.

ANGLES AT THE CENTRE

x
The angle at the centre is twice
the angle at the circumference
standing on the same arc. O
2x

Examples
(i) Find x giving reasons. (iii) Find x giving reasons.

x
230°
O O
130°
80°
115°
x
reflex  at O  230°
x  40°
 x  115 °
( at centre is twice  at circumf.
standing on same arc) ( at centre is twice  at circumf.
standing on same arc)

(ii) Find x giving reasons. (iv) Find x giving reasons.

x
55°

O O
x 110°
50°
35°
35° D
C

x  100° CDO  35° (equal base ' s of isos. COD)

( at centre is twice  at circumf.  COD  180°  70° ( sum of  )
standing on same arc)  110 °
 x  55° ( at centre is twice  at circumf.
standing on same arc)
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 .

Angles at the Centre 4314

Find the value of x in each diagram.

Q1 Q5 ANSWERS
x A) 17°
B) 30°
O O
C) 34°
100° °
x D) 38°
E) 41°
F) 45°
G) 46°
Q2 Q6 H) 50°
78° 56°
I) 52°
O O J) 58°
x K) 70°
x
L) 72°
M) 82°
N) 108°
O) 110°
Q3 Q7
P) 112°
32°
Q) 116°
O
R) 124°
140° O
S) 134°
x x T) 138°
U) 148°
V) 152°
Q4 Q8 W) 156°

x X) 164°
O O Y) 170°
B
76° D Z) 220°
x
A
C
AO//CB and A = 24°
Find x.

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 .

Angles at the Centre 4314

Q1 x  50° ( at centre is twice  at circumf. Q7

standing on same arc) A
32° B
32°
Q2 x  156° ( at centre is twice  at circumf. 116°
standing on same arc) O
Q3
x
220°
ABO  32° (equal base ' s of isosceles AOB)
O  AOB  180°  64° ( sum of )
140°
 116 °
x  x  58° ( at centre is twice  at circumf.
standing on same arc)
reflex  at O  220°
Q8
 x  110 ° ( at centre is twice  at circumf.
standing on same arc)
O
Q4 x  38 ° ( at centre is twice  at circumf. B
standing on same arc) 48° D 24°
24° x
Q5
A
° C
B  24° (alt. ' s, AO//CB)
O
 O  48° ( at centre is twice  at circumf.
x ° standing on same arc)
AOB  180°  24°  48° ( sum of  )
 108°
A  41° ( at centre is twice  at circumf.
standing on same arc)  x  108° (vert. opp. ' s)

 is isosceles (equal radii)

 x  41° (equal base ' s of isosceles  )
Q6
56°

O
112°
x
B
A
AOB  112 ° ( at centre is twice  at circumf.
standing on same arc)

 x  180°  112 ° (equal base ' s of

2 isosceles AOB)
 34°

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 .

ANGLES ON THE SAME ARC

Angles at the circumference standing x

on the same arc are equal. x

Examples
(i) Find x giving reasons.

55°

x x  55° (' s at circumf. standing

on same arc are equal)

(ii) Find x giving reasons.

y  48° (' s at circumf. standing

48° on same arc are equal)
x 92° 40°  x  92° ( sum of   180° )
48°
y

(iii) Find x giving reasons.

52°
y  52° (' s at circumf. standing
x 52° on same arc are equal)
52° y
 x  52° (alt. to y , // lines)

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 .

Angles on the Same Arc 4315

Find the value of x in each diagram.

Q1 Q5  ABC is equilateral. ANSWERS

x C A) 28°
40°
B) 30°
x
C) 32°
of
D) 35°
② E) 36°
A B
F) 38°
G) 40°
Q2 Q6 H) 42°
O

48° I) 45°
② J) 46°
x 48

· K) 48°
° x
4 L) 50°
O M) 51°
N) 53°
O) 54°
Q3 Or
Q7
P) 58°
&

x 48° Q) 60°
97

35° R) 72°
35
x
134° S) 80°
T) 84°
U) 90°
V) 93°
Q4 Q8 W) 97°
2x
X) 98°
87° 43° 3x Y) 102°
Zuc
3x

x O

x Z) 105°
O

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 .

Angles on the Same Arc 4315

Q1 x  40° (' s at circumf. standing on same arc are equal)

Q2 x  58° (' s at circumf. standing on same arc are equal)
Q3 B
B  48° (' s at circumf. standing on same arc are equal)
48° C  x  97° ( sum of   180°)
x E 48°
35°
A
D

Q4 B
B  43° (' s at circumf. standing on same arc are equal)
43° C  x  50° ( sum of   180°)
E 43°
87°
x
A
D

Q5 C  60° ( in an equilateral )
 x  60° (' s at circumf. standing on same arc are equal)
Q6 B
C  48° (' s at circumf. standing on same arc are equal)
48°
 x  48° (alt. to C, AB//DC)
C
E
x 48°
A

D
Q7 B
C BAC  46° (' s on a str. line add to 180°)
 x  46° (' s at circumf. standing on same arc are equal)
46°
A x
134°
D
Q8 B
2x A  x (' s at circumf. standing on same arc are equal)
 x  2 x  3 x  180° ( sum of )
3x C
x  6 x  180°
A x  x  30°

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 .

ANGLE IN A SEMI-CIRCLE

The angle in a semi-circle

is a right angle.

Examples
(i) Find x giving reasons.
C

C = 90° ( in a semi-circle)
A x 55°
 x  55° ( sum of   180° )
O 35°

(ii) Find x giving reasons.

C

50° x ACO = 50° (equal base 's of isos.  AOC)

40°
x = 40° ACB = 90°  in a semi-circle)
A 50°

O B

(iii) Find x.

6.5cm x2 = 132  52
O 13cm = 144
x 6.5cm x  x = 12cm
6.5cm

5cm 5cm

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 .

Angle in a Semi-Circle 4316

Find the value of x in each diagram, correct to 1 decimal place where necessary.

Q1 Q5 ANSWERS
A) 26°
x x
B) 27°

O O C) 28°
D) 30°
E) 32°
F) 38°
G) 42°
Q2 Q6 H) 43°
cm x
x 12 I) 44°
O J) 45°
58° O 15cm K) 46°
L) 48°
M) 54°
N) 59°
O) 85°
Q3 Q7
x P) 90°
Q) 92°
O
O 8cm R) 115°
36°
5cm S) 4.6cm
x T) 5.2cm
U) 6cm
V) 7.4cm
Q4 Q8 W) 8cm
° X) 9cm
x O Y) 9.8cm
46084 9cm
O Z) 11.1cm
60°

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 .

Angle in a Semi-Circle 4316

Q1 x  90° Q7

Q2 x  32°
5cm
O 10cm
Q3
x x  54° 8cm 5cm 8cm
36°
5cm
x x
36° O
x 2  102  82
 36
Q4  x  6 cm
x  42°
° ° Q8

x x
O
O 9cm 2x 9cm
x 60°
x
Q5 x  45° x
(2 x) 2  x 2  92
Q6 x 2  152  122 NOTE:
 81 Small triangle 4 x 2  x 2  81
is equilateral. 3 x 2  81
 x  9 cm
x 2  27
 x  5.2 cm (1 dec. pl.)

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 .

CYCLIC QUADRILATERALS
Opposite angles of a cyclic The exterior angle of a cyclic
quadrilateral are supplementary. quadrilateral is equal to the
opposite interior angle.

y m

x + y = 180°
x

Examples
Find the value of x, giving reasons.
(i) (ii)
x 78°
70°
105°
x

110°

x = 70° (opp. 's in a cyclic x = 105 ° (ext.  of a cyclic quad

quad are supp.) equals opp. int. )

(iii) A

D
55° 30°
SOL
30° DIAGVE ON T
RAM HE
FIRS
T
95°x

C
B
CDB = 30° ('s on circumf. standing on same arc are equal)

 x = 95° (opp. 's in a cyclic quad are supp.)

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 .

Cyclic Quadrilaterals 4317

Find the value of x in each diagram.

Q1 Q5 ANSWERS
2x + 10° A) 28°
x
B) 30°
95° C) 31°
3x + 20° D) 34°
E) 35°
F) 38°
G) 40°
Q2 Q6 H) 42°
108° 23°
67° I) 51°
x O J) 54°
K) 57°
L) 60°
x
M) 62°
N) 65°
O) 67°
Q3 Q7
86° P) 72°
63°
Q) 74°
x R) 75°
57° x
55°
S) 85°
T) 86°
U) 92°
V) 94°
Q4 Q8 W) 105°
° x
70° X) 115°
x Y) 121°
Z) 136°

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 .

Cyclic Quadrilaterals 4317

Q1 x  85° (opp. ' s of a cyclic quad are supp.)

Q2 x  72° (opp. ' s of a cyclic quad are supp.)

Q3 x  57° (ext.  of a cyclic quad equals opp. int. )

Q4
°
y  75° (co - int. ' s, // lines)
y  x  105° (opp. ' s of a cyclic quad are supp.)
x

Q5 2 x  10°  3 x  20°  180° (opp. ' s of a cyclic quad are supp.)

5 x  30°  180°
5 x  150°
 x  30°

Q6
23° y y  90° ( in a semi - circle)
 x  180°  (23°  90°) (opp. ' s of a cyclic quad are supp.)
x O
 67°

Q7
y y  55° (' s at circumf. standing on same arc are equal)
63°  x  180°  (55°  63°) (opp. ' s of a cyclic quad are supp.)
x  62°
55°

Q8 x
70° y y  70° (ext.  of a cyclic quad equals opp. int. )
Now  is isosceles
 x  180°  (2  70°)
 40°

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 .

TANGENT PROPERTIES
Examples
(i) PT is a tangent to the circle. Find the value of x.
T 8 cm P
PTO = 90° ( between tangent
6 cm and radius)
x
x 2  62  82
O  100
 x  10 cm

(ii) AB is a tangent to the circle. AB = 4 cm and BD = 2 cm.

Find the radius of the circle.
A OAB = 90° ( between tangent and radius)
r ( r  2) 2  r 2  4 2
4 cm
O r 2  4r  4  r 2  16
r 4r  12
D
2 cm r  3 Radius is 3 cm.
B

(iii) PT and QT are tangents to the circle. Find the values of x and y.
Q
x = 8 cm (tangents drawn from an
y 8 cm external point are equal)

T
65° x y = 65° (equal base 's of isos. , PT = QT)
P

(iv) PT is a tangent to both circles.

Find the length between the centres O and C.
P 8cm T
x 2  82  22
3cm
5cm  68
C
x  x  8.2 cm (1 dec. pl.)
O
8cm
2cm
x

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 .

Tangent Properties (Extension) 4318

Find the value of the pronumeral in each diagram, correct to 1 decimal place where necessary.
Q1 20cm Q5 8cm
ANSWERS
12cm x A) 4 cm N) 16.8 cm
x O
B) 4.7 cm O) 17.7 cm
O
C) 5 cm P) 17.9 cm
D) 5.1 cm Q) 18.2 cm
E) 7 cm R) 21.5 cm
F) 8 cm S) 23.3 cm
Q2 G) 8.9 cm T) 24.2 cm
Q6
x H) 9.3 cm U) 74 cm
12cm 68°
O I) 10 cm V) 80 cm
O x
16cm J) 10.6 cm W) 82 cm
K) 11 cm X) 44°
L) 11.5 cm Y) 64°
M) 15.5 cm Z) 68°
Q3 PT is a tangent to the circle touching
it at T. PT = 8cm and PO = 12cm. Q7 x
Find the length of diameter AB.
7cm
B 10cm
C
O
T
O
OC = 18cm. Find x.
3
A
P

Q4 12cm Q8 15cm

8cm 11cm
7cm
x O C
O x

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 .

Tangent Properties (Extension) 4318

Q1 x 2  202  122 Q5 x  8 cm
 544
Q6
 x  23.3 cm (1 dec. pl.) 68°
O
Q2 x 2  162  122 x
 112 y
 x  10.6 cm (1 dec. pl.)
y  68° (equal base ' s of isos.  )
Q3
 x  44° ( sum of   180°)

T r Q7 x
O
8cm 7cm 7cm
x
12cm 3cm C
18cm
O
P
r 2  122  82
 80 x
3cm
 r  8.9442...cm 18cm
2 2 2
 Diameter  2  8.9442... x  18  3
 17.9 cm (1 dec. pl.)  315
 x  17.7 cm (1 dec. pl.)
Q4 12cm
Q8 15cm
8cm 11cm
x
x 7cm 15cm
12cm 4cm
O O C
x
x m
)c
(x +8
15cm
4cm
2 2 2
( x  8)  x  12 x
2
x  16 x  64  x  1442 x 2  152  42
16 x  80  241
 x  5 cm  x  15.5 cm (1 dec. pl.)

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 .

Tangent Properties (Extension) 4318

Q1 x 2  202  122 Q5 x  8 cm
 544
Q6
 x  23.3 cm (1 dec. pl.) 68°
O
Q2 x 2  162  122 x
 112 y
 x  10.6 cm (1 dec. pl.)
y  68° (equal base ' s of isos.  )
Q3
 x  44° ( sum of   180°)

T r Q7 x
O
8cm 7cm 7cm
x
12cm 3cm C
18cm
O
P
r 2  122  82
 80 x
3cm
 r  8.9442...cm 18cm
2 2 2
 Diameter  2  8.9442... x  18  3
 17.9 cm (1 dec. pl.)  315
 x  17.7 cm (1 dec. pl.)
Q4 12cm
Q8 15cm
8cm 11cm
x
x 7cm 15cm
12cm 4cm
O O C
x
x m
)c
(x +8
15cm
4cm
2 2 2
( x  8)  x  12 x
2
x  16 x  64  x  1442 x 2  152  42
16 x  80  241
 x  5 cm  x  15.5 cm (1 dec. pl.)

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 .

THE ANGLE IN THE ALTERNATE SEGMENT

y
The angle between a tangent and
a chord is equal to the angle in the x
alternate segment. O

x y

Examples
Find the value of x, giving reasons.
(i)
43°
x = 81° ( in alt. segment)
81°

(ii) C
CBT = 65° ( in alt. segment)
70° P
C = 70° (opp. 's in a cyclic
B 65° quad are supp.)
45° 65°
x x = 45° ( sum of BCT = 180°
110° T
A

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 .

Angle in the Alternate Segment (Extension) 4319

Find the value of x in each diagram.

Q1 Q5 ANSWERS
A) 30°
x
x B) 32°
C) 35°
50° D) 38°
48° E) 44°
F) 45°
G) 48°
Q2 Q6 H) 50°
I) 52°
54°
61° J) 53°
115° K) 55°
30°
L) 57°
x x
M) 58°
N) 60°
O) 61°
Q3 Q7
60
x P) 64°
Q) 68°
R) 70°
105°
- 110° S) 72°
x
60° T) 75°
U) 80°
V) 85°
Q4 Q8 Consider the following 3 statements:
I. a + b + c = 180°
b
II. b + d = 180°
III. a + c = d
x d
64°
Which are true?
c A) I only D) I and II only
a
B) II only E) I and III only
C) III only F) All 3 statements

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 .

Angle in the Alternate Segment (Extension) 4319

Q1 x  48° ( in alt. segment) Q6

Q2 x  61° ( in alt. segment)

Q3
115°
y
30°
z x
105° x  30°  115 ° ( in alt. segment)
x  x  85°
60°
Q7
y  60° ( in alt. segment) x
z  75° (opp. ' s in a cyclic quad are supp.)
 x  45° ( sum of   180°)

Q4 110°
y

y  180°  110 ° (equal base ' s of isos. )

2
y x  35°
64°
 x  35° ( in alt. segment)
Q8
y  180°  64° (equal base ' s of isos. ) b a
2
I is true  ( in alt. segment,
 58°
 sum of   180°)
 x  58° ( in alt. segment)
c
a
Q5
x b
II is true  (opp. ' s in a cyclic
d quad are supp.)

50°
y
III is true  ( in alt. segment)
d

y  50° (alt. ' s, // lines) a

c

 x  50° ( in alt. segment)

All 3 statements are true.

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 .

INTERSECTING CHORDS AND SECANTS

If two chords AB and CD intersect each other internally or externally
at X, then AX.XB = CX.XD.

A
D A
B
X X

B D
C
C

Examples
(i) Find the value of x.

8 x  6 4 6
x
8 x  24
x  3 8 4

Examples
(ii) Find the value of x.
x ( x  4)  5  12 7
5
 x 2  4 x  60
 x 2  4 x  60  0 x
 ( x  10)( x  6)  0
4
 x  10, x  6 Hence x  6 ( x  0)

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 .

Intersecting Chords and Secants (Extension) 8267

Q1 Find the value of the pronumeral in each:

(a) (b)
3
x
5 x
4
6 7
2

Q2 Show that ∆ACX ||| ∆BDX. A

Hence prove that AX.BX = CX.DX. C

X

D B

Q3 Show that ∆ADE ||| ∆ACB. D

A

Hence prove that AD.AB = AE.AC B

B
and that AD.BC = AC.DE.
E
12

C
#

:
x
-

S
12
Q4 The tangent at A is parallel to BC. B
AC cuts the circle at D.
T
(a) Show that ∆ADB ||| ∆ACB.
It
(b) If CD = 10 and AB = 12, find AD.
B

A
e i
C D
10
P
i

D 1
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 Intersecting Chords and Secants (Extension) 8267

Q1(a) 6 x  7  5 Q4 (a) Let PAD  x

6 x  35 B

 x  5 56 x
T
1(b) 3( x  3)  4(4  2) 12
3 x  9  24
3 x  15
 x5 x A
x m
Q2 A C D
10
P
C
X Then ABD  x(between tang. and chord
equals  in alt. segment)

D B Also BCA  x (alt. to PAD, CB // PT)

In ADB, ACB
(i)DAB  CAB (common 
In ACX , BDX (ii)ABD  BCA (= x, proven above)
(i)ACX  DBX ('s at circumf. standing ADB ||| ABC (equiangular).
on same arc)
(ii)AXC  DXB (vert. opp.) 4(b)
B C
 ACX ||| DBX (equiangular)
x x
 AX  DX (sides in propn in sim. 's
CX BX 12 m + 10
 AX . BX  CX . DX as req.

Q3 In ADE , ACB A
(i)A is common m
D A
(ii)ADE  ACB (ext.of cyclic quad. 12
B
equals opp. int.
 ADE ||| ACB (equiangular) Let AD  m

 AD  AC (sides in propn in sim. 's)  m  12 (sides in propn. in sim. 's)

AE AB 12 m  10
 AD. AB  AE. AC as req.  m(m  10)  12  12
 m 2  10m  144
AD  AC
Also (sides in propn in sim. 's)
DE BC m 2  10m  144  0
 AD . BC  AC . DE as req. ( m  18)(m  8)  0
 m  18, 8

But m and hence m  8, i.e. AD  8.

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