2. Give a Reason to Listen 3. Introduce Subject / Central Idea 4. Establish Credibility 5. Preview the Main Ideas
Effective Introductions - ANS-1. Anecdote - Illustration or Story
2. Startling Facts or Statistics 3. Humor 4. Quotations 5. Questions 6. References to History 7. References to Recency 8. References to Personal Experience 9. References to Occasion 10. References to Preceding Speeches
Conclusions are Used to? - ANS-1. Re-emphasize Central Idea
2. Summarize the Speech 3. Provide Closure - Call to Action & Finish Strong
Effective Conclusions - ANS-1. Use Same Methods for Introductions
2. Reference Introductions 3. Inspiration, Appeals, or
Oral vs. Written Style - ANS-1. Oral Style is *More* Personal than Written Style 2. Oral Style is *Less* Formal than Written Style 3. Oral Style is *More* Repetitive than Written Style
Using Words Effectively - ANS-Use specific, concrete words
Use simple words Use words correctly Use words concisely
Rhetorical Question - ANS-A question asked merely for effect with no answer expected Crafting Memorable Word Structures - ANS-Figurative Language (Metaphor, Simile, Personification) Drama (Short Sentences, Omission, Inversion, Suspension) Cadence (Repetition, Parallelism, Antithesis, Alliteration)
Adapting Language Style to Audience - ANS-1. Use Language that Your Audience can Understand 2. Use Respectful Language 3. Use Unbiased Language
Methods of Speech Delivery - ANS-1. Impromptu: little or no specific or immediate
preparation (hard to organize but easy to adapt) 2. Manuscript: entire speech is written and read (sounds as it is read but can be polished or refined) 3. Memorization: entire speech is written and memorized (sounds rehearsed but there is more direct eye contact) 4. Extemporaneously: speech is prepared and presented from a basic set of notes or an outline (practice is required but it is spontaneous and appropriate)
Characteristics of Effective Delivery - ANS-1. Eye Contact
2. Gestures 3. Movement 4. Posture/Stance 5. Facial Expressions 6. Voice 7. Personal Appearance
Establishing Immediacy - ANS->Standing / Moving Closer to you Audience
>Coming out from behind a Lectern (Podium) >Using Appropriate Levels of Eye Contact >Smiling when Talking >Using Appropriate Gestures >Having a more relaxed Posture >Moving Purposefully
Percentage of Nonverbal Communication - ANS-93%
Presentation Aids (and Values of Them) - ANS-Definitions: Visual and auditory materials intended to enhance the clarity and effectiveness of a presentation Tips: Prepare for it to fail, do not center your speech around an aid, and do use it well
Usage/Values: Enhances Understanding and Memory, Helps Listeners to Organize
Ideas, Gain & Maintain Attention, and Provide Sequence of Events
Guidelines: Must be easy to see, simple, considering the audience, and cannot be illegal
Vocal Delivery - ANS-Speak to be Understood:
>Volume >Articulation >Dialect >Pronunciation Speak with Variety: >Pitch >Rate >Pauses Using a Microphone: >Types of Microphones
Learning Styles - ANS-1. Visual - Learns by Seeing Information (not just Hearing it) 2. Auditory - Learns best by Hearing 3. Kinesthetic - Learns best by Moving while learning 4. Visual Print - Learns by Seeing Words in Print (reading)
Word Picture - ANS-A vivid description that invites listeners to draw on their senses
Types of Informative Speeches (with Examples) - ANS-1. Speech About Objects (Ex: The Rosetta Stone) 2. Speech About Procedure (Ex: How to...) 3. Speech About People (Ex: Tribute Speech) 4. Speech About Events (Ex: Cinco de Mayo) 5. Speech About Ideas (Ex: Communism)
Goals of Informative Speeches - ANS-1. enhance understanding
2. maintain interest 3. be remembered
Types of Persuasive Speeches (with Examples) - ANS-1. Problem-Solution (Ex: Too
much debt, raise taxes to lower it) 2. Refutation (Ex: You're wrong) 3. Cause and Effect (Ex: Push me, I push you) 4. Motivated Sequence (Ex: Attention, Need, Satisfaction, Visualization, and Action)
Goals of Persuasive Speeches - ANS-1. reinforce a belief an audience holds
2. change a belief an audience holds 3. move an audience to act
Aristotle's Approach to Persuasion - ANS-1. Ethos - Credibility
2. Pathos - Emotion 3. Logos - Logic
Strategies to Enhance Audience Understanding - ANS-speak with clarity, use principles
and techniques of adult learning, clarify unfamiliar ideas or complex processes, appeal to a variety of learning styles
Credibilty - ANS-the quality of being trusted and believed in
Enhancing you Credibility - ANS-1. Competence - Being knowledgeable about a subject
2. Trustworthiness - Believable and Honest 3. Dynamism - Energetic
Phases of Credibility - ANS-Initial: before you speak
Derived: as you speak Terminal: after you speak
Motivate Listeners to Respond to Message - ANS-Use Cognitive Dissonance
Use Listeners' Needs Use Positive Motivation Use Negative Motivation
Types of Reasoning - ANS-1. Deductive - Moves from a general statement to a specific
conclusion 2. Inductive - Specific instances to a general conclusion 3. Causal - Cause and Effect logic 4. Analogical - A comparison between two events 5. By Sign - Concluding that an event will or has occurred from one event
Avoid Faulty Reasoning + Fallacies - ANS-1. Causal Fallacy - faulty cause and effect 2. Bandwagon - everyone else does so it must be true 3. Either/Or - this or that 4. Hasty Generalization - reaching conclusion without enough evidence 5. Ad Hominem - attacking the person instead of the argument 6. Red Herring - adding irrelevant information to the argument 7. Appeal to Misplaced Authority - using the wrong person for evidence 8. Non Sequitur - argument and conclusion has no connection
Supporting Your Reasoning with Evidence - ANS-1. Facts
2. Examples 3. Opinions 4. Statistics
Group Presentation - ANS-a relatively uninterrupted talk or speech by one or more
group members within a group, on behalf of a group, or by an entire group (relating to the same subject - but can vary in aspect)
Ceremonial Speaking - ANS-speaking that celebrates special occasions, such as
speeches of tribute, inspiration, and introduction, eulogies, toasts, award presentations, acceptances, and after-dinner speeches
Cognitive Dissonance - ANS-unpleasant mental experience of tension resulting from
two conflicting thoughts or beliefs
Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs - ANS-(level 1) Physiological Needs, (level 2) Safety and
Security, (level 3) Relationships, Love and Affection, (level 4) Self Esteem, (level 5) Self Actualization
Signposts - ANS-1. Internal Preview - statement of ideas that will be developed within the speech 2. Initial Preview - a statement in the introduction about the main ideas 3. Verbal Transition - word or phrase that indicates the relationship between two ideas 4. Nonverbal Transition - a facial expression or vocal cue to show the change in ideas 5. Final Summary - a restatement of the main ideas at the end of the speech 6. Internal Summary - restatement of the ideas developed so far that occurs in the body
