THE CONCEPT OF FOOD AS MEDICINE

BY

Names Mat number

OKWUDISHU VICTORIA FOE/AGR/274109

ONYEJOSE JOY FOE/AGR/274108

ORIWEKA VICTORY FOE/AGR/274093

BEING A SEMINAR PAPER SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILMENT

OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR SED 407

TO

THE DEPARTMENT OF BIOLOGY,

DELTA STATE UNIVERSITY, ABRAKA,
INSTITUTE OF EDUCATION, AGBOR, DELTA STATE.

DR. CHIJINDU P.C

……………………………….

OUTLINE
INTRODUCTION

THE CONCEPT OF FOOD AS MEDICINE

CULTURAL BACKGROUND

MODERN UNDERSTANDING

EXAMPLES OF FOODS USED AS MEDICINE

CONCLUSION

RECOMMENDATION

REFERENCES

Abstract
This research delves into the emerging field of utilizing food as a form of medicine to prevent
and treat various health conditions. Traditional and modern scientific evidence supporting the
concept of “food as medicine” is discussed, highlighting the bioactive compounds present in
different foods and their potential health benefits. The review also addresses the roles of
nutrition in promoting overall well-being and preventing chronic diseases. Furthermore, the
research explores the importance of the balance diet rich in nutrients and photochemical in
maintaining optimum health. Overall, this reveals the emphasis the significance of incorporating
whole food into dietary habits to harness their medicinal properties and enhance health
outcome.

1.0 INTRODUCTION
The concept of food as medicine has been round for millennia. In traditional cultures, food and

medicine were strongly interwoven. Many special foods were known and treasured due to their

use in treating or preventing disease and the knowledge of these special foods was carefully

passed down the generations. Cultural practices relating to food as medicine across the globe are

steeped in history complex belief and value systems. The modern era of evidence based practice

and the globalized world we live and operate within, present an interesting time as we begin to

investigate and research some of these long held beliefs and practice in an attempt to gather

evidence and steam them or understanding of the role of food as medicine Adaramoye &

Medeiros (2018).

Food is essential for our survival, providing us with energy, nutrients, and overall nourishment.

But can food also be considered as medicine? In recent years, there has been a growing interest

in the concept of using food as medicine to prevent and treat various health conditions (Aberra,

2019). This seminar will explore the meaning of food and medicine, the concept of food as

medicines, how food can be used as medicine, and the principles that underlie this approach.

1.1 Meaning of Food:

Alam (2018) sees Food as any substance consumed to provide nutritional support for the body. It

is typically of plant or animal origin and contains essential nutrients, such as carbohydrates,

proteins, fats, vitamins, and minerals. Food is essential for maintaining good health and overall

well-being.
Fig: I

Nutritious diets protect against disease.

1.2 Meaning of Medicine:

Alam (2018) Medicine is any substance or treatment used to prevent, diagnose, or treat illnesses

and diseases. It can include pharmaceutical drugs, surgical procedures, and other therapies aimed

at improving health and well-being. Medicines are typically prescribed by healthcare

professionals and are regulated for safety and efficacy.

1.3 Purpose of research

Researching food use as medicine is a growing field within the broader field of nutritional

science. The purpose of this research is to explore and understand the potential health benefits of

various food and their components in preventing and managing diseases.

1.4 Significance of food as medicine

According to Leila (2013) here are some reasons why researching as medicine is important:

1. Preventative health: Certain food have been shown to have beneficial effects on

health and can help prevent the development of chronic disease such as heart disease,

and certain type of cancer.

2. Managing health conditions: Researching the medicinal property of food can lead

to the development of dietary interventions that can help manage and treat specific

health conditions. E.g. certain food may help to reduce inflammation and reduce gut

health.

3. Reducing reliance on pharmaceuticals: By understanding the medicinal properties

of food, researchers aim to reduce the reliance on pharmaceuticals drugs for

managing certain health conditions. Food-based interventions can often be more

natural and have fewer side effects.

4. Promoting healthy eating: Researching food as medicine can help promote healthy

eating habits and raise awareness about the importance of a balanced diet in

maintaining overall health and well-being.

5. Public health impact: By indentifying specific foods or dietary patterns that have

health-promoting properties, researchers can make recommendations at the

population level to help improve public health outcomes.

6. Personalized nutrition: Understanding how different foods affect individuals

differently can lead to development of personalized nutrition approaches tailored to

an individual’s unique health needs.

2.0 CONCEPT OF FOOD AS MEDICINES:

Amber (2022) “Food as medicine” is a practice built on the knowledge that food and diet play

important roles in disease prevention and management.

There is no single definition of the “food as medicine” concept, but it generally refers to

prioritizing food and diet in an individual’s health plan, with the goal of either preventing,

reducing symptoms of, or reversing a disease state.

It is focused on the increased consumption of a variety of whole, minimally-processed plant-

based foods, and limited intakes of highly processed foods rich in added sugar, oil, and salt.

Foods that proponents claim have medicinal properties, often due to supposed high levels of a

particular micronutrient or biomolecule — sometimes referred to as functional foods — are of

particular interest by people who consider food as medicine. These include a variety of herbs and

spices, legumes, nuts and seeds, whole grains, and fruits and vegetables. The “food as medicine”

approach to health management challenges the construct of conventional medicine, which relies

primarily on technological medical advancements to manage health and disease with

pharmaceutical drugs.

2.1 How Can Food Be Medicine?

Food can be used as medicine in several ways. First, certain foods contain bioactive compounds,

such as antioxidants, phytochemicals, and probiotics, that have been shown to have therapeutic

effects on the body. For example, berries are rich in antioxidants that help to reduce

inflammation and protect against oxidative stress.

Additionally, certain foods can help to regulate blood sugar levels, cholesterol levels, and blood

pressure, which are important factors in preventing chronic diseases such as diabetes, heart
disease, and hypertension. For example, fiber-rich foods like whole grains, fruits, and vegetables

can help to stabilize blood sugar levels and improve insulin sensitivity.

Fig: II

findings prove that robust diets indeed function as preventative medicine. Source: Mediterranean

diet

2.2 Principles of Food as Medicines:

There are several key principles that outline the concept of using food as medicines Rottenberg

(2016). These include:

1. Nutrient Density: Focus on consuming foods that are rich in essential nutrients, such as

vitamins, minerals, and antioxidants, to support optimal health and well-being.

2. Variety: Eat a diverse range of foods to ensure that you are getting a wide spectrum of

nutrients that are essential for good health.

3. Balance: Strive to maintain a balanced diet that includes a mix of macronutrients

(carbohydrates, proteins, fats) and micronutrients (vitamins, minerals) to support overall health

and well-being.

4. Whole Foods: Choose whole, unprocessed foods over highly processed and refined foods to

ensure that you are getting the most nutritional benefits from your diet.

5. Individualized Approach: Recognize that everyone is unique and may have different

nutritional needs based on factors such as age, gender, genetics, and medical history. Tailor your

diet to meet your individual needs and preferences.

3.0 CULTURAL BACKGROUND ON FOOD AS MEDICINES

Laurence (2016) The concept of using food as medicines has deep roots in various cultural

traditions and practices around the world. Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM), Ayurveda, and

Indigenous healing practices have long recognized the healing properties of certain foods and

spices. In TCM, foods are classified based on their energetic properties (hot, cold, warm, cool)

and their effects on the body, with the belief that proper nutrition can prevent and treat disease.

Similarly, Ayurveda, an ancient Indian system of medicine, emphasizes the use of food to

balance the body's doshas (energetic forces) and maintain health. Indigenous healing practices

often use local plants and herbs as food and medicine, with a focus on holistic healing and

connection to the land. Food as medicine is a concept that dates back to ancient times, with many

cultures around the world believing in the healing properties of certain foods. In traditional

medicine systems such as Ayurveda and Traditional Chinese Medicine, food has long been used

as a form of healing and prevention of illness.

4.0 MODERN UNDERSTANDING OF FOOD AS MEDICINES

The emerging field of Nutritional Psychiatry also highlights the connection between diet and

mental health, demonstrating how certain foods can impact mood, cognition, and overall well-

being. Additionally, Functional Medicine approaches health from a holistic perspective,

emphasizing the importance of nutrition as a primary tool for addressing underlying imbalances

and promoting wellness. In modern times, scientific research has provided strong evidence

supporting the link between diet and health. Nutrients such as antioxidants, vitamins, minerals,

and phytochemicals found in fruits, vegetables, whole grains, and other plant-based foods have

been shown to have various health benefits, including reducing the risk of chronic diseases such

as heart disease, diabetes, and cancer Amara (2018).

Case studies and success stories further demonstrate the power of food as medicine. Many

individuals have been able to improve their health conditions and well-being by making simple

changes to their diet and incorporating more nutrient-dense foods into their meals.

However, there are also challenges and limitations in implementing the concept of food as

medicine. Access to fresh, organic produce can be limited for some individuals, and there may be

conflicting information about which foods are truly beneficial for health. Additionally, not

everyone has the knowledge or resources to make informed choices about their diet.

To overcome these challenges, strategies for incorporating medicinal foods into daily diet

include meal planning, trying new recipes, and seeking guidance from healthcare professionals

or nutritionists. Education about the importance of a balanced diet and the potential health

benefits of various foods is also crucial in helping individuals make healthier choices.
The concept that healthy diets support good health is of course by no means new, but for dietary

interventions to have meaningful effects on population health outcomes, effective and scalable

implementation strategies, in addition to efficacy studies, are needed. Beyond its essential role in

providing nutrients, food can be a powerful tool in the prevention and treatment of disease. In

this issue of Nature Medicine, several studies shed new light on the impact of diet on

cardiometabolic disease. Food as Medicine is a concept that emphasizes the critical role of

nutrition in promoting health, preventing disease, and supporting overall well-being. It

recognizes that access to high-quality, nutritious food is essential for maintaining good health

and resilience Xiao et al (2023). The idea behind Food as Medicine is that food can be used not

only to provide essential nutrients but also as a powerful tool in the prevention and treatment of

various chronic conditions and diseases. Research has shown that a diet consisting of fruits,

vegetables, whole grains, low-fat dairy, lean protein, and healthy fats can have numerous

benefits such as strengthening the immune system, reducing the risk of diabetes and

cardiovascular disease, improving blood metabolites, and enhancing overall longevity.

Conversely, diets high in added sugars, saturated fats, trans fats, and excess sodium have been

linked to negative health outcomes including inflammation and elevated risk factors for

cardiovascular disease Xiao et al (2023).

5.0 EXAMPLES OF NIGERIAN SOUPS WITH MEDICINAL BENEFITS

Nigeria has a rich culinary heritage, with many traditional dishes incorporating various herbs,

spices, and ingredients that have medicinal benefits. Rilwatt (2023) Here are a few Nigerian

foods that are known for their medicinal properties:

Bitter Leaf Soup

The bitter leaf plant (Vernonia amygdalina) is a medicinal herb that has been used for centuries

in traditional medicine to treat various ailments. The leaves of the plant contain a wide range of

phytochemicals, including alkaloids, flavonoids, and terpenoids, which have been shown to have

antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant properties.

Consuming bitter leaf soup is believed to help improve digestion, reduce fever, lower blood

sugar levels, and improve the immune system’s function. It is also believed to help treat malaria,

respiratory infections, and gastrointestinal disorders.

In addition to its medicinal benefits, bitter leaf soup is also a nutritious meal that provides the

body with essential vitamins and minerals such as vitamin C, vitamin A, calcium, and potassium.

It is important to note that while bitter-leaf soup may have medicinal benefits, it should not be

used as a replacement for medical treatment. If you have any medical conditions, it is always

important to consult with a healthcare professional before using any natural remedies.
Okra Soup

Okra soup is a popular dish in many African countries and is made with okra as the main

ingredient. While it is known for its delicious taste, okra soup is also considered a medicinal food

in some cultures.

Here are some potential medicinal benefits of okra soup:

Digestive health: Okra is rich in soluble fiber, which helps to promote healthy digestion. It can

also help to reduce constipation and improve bowel movements.

Blood sugar control: The soluble fiber in okra can also help to regulate blood sugar levels,

making it a good choice for people with diabetes.

Anti-inflammatory: Okra contains anti-inflammatory compounds, such as flavonoids and

phenolic acids, which can help to reduce inflammation in the body.

Heart health: Okra is a good source of potassium, which is important for maintaining a healthy

heart. It can also help to reduce blood pressure and lower the risk of heart disease.

Immune support: Okra contains vitamin C, which is important for immune function. It also

contains antioxidants, which can help to protect the body from oxidative stress and boost the

immune system.
Egusi Soup

For example, egusi seeds are a good source of protein, healthy fats, and micronutrients like

magnesium and phosphorus. These nutrients are essential for maintaining a healthy body and

supporting immune function.

In addition, many of the vegetables commonly used in egusi soup, such as spinach, tomatoes,

and onions, are rich in antioxidants and anti-inflammatory compounds. These nutrients have

been linked to a reduced risk of chronic diseases like heart disease, diabetes, and certain types of

cancer.

Overall, while egusi soup is not a cure-all, it can be a nutritious and healthy addition to a

balanced diet. As with any food, it’s important to enjoy it in moderation and combination with a

variety of other healthy foods.

Pepper Soup

Pepper soup is a spicy soup commonly consumed in many West African countries such as

Nigeria, Ghana, and Cameroon. It is traditionally made with a mix of spices, herbs, and meat or

fish, and is believed to have medicinal properties.

In many African cultures, pepper soup is used as a home remedy for colds, coughs, and other

respiratory illnesses. It is believed that the spices and herbs used in making the soup have

antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory properties that can help relieve symptoms of illness.

Additionally, pepper soup is also believed to have digestive benefits. The spices and herbs in the

soup can help stimulate digestion, relieve bloating, and improve overall gut health.

However, it’s important to note that while pepper soup may have some medicinal benefits, it

should not be used as a substitute for medical treatment. If you are experiencing serious health

issues, it’s important to consult a qualified healthcare professional for advice and treatment.

Omugwo also comes with plenty of pepper soup and massages for mom and baby. It's believed

that the spicy pepper soup and hot water massages to mom's belly help loosen and flush out

blood clots from the mother's body after delivery.

 5.1 Examples of food use as medicine
Summary: Table showing some examples of food, medicinal application and Background/place of use.
S/ Examples of food Medicinal Application Background/ References
N Place of used
1 Garlic Lowering blood pressure and reducing cholesterol levels Nigeria Lewis-Harrison D.
(2021)

2 Cucumber Expel toxins, purify the blood, strengthen the heart, China Shaunia M. (2020)
moisten the large intestines and the lungs and are even
thought to be able to kill tapeworms.

3 Red Grapes Reduction of oxidative stress, vascular inflammation, and India Tom M. (2018)
the prevention of platelet aggregation

4 Scent Leaf Scent leaf: It is used to stop stomach aches, dysentery, Nigeria Ademiluyi et al;
diarrhea and vomiting. (2023)
5 Moringa Maringa leaves :It protects the liver from damage, Nigeria Wambebe .C
oxidation and toxicity due to the high concentration of (2018)
polyphenols in its leaves and flowers.

6 Bitter leaf: Bitter leaf: it is used to treat varieties of ailments and Nigeria Adabukola A. et al;
maladies, including: nausea, diabetes, diarrhea, dysentery (2022)
and other gastrointestinal tract issues

7 BITTER COLA Bitter cola: it is used to fight against infections from the Nigeria Christine M. (2022)
common cold to hepatitis.

8 Mushroom It enhances human immune system and improve their Nigeria Zeid et al; (2011)
quality of life

9 Pineapple Pineapple contains nutrients and beneficial compounds, Nigeria Lisa W. (2023)
such as vitamin C, manganese, and enzymes, to help aid
digestion. Eating pineapple may help boost immunity,
lower cancer risk, and improve recovery time after surgery.
10 Honey Honey protects the body against damage caused by USA Joseph S. (2023)
bacteria. Some honeys also boost the production of special
cells that can repair tissue damaged by infection.

11 Ginger Ginger may help relieve nausea and vomiting for people Southeast Asia Amy R. & Joe L
undergoing certain types of surgery, and it may also help (2023)
reduce chemotherapy-related nausea.

12 Turmeric Indigestion (dyspepsia). Taking turmeric may improve Southeast Asia Amy R. & Joe L
indigestion in some patients. Taking curcumin, a chemical (2023)
found in turmeric, by mouth may work as well as another
drug, called omeprazole.

13 Onion Compelling evidence indicates that individuals who Nigeria Wang (2012)
consume copious amounts of onion, their susceptibility to
cancer at various organ sites is reduced

14 Lemon Grass Lemongrass might help prevent the growth of some Nigeria Bagheri (2017)
bacteria and yeast. Lemongrass also contains substances
that are thought to relieve pain, reduce fever, stimulate
the uterus and menstrual flow, and
have antioxidant properties.
15 Unripe Plantain The Fiber contents in this unripe plantain help reduce Nigeria Aokechukwu
cholesteril which helps you maintain a healthy heart (2024)

16 Avocado Avocados help maintain healthy cholesterol. Levels Nigeria Aokechukwu

because it is linked to reducing Low Density Lipoprotein (2024)
(LDL) referred to as bad cholesterol and increasing High
Density Lipoprotein (HDL) referred to as good cholesterol
6.0 CONCLUSION

As we come to the end of this seminar, it that the concept of food as medicines is a multi-study.

Our understanding of the relationship between diet and health continues to evolve, and we are

only scratching the surface of the potential benefits that certain foods may offer. By being

mindful of what we eat and making informed choices, we can empower ourselves to take control

of our health and well-being. Let us continue to explore this fascinating topic and strive to

maximize the healing potential of the foods we consume.

7.0 RECOMMENDATION

Education and awareness about the concept of food as medicines through workshops, seminars,

and public campaigns

- Advocate for policies that support access to nutritious foods and promote healthy eating

habits

- Encourage individuals to experiment with incorporating medicinal foods into their diets

and observe the potential benefits firsthand

- Support local farmers and producers who prioritize quality and sustainability in their food

production practices.
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