Hoa JPT Module 2 - Generoso 2023

MODULE 2.
1 Geological & Geographical
GREEK ARCHITECTURE Architectural Character
Architectural Examples
• Country with few natural resources
and is surrounded by water.
• Mountain ranges divides

Greece into many small
valleys
JPT + HOA Ar. Frances Leana C. Generoso (rkiteklea@gmail.com)

MODULE 2.1 Geological & Geographical
THREE PERIODS
AEGEAN Rough and massive
HELLENIC Carpentry in marble
HELLENISTIC Symmetrical and orderly

BUILDING MATERIALS
• stone, timber and terra cotta
RESIDENCES
• Made of dried mud - bricks with
pottery roof tiles.
• For the affluent: large with
several rooms arranged around
a courtyard; divided into men’s
and women’s sections.
• For the poor: one to three

rooms; cooking done outside.
Greek House for the Affluent.

GATE OF LIONS (MYCENAE)
• Most ancient stone sculpture in

Europe (13th century)
• Use of Corbelled Arch

and Post & Lintel • Named after the relief sculpture
of t wo lionesses in a heraldic pose
that stands above the entrance
TOMBS
• THOLOS
• ROCK - CUT or
CHAMBER TOMB

TOMBS
• A stone vaulted construction,

• THOLOS
shaped like an old fashion
• ROCK - CUT or beehive.
CHAMBER TOMB
• Consists of a long
passage known as
Dromos leading to a
domed chamber

TOMBS
• THOLOS
• ROCK - CUT or
CHAMBER TOMB
• Rectangular chamber,
cut w/in the slope hill-
side approached by
Dromos

“City on the height”.
A city stronghold or fortress constructed on higher
• Acropolis
ground than the surrounding urban fabric. • Agora
• Gymnasium
• Propylaea
• Stadium
• Stoa
• Theater
• Temples
Pinacotheca Picture gallery

Glypthoheca Sculpture gallery

• Acropolis
• Agora
• Gymnasium
• Propylaea
• Stadium
• Stoa
• Theater
• Temples
• Civic square, square city or
Market Place
• Center of Greek’s political
business and economic life

• Acropolis
• Agora
• Gymnasium
• Propylaea
• Stadium
• Stoa
• Theater
• Temples
• A place for physical exercise

• Acropolis
• Agora
• Gymnasium
• Propylaea
• Stadium
• Stoa
• Theater
• Temples
Entrance gateways which marked the

approach to the sacred enclosure in
many cities

• Acropolis
• Agora
• Gymnasium
• Propylaea
• Stadium
• Stoa
• Theater
• Temples
Foot race course

• Acropolis
• Agora
• Gymnasium
• Propylaea
• Stadium
• Stoa
• Theater
• Temples
• Covered walkways or poticos, commonly for public usage

• Acropolis
• Agora
• Gymnasium
• Propylaea
• Stadium
• Stoa
• Theater
• Temples
An open - air structure, which consisted
of orchestra, auditorium or out of the
slope of hillside, in or near city.

• Acropolis
• Agora
• Rectangular in plan
• Surrounded by • Gymnasium
columns • Propylaea
• Stadium
Parthenon
• Stoa
• Theater
• Temples
Temple of Zeus
• Walls were made up of stones

• Marble sculptures completed the buildings

PARTS
• Acropolis
NAOS • Agora
• Gymnasium
PRONAOS • Propylaea
EPINAOS
• Stadium
• Stoa
Principal chamber
• Theater
containing the statue • Temples
of the god or goddess,
with porticoes and
collonades

PARTS
• Acropolis
NAOS • Agora
• Gymnasium
EPINAOS
• Stadium
• Stoa
• Theater
An inner portico in • Temples
front of naos

PARTS
• Acropolis
NAOS • Agora
• Gymnasium
EPINAOS
• Stadium
• Stoa
Also called as • Theater
Opisthodomos, room • Temples
behind the naos

WAYS OF DESCRIBING TEMPLES
• Acropolis
(1) According to the number of columns • Agora
on the entrance front • Gymnasium
• Propylaea
(2) By the arrangement of the exterior • Stadium
columns of the temple in relation to
the Naos.
• Stoa
• Theater
• Temples

• Acropolis
• Propylaea
the Naos.
• Stoa
• Theater
• DISTYLE: 2 columns • Temples
• TETRASTYLE: 4 columns
• HEXASTYLE: 6 columns
• OCTASTYLE: 8 columns
• DECASTYLE: 10 columns

• Acropolis
• Propylaea
the Naos.
• Stoa
• Theater
• Temples

• Acropolis
• Agora
• Gymnasium
• Propylaea
• Stadium
• Stoa
• Theater
• Temples
• Slightly projecting column at the end of a
wall, produced by either a thickening of
the wall or attachment of a separate
strip
• Acropolis
• Agora
• Gymnasium
• Propylaea
• Stadium
• Stoa
• Theater
• Temples
• Created by adding
other t wo columns at
the entrance porch
• Acropolis
• Agora
• Gymnasium
Parthenon
• Propylaea
• Stadium
• Stoa
• Theater
• Temples

• Acropolis
• Agora
• Gymnasium
Parthenon
• Propylaea
• Stadium
• Stoa
• Theater
• Temples
OCTASTYLE 8 columns across the front

• Acropolis
• Agora
• Gymnasium
Parthenon
• Propylaea
• Stadium
• Stoa
• Theater
PERIPTERAL • Temples
Single line of
exterior column

• Acropolis
• Agora
• Gymnasium
Parthenon
• Propylaea
• Stadium
• Stoa
• Theater
PERIPTERAL • Temples
OCTASTYLE

ORDERS Architectural Examples
• Acropolis
• Agora
• Gymnasium
Doric Ionic Corinthian • Propylaea
• Stadium
• Stoa
• Theater
• Temples


ORDERS
▪ Oldest and simplest
• Acropolis
▪ Fluted column having no base, • Agora
plain cushion-shaped capital • Gymnasium
supporting a square abacus and • Propylaea
Doric an entablature consisting of a • Stadium
plain architrave • Stoa
• Theater
• Temples


ORDERS
• Acropolis
• Agora
• Gymnasium
• Propylaea
Doric • Stadium
• Stoa
• Theater
• Temples


ORDERS
• Acropolis
• Agora
• Gymnasium
• Propylaea
Doric • Stadium
• Stoa
• Theater
• Temples
Parthenon
(Iktinos & Callicrates)


ORDERS
▪ Developed in the Ionian Islands
(now western Turkey) in the
• Acropolis
6th century B.C.
• Agora
• Gymnasium
▪ Used for smaller buildings and • Propylaea
Ionic interiors. • Stadium
• Stoa
• Theater
• Temples


ORDERS
• Acropolis
• Agora
• Gymnasium
• Propylaea
Ionic • Stadium
• Stoa
• Theater
• Temples


ORDERS
▪ Fluted columns typically had
molded bases. • Acropolis
• Agora
▪ Column: H=9 * column base ⌀; 24 • Gymnasium
flutes separated by fillets • Propylaea
Ionic • Stadium
▪ Entablature: H=2 ¼ * column ⌀
• Stoa
• Theater
• Temples


ORDERS
▪ Entablature; consists of an
architrave of three fascias, a richly
• Acropolis
ornamented frieze, and a cornice • Agora
corbeled out on egg and dart and • Gymnasium
dentil moldings. • Propylaea
Ionic • Stadium
• Stoa
• Theater
• Temples


ORDERS
▪ Entablature; consists of an
architrave of three fascias, a richly
• Acropolis
ornamented frieze, and a cornice • Agora
corbeled out on egg and dart and • Gymnasium
dentil moldings. • Propylaea
Ionic • Stadium
• Stoa
• Theater
• Temples


ORDERS
• Acropolis
▪ Capital: spiral volutes. • Agora
• Gymnasium
• Propylaea
Ionic • Stadium
• Stoa
• Theater
• Temples


ORDERS
• Acropolis
• Agora
• Gymnasium
• Propylaea
Ionic • Stadium
• Stoa
• Theater
• Temples
Temple of Athena Nike.

(Callicrates)


ORDERS
▪ Named after the city of Corinth, where
sculptor Callimachus supposedly
invented it after he spotted boblet • Acropolis
surrounded by leaves. • Agora
▪ Similar to the Ionic order in its base, column, • Gymnasium
and entablature, but its capital is more
ornate, carved with t wo tiers of curly
• Propylaea
Corinthian
acanthus leaves. • Stadium
• Stoa
▪ Similar in most respects to Ionic
but usually of slender proportions.
• Theater
• Temples
▪ Column: H=10 * column base ⌀
▪ Capital: deep-bell shaped

decorated with acanthus
leaves and an abacus with
concave sides.

ORDERS
• Acropolis
• Agora
• Gymnasium
• Propylaea
Corinthian • Stadium
• Stoa
• Theater
• Temples


ORDERS
• Acropolis
• Agora
• Gymnasium
• Propylaea
Corinthian • Stadium
• Stoa
• Theater
• Temples
Temple of Apollo Epicarius.

(Ictinus)


INTERCOLUMNIATION
▪ The spacing bet ween columns in a • Acropolis

colonnade, as measured at the bottom • Agora
(diameter) of their shafts • Gymnasium
• Propylaea
PYCNOTSTYLE • Stadium
• Stoa
SYSTYLE • Theater
• Temples
EUSTYLE
DIASTYLE
AREOSTYLE

MODULE 2.1
TERMINOLOGIES
GREEK ARCHITECTURE
▪ ATLAS
Male figure support
carrying the world in
kneeling position

MODULE 2.1
TERMINOLOGIES
GREEK ARCHITECTURE
▪ BOULEUTERION
“Council house”, covered
meeting place of the
democratically elected
councils

MODULE 2.1
TERMINOLOGIES
GREEK ARCHITECTURE
▪ CANEPHORAE
Female figure support
carrying a basket on
her head
▪ CARYATIDS
Sculptured female
figures used as columns
or supports

MODULE 2.1
TERMINOLOGIES
GREEK ARCHITECTURE
▪ HIPPODROME
Plan similar to stadium
but longer, for horse and
chariot racing

MODULE 2.1
TERMINOLOGIES
GREEK ARCHITECTURE
▪ ODEION
A theater building used
mainly by musicians in
the presentation of
their works for
competition and for
public approval
Odeon of Herodes Aticus

(Seating capacity: 5000)

MODULE 2.2
ROMAN ARCHITECTURE
•Invention of Concrete
•Sophisticated engineering skills
•Emphasis on Monumental Public Buildings
Location has a central and commanding

position on the mediterranean sea
ROMAN ARCHITECTURE Architectural Character
Religion became a part of the
constitution of the state.
There are fewer temples for worship
because they venerated their emperors
more than their gods.
ROMANS ARE ENGINEERS
BUILDING MATERIALS
• Large - scale undertakings
such as sewers and city walls
Marble, granite and alabaster were • Complexes, and buildings with
the primary facing materials, as several stories
well as stucco and mosaics. • Utilitarian, practical,
economic use of materials
ORDERS
Doric
Tuscan
Ionic
Composite
Corinthian

ORDERS
The Etruscans’ simplified version of the Doric Order with
smooth-shafted columns, a simple capital, base and
entablature.
Tuscan
A classical Roman order, a hybrid of Ionian and Corinthian,

with fluted columns, a capital with both volutes and
acanthus leaves, a base and an entablature with dentils.
Composite

VAULTS
Semi - circular / Cross / Groin Hemispherical

Wagon - headed /
Barrel
Formed by the intersection of Used over circular structures
Borne on t wo parallel walls
t wo semi - circular vaults of
throughout its length
equal span

CONCRETE WALLS
• OPUS QUADRATUM
• OPUS INCERTUM
• OPUS RECTICALUM
• OPUS TESTACEUM
• OPUS MIXTUM
Made up of rectangular blocks

of stone with or without
mortar joints but frequently
secured with dowels and cramps

CONCRETE WALLS
• OPUS QUADRATUM
• OPUS INCERTUM
• OPUS RECTICALUM
• OPUS TESTACEUM
• OPUS MIXTUM
Made up of small stones

laid in a loose pattern
roughly assembling the
polygonal work

CONCRETE WALLS
• OPUS QUADRATUM
• OPUS INCERTUM
• OPUS RECTICALUM
• OPUS TESTACEUM
• OPUS MIXTUM
Fine joints were in

diagonal lines like the
mesh of a net

CONCRETE WALLS
• OPUS QUADRATUM
• OPUS INCERTUM
• OPUS RECTICALUM
• OPUS TESTACEUM
• OPUS MIXTUM
Triangular bricks
(plan) specially made
for facing the walls

CONCRETE WALLS
• OPUS QUADRATUM
• OPUS INCERTUM
• OPUS RECTICALUM
• OPUS TESTACEUM
• OPUS MIXTUM
Consisted of bands of “tufa” introduced at intervals in

the ordinary brick facing or alteration of rectangular
blocks with small square stone blocks

• Forum
• Basilica
• Thermae
Forum Romanum • Amphitheatre
Oldest • Circus
• Aqueduct
• Temple
Open space used as a meeting place, market
or rendezvous for political demonstrations

Halls of Justice or Assembly Hall • Forum

• Basilica
• Thermae
• Amphitheatre
• Circus
• Aqueduct
• Temple
Trajan’s Basilica
Built by Apollodorus of Damascus
• Forum
Luxurious public bath • Basilica
• Thermae
• Amphitheatre
• Circus
• Aqueduct
• Temple

• Forum
Luxurious public bath • Basilica
• Thermae
• TEPIDARIUM - warm room
• CALIDARIUM - hot room
• Amphitheatre
• FRIGIDARIUM - cooling room • Circus
• SUDARIUM - dry sweating room
• APODYTERIA - sweating room
• Aqueduct
• PALAESTRA - for physical exercise • Temple
• UNCTUARIA - place for oils and perfumes
• SPAERESTERIUM - game room

• Forum
BALNEUM • Basilica
• Thermae
Private bath in Roman palaces
and houses contaning
• Amphitheatre
Tepidarium (warm room), • Circus
Calidarium (hot room) & • Aqueduct
Frigidarium (cold room) • Temple

• Forum
• Basilica
• Thermae
• Amphitheatre
• Circus
• Aqueduct
• Temple
“COLOSSEUM”
Flavian Amphitheatre Used for gladiatorial combats,
elliptical in plan
Commenced by Vespasian Completed by Domitian

• Forum
• Basilica
• Thermae
• Amphitheatre
• Circus
• Aqueduct
• Temple
A long U - shaped or enclosed arena for
chariot and horse racing.
(Equivalent of the Greek’s Hippodrome)

• Forum
• Basilica
• Thermae
• Amphitheatre
• Circus
• Aqueduct
• Temple
Used for water supply, with smooth
channels (specus) lined with hard cement
and carried on arches in several tiers

• Forum
• Basilica
• Thermae
• Amphitheatre
• Circus
• Aqueduct
• Temple
The Pantheon, Rome
Most famous and perfectly preser ved of all
ancient buildings in Rome
Currently a Christian Church (Sta. Maria Rotonda)

• The world's largest unreinforced concrete dome.
• It served as a temple, church, and tomb for the past centuries.
• The building was sited in an area north of the old city center
• Forum
known as Campus Martius.
• Basilica
The Pantheon, Rome • Thermae
• Amphitheatre
• Circus
• Aqueduct
• Temple

Erected to commemorate victorious

TRIUMPHAL ARCHES
campaigns of emperors and generals
TOWN GATEWAYS &
ARCHWAYS
PILLARS OF VICTORY or
MONUMENTAL COLUMNS
ROSTRAL COLUMNS
Arch of Titus

TRIUMPHAL ARCHES
TOWN GATEWAYS &
Serves as a protective wall and
ARCHWAYS
commemorative monument; ornamental
portals to forum PILLARS OF VICTORY or
MONUMENTAL COLUMNS
ROSTRAL COLUMNS
Porticus Octavie

Erected to record triumphs of victories of
generals (conquered by land) TRIUMPHAL ARCHES
TOWN GATEWAYS &
ARCHWAYS
MONUMENTAL COLUMNS
ROSTRAL COLUMNS
Trajan’s Column

TRIUMPHAL ARCHES
TOWN GATEWAYS &
ARCHWAYS
MONUMENTAL COLUMNS
ROSTRAL COLUMNS
Erected to celebrate naval victories
(Rostra = rows of captured ships)

ROMAN HOUSES
• Domus
• Villa
• Insula Private House

ROMAN HOUSES
• Domus
• Villa
• Insula
Luxurious country house with

surrounding terraces and
gardens, collonades, palaestra,
theatres and thermae

ROMAN HOUSES
• Domus
• Villa
• Insula
Many storey tenements also

called “Workmen’s dwelling”

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MODULE 2.

1 Geological & Geographical

GREEK ARCHITECTURE Architectural Character

• Mountain ranges divides

JPT + HOA Ar. Frances Leana C. Generoso (rkiteklea@gmail.com)

GREEK ARCHITECTURE Architectural Character

AEGEAN Rough and massive

HELLENIC Carpentry in marble

HELLENISTIC Symmetrical and orderly

JPT + HOA Ar. Frances Leana C. Generoso (rkiteklea@gmail.com)

GREEK ARCHITECTURE Architectural Character

• For the poor: one to three

Greek House for the Affluent.

JPT + HOA Ar. Frances Leana C. Generoso (rkiteklea@gmail.com)

GREEK ARCHITECTURE Architectural Character

• Most ancient stone sculpture in

• Use of Corbelled Arch

GREEK ARCHITECTURE Architectural Character

JPT + HOA Ar. Frances Leana C. Generoso (rkiteklea@gmail.com)

GREEK ARCHITECTURE Architectural Character

• A stone vaulted construction,

JPT + HOA Ar. Frances Leana C. Generoso (rkiteklea@gmail.com)

GREEK ARCHITECTURE Architectural Character

JPT + HOA Ar. Frances Leana C. Generoso (rkiteklea@gmail.com)

GREEK ARCHITECTURE Architectural Character

Pinacotheca Picture gallery

JPT + HOA Ar. Frances Leana C. Generoso (rkiteklea@gmail.com)

GREEK ARCHITECTURE Architectural Character

JPT + HOA Ar. Frances Leana C. Generoso (rkiteklea@gmail.com)

GREEK ARCHITECTURE Architectural Character

• A place for physical exercise

JPT + HOA Ar. Frances Leana C. Generoso (rkiteklea@gmail.com)

GREEK ARCHITECTURE Architectural Character

Entrance gateways which marked the

JPT + HOA Ar. Frances Leana C. Generoso (rkiteklea@gmail.com)

GREEK ARCHITECTURE Architectural Character

Foot race course

JPT + HOA Ar. Frances Leana C. Generoso (rkiteklea@gmail.com)

GREEK ARCHITECTURE Architectural Character

• Covered walkways or poticos, commonly for public usage

JPT + HOA Ar. Frances Leana C. Generoso (rkiteklea@gmail.com)

GREEK ARCHITECTURE Architectural Character

JPT + HOA Ar. Frances Leana C. Generoso (rkiteklea@gmail.com)

GREEK ARCHITECTURE Architectural Character

• Walls were made up of stones

JPT + HOA Ar. Frances Leana C. Generoso (rkiteklea@gmail.com)

GREEK ARCHITECTURE Architectural Character

JPT + HOA Ar. Frances Leana C. Generoso (rkiteklea@gmail.com)

GREEK ARCHITECTURE Architectural Character

JPT + HOA Ar. Frances Leana C. Generoso (rkiteklea@gmail.com)

GREEK ARCHITECTURE Architectural Character

JPT + HOA Ar. Frances Leana C. Generoso (rkiteklea@gmail.com)

GREEK ARCHITECTURE Architectural Character

JPT + HOA Ar. Frances Leana C. Generoso (rkiteklea@gmail.com)

GREEK ARCHITECTURE Architectural Character

JPT + HOA Ar. Frances Leana C. Generoso (rkiteklea@gmail.com)

GREEK ARCHITECTURE Architectural Character

JPT + HOA Ar. Frances Leana C. Generoso (rkiteklea@gmail.com)

GREEK ARCHITECTURE Architectural Character