

Menstrual phase Number of Days Hormones involved Events happen

1.

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 What I Can Do

1. Draw 3 blank calendars in your Science notebook.

2. Label the blank calendars with numbers for dates and month names.
3. For girls – Using the calendar to mark the important events of the menstrual
cycle from the first day of your period up to your next period.
For boys- interview your mother, sister, or any female member of the family.
Using the calendar mark the important events of the menstrual cycle from the
first day of the period up to the next period.
4. Use the following color (if available):
Blue – Proliferative phase Red – Menstrual phase
Green – Ovulation phase Pink – Secretory phase
5. Answer the guide questions.

Guide Questions:
1. What is the importance of knowing the first day and last day of the “period”?
Explain your answer.
______________________________________________________________________________
2. If an egg were released from the left ovary on the 2nd of March, when would the
next egg be released from the right ovary?
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
3. If a woman has a period that begins on the 1st of January, when will her next
period begin?
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________

Assessment
Complete the statement by supplying the words.
Bleeding occurs when there is no fertilization. Low levels of both _____1____
and ___2___ make the blood vessels of the endometrium constrict, cutting off blood
flow to the uterine lining. Ovulation occurs in the ovaries at the end of this stage,
usually around day 14, triggered by a surge in the ____3_______ from the anterior
pituitary gland. ____4______ happens on Days 15-28. This phase is from ovulation
to the start of the next menses. Endometrial glands secrete ___5___, which
prepares the uterus to receive a fertilized ovum.

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 Additional Activities

Proper Hygiene during Period days.

Marikina City was an awardee of the International Orchid Award for a
couple of years, an award that recognized the cleanliness of Marikina City in
different aspects. As a healthy city model, it aims to provide quality health, medical
and proper hygiene services. As an urbanized city, the continuous high rate of
increase in its population may affect the health status of the Marikeños.

To be able to help the City Health Office continuously promote good hygiene,
accomplish the performance task below. You may choose from one of the products
mentioned in the table.

You Will Need: Laptop/video editing software/art materials

Goal Clean and Fresh

You will provide knowledge to the Grade 6 students at various
elementary schools in Marikina City on the proper care and
hygiene during the Period days.
Role City Health Personnel
Audience Grade 6 students at various elementary schools in Marikina City
Situation Offering an alternative to the stigma and marginalization
associated with hygiene issues, empowers all students, and
promotes proper hygiene.
Product Video presentation, brochure, flyer.

Criteria:
Organization of Content (10 pts) Accurate and detailed information is provided.
Accuracy of Information (5 pts) Information are systematically organized, and it
is easy for the reader to understand
Visual Appeal (5 pts) Letter, colors, images, layouts, and other visual elements
help in the expressing overall idea of the infographics

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Lesson The Menstrual Cycle and the
2 Ovarian Cycle

What’s In

Write TRUE if the statement is correct, FALSE if the statement is incorrect.

_________1. Progesterone levels rise during the luteal phase of the ovarian cycle
and the secretory phase of the uterine cycle.
_________2. Menstruation occurs just after the luteinizing hormone and the
follicle-stimulating hormone levels peak.
_________3. Menstruation occurs after progesterone levels drop.
_________4. Estrogen levels rise before ovulation, while progesterone levels rise
after.
_________5. Estrogen and Luteinizing hormones are secreted by the pituitary
gland.

What’s New
Activity: The Ovarian cycle.
You Will Need: Science notebook
Procedure:
1. Study Figure E: The Ovarian Cycle
2. Using Figure E: The Ovarian cycle, arrange the statement into chronological
order. Write the letter before each number of the statement.
The ovarian cycle in humans is divided into 3 phases:
___ 1. The follicular phase is characterized by activation of up to 20 primordial
follicles to begin the maturation process, but usually only one reaches full
maturity,
___2. The ovulatory phase begins in which the cumulus-oocyte complex is released
from ovulating follicle, and
___3. The luteal phase happens when the corpus luteum develops from the
follicular wall and produces hormones (progesterone).
___4. If fertilization does not occur and an ovum does not implant into the uterine
wall, the corpus luteum degenerates and forms the corpus Albicans. In case
that implantation does occur, the developing placenta secretes chorionic
gonadotrophin which prevents degeneration of the corpus luteum and

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 prolongs secretion of progesterone. In humans, the placenta is sufficiently
developed after 5-6 weeks and then becomes the main organ of progesterone
secretion.

C
A

Figure E: Ovarian cycle

Source: Tomac, Jelena & Cekinovć, D. & Arapović, Jurica. (2011). Biology of the Corpus luteum. Periodicum Biologorum. 113. 43-49.

3. Answer the guide questions.

Guide Questions:
1. How long is one ovarian cycle? ___________________________________________
2. On which days does ovulation begin in the ovarian cycle?_________________
3. On which day of the menstrual cycle does the period start?______________

What Is It

The ovarian cycle governs the preparation of endocrine tissues and the
release of eggs, while the menstrual cycle governs the preparation and
maintenance of the uterine lining. These cycles occur concurrently and are
coordinated over a 22–32-day cycle, with an average of 28 days.

The events of the menstrual cycle that take place in the ovaries make up
the ovarian cycle. It includes the follicular phase (when a follicle and its egg
mature due to rising levels of FSH), ovulation (when the egg is released from the
ovary due to a rise in estrogen and a surge in LH), and the luteal phase (when the
follicle is transformed into a structure called a corpus luteum that secretes
progesterone). In a 28-day menstrual cycle, the follicular and luteal phases
typically average about two weeks in length, with ovulation generally occurring
around day 14 of the cycle. The events of the menstrual cycle that take place in
the uterus make up the uterine cycle. It includes menstruation, which generally
occurs on days 1 to 5 of the cycle and involves the shedding of endometrial tissue

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that built up during the preceding cycle; the proliferative phase, during which
the endometrium builds up again until ovulation occurs; and the secretory
phase, which follows ovulation and during which the endometrium secretes
substances and undergoes other changes that prepare it to receive an embryo.

What’s More

Activity: The Complete Cycle

You Will Need: Science notebook.
Procedure:
1. Study Figure H: Ovarian cycle and Menstrual cycle.
2. Answer the guide questions.
Write your answer in your
science notebook.
Guide Questions:
1. Based on Figure H, what are the
hormones that regulate the
menstrual cycle?
The ovarian cycle?
2. How will you relate the secretory
phase of the menstrual cycle to the
luteal phase of the ovarian cycle?
3. What do you notice about the
level of estrogen during the
0-7 day of menstrual cycle and
ovarian cycle?
Figure H: Ovarian cycle and Menstrual cycle.
Source: https://library.vcc.ca/learningcentre/pdf/vcclc/OvarianandUterineCycle.pdf

What I Have Learned

Answer the following questions.

1. Why there are variations in the menstrual cycle among the girls?
Explain your answer.
_______________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________

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 2. What do you think is the cause of irregular periods in a female’s
menstrual cycle? Explain your answer.
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________

What I Can Do

Answer the following questions.

1. Most oral contraceptives (birth control pills) contain estrogen and progesterone. Use
your understanding of the hormones involved in the ovarian and menstrual cycle to
explain how pregnancy is prevented when birth control pills are used.
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
2. When a fertilized egg is implanted in the endometrium, the secretion of a hormone
called human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG begins). The increase of HCG
concentrations in the blood prevents the corpus luteum from breaking down. Use
your understanding of the ovarian cycle and menstrual cycle to explain how the
maintenance of the corpus luteum prevents menstruation from occurring.
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________

Assessment
Match the descriptions in Column A to the words in Column B.
Column A Column B
1. Governs the preparation of endocrine Ovarian cycle
tissues and the release of eggs. Menstrual cycle
2. Governs the preparation and maintenance Follicular phase
of the uterine lining. Luteal and Secretory
3. This process prepares the egg for ovulation. phase
Progesterone
4. Referred to changes within the ruptured
Estrogen
follicle.
5. Facilitates the regrowth of the uterine lining
and inhibits the discharge of further FSH and LH

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 Additional Activities

Performance Task.

Choose which diseases are related to the Menstrual cycle and create an
infographic showing its causes, prevention, or cure.

1. Dysmenorrhea 3. Mittelschmerz
2. Amenorrhea 4. Ovarian cancer
Criteria

Content (10 pts) Accurate and detailed information is provided.

Organization (10 pts) Information are systematically organized, and it is easy for
the reader to understand
Visual Appeal (5 pts) Letter, colors, images, layouts, and other visual elements
help in the expressing overall idea of the infographics

Posttest

Read and understand each item carefully and encircle the letter
corresponding to the word or group of words that completes the sentence.

1. Whenever an egg is ovulated, the endometrial lining prepares for possible

implantation of the fertilized egg. To prepare for potential pregnancy, the
__________ releases __________.
A. ovary; luteinizing hormone C. corpus callosum; estrogen
B. corpus luteum; progesterone D. endometrium; luteinizing hormones

2. At which stage in the menstrual cycle does the proliferative phase occur?
A. Days 1-5 B. Days 5-14 C. Days 15-28 D. Days 28-35

3. What is the function of the luteinizing hormone (LH)?

A. Formation and maintenance of the corpus luteum
B. Thinning of the Graafian follicles’ membrane
C. Stimulation of follicle development
D. Stimulation of GnRH production

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4. At which stage in the menstrual cycle does the proliferative phase occur?
A. Days 1-5 B. Days 5-14 C. Days 15-28 D. Days 28-35

5. Which statement is true about menstruation?

A. In a normal 28-day menstrual cycle you would expect menstruation to last
approximately 3-5 days.
B. During menstruation, the entire endometrium is shed.
C. During menstruation only the functional layer of the endometrium is shed,
with the basal layer remaining intact.
D. Absence of menstruation always indicates an active pregnancy.

6. Which hormone is the corpus luteum responsible for producing?

A. Estrogen C. Progesterone
B. Follicle-stimulating hormone D. Luteinizing hormone

7. Where are luteinizing hormone (LH) and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)

produced?
A. Hypothalamus
B. Posterior pituitary
C. Anterior pituitary
D. Adrenal glands

8. Which is a function of progesterone?

A. Initiation of the secretory phase of the endometrium
B. Inhibition of LH and FSH production
C. Increase in basal body temperature
D. Inhibition of estrogen production

9. What is the path that blood travels during menstruation?

A. Uterus, fallopian tube, vagina C. Uterus, cervix, vagina
B. Vagina, uterus, fallopian tube D. Cervix, uterus, vagina

10. How many days are in an average menstrual cycle?

A. 7 B. 14 C. 28 D. 35

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15 DISCIPLINE • GOOD TASTE • EXCELLENCE
City of Good Character
What’s In What’s More What I can do
Students answer may vary
Ovarian cycle – FSH and LH
menstrual cycle – estrogen,
RUE progesterone, estradiol
The secretory phase of the
ALSE menstrual cycle happen if there’s
no fertilized egg is present, but if
there is a fertilized egg the
RUE Secretory phase of menstrual cycle
will not takes place along with it
the corpus luteum secrete
RUE progesterone to enrich the lining to
prepared the lining for conception
of fertilized egg.
What’s New In the menstrual cycle the
estrogen level is low while in the
ovarian cycle is low.
LESSON 2
What’s In What’s More
Fallopian tube A. FSH
Ovary LH
Endometrium Progesterone
Uterus Estradiol
Ovarian follicle LH
Cervix Estrogen
Vagina Estradiol
What’s New
What I have Learned
28 days
Day 1-2 Students answer may vary
Day 14
Continue to thicken What I can do
No, because the lining does not
thicken, the fertilized egg attached to The importance of knowing the first day and last
the lining day of the period is to track and presume the next
LESSON 1
Answer Key
Publishing Company Inc. 1996.
Campbell, Neil A. Biology 4th Edition. New York. The Benjamin/Cummings
Department of Education, 2015.
Acosta, Herma. et al. Science 10 Learner’s Material. 1st Edition ed., Pasig City,
References
 Development Team of the Module

Writer: Vandon T. Borela

Content Editors: Alma B. Castaño

Veronica A. Cena
Jessica S. Mateo

Language Editor: Merian A. Dizon

Illustrator: Lian Joseph A. Domingo
Layout Artists: Guiller P. Belen
Jemwel Dela Paz

Management Team:
Sheryll T. Gayola
Assistant Schools Division Superintendent
OIC, Office of the Schools Division Superintendent

Elisa O. Cerveza
Chief, CID
OIC, Office of the Assistant Schools Division Superintendent

Jessica S. Mateo
EPS-Science

Ivy Coney A. Gamatero

EPS – LRMS

For inquiries or feedback, please write or call:

Schools Division Office- Marikina City

Email Address: sdo.marikina@deped.gov.ph

191 Shoe Ave., Sta. Elena, Marikina City, 1800, Philippines

Telefax: (02) 682-2472 / 682-3989

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