This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles

for the
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

Designation: D5364 − 14 (Reapproved 2024)

Standard Guide for

Design, Fabrication, and Erection of Fiberglass Reinforced
(FRP) Plastic Chimney Liners with Coal-Fired Units1
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D5364; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.

INTRODUCTION

Federal and state environmental regulations have imposed strict requirements to clean the gases
leaving a chimney. These regulations have resulted in taller chimneys (600–1000 ft (183–305 m)) and
lower gas temperatures (120–200°F (49–93°C)) due to the use of Air Quality Compliance Systems
(ACQS). These regulations led to the development of fiber reinforced plastics (FRP) chimney liners
in the 1970’s.
Fiberglass-reinforced plastic liners have proven their capability to resist corrosion and carry loads
over long periods of time. Successful service has been demonstrated in the utility and general-process
industries for over 40 years. The taller FRP structures and larger diameters (10–30 ft (3–9 m)) imposed
new design, fabrication, and erection challenges.
The design, fabrication, and erection of FRP liners involves disciplines which must address the
specific characteristics of the material. Areas that have been shown to be of importance include the
following:
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(1) Flue-gas characteristics such as chemical composition, water and acid dew points, operating and excursion temperature,

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velocity, etc.
(2) Plant operation as it relates to variations in the flue-gas characteristics.
(3) Material selection and laminate design.
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(4) Quality control throughout the design, fabrication, and erection process to ensure the integrity of the corrosion barrier and
the structural laminate.
(5) Secondary bonding of attachments, appurtenances, and joints.
(6) Installation and handling. ASTM D5364-14(2024)
(7) Inspections and Confirmation Testing.
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Chimney components include an outer shell, one or more inner liners, breeching ductwork, and miscellaneous platforms,
elevators, ladders, and miscellaneous components. The shell provides structural integrity to environmental forces such as wind,
earthquake, ambient temperatures, and supports the liner or liners. The liner or liners inside the shell protects the shell from the
thermal, chemical, and abrasive environment of the hot boiler gases (generally 120–560°F (49–293°C)). These liners have been
made of FRP, acid-resistant brick, carbon steel, stainless steel, high-alloy steel, shotcrete-coated steel, and shotcrete-coated shells.
The selection of the material type depends on the chemical composition and temperature of the flue gas, liner height, diameter, and
seismic zone. Also, variations in flue-gas characteristics and durations of transient temperatures affect material selection and
design. For FRP liners, the flue gas maximum operating temperature is generally limited to 200°F (90°C) for 2 hours and for
maximum transient temperatures to 400°F (204°C) for 30 minutes.

1. Scope terial selection, fabrication, erection, inspection, confirmatory

1.1 This guide offers direction and guidance to the user testing, quality control and assurance.
concerning available techniques and methods for design, ma- 1.2 These minimum guidelines, when properly used and
implemented, can help ensure a safe and reliable structure for
1
This guide is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D20 on Plastics and the industry.
is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D20.23 on Reinforced Thermosetting
Resin Piping Systems and Chemical Equipment. 1.3 This guide offers minimum requirements for the proper
Current edition approved April 1, 2024. Published April 2024. Originally design of a FRP liner once the service conditions relative to
approved in 1993. Last previous edition approved in 2019 as D5364 – 14(2019).
DOI: 10.1520/D5364-14R24. thermal, chemical, and erosive environments are defined. Due

Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States

1
 D5364 − 14 (2024)
to the variability in liner height, diameter, and the environment, Other Operating and Service Environments 5.7
each liner must be designed and detailed individually. Static Electricity Build-Up 5.8
Flame Spread 5.9
1.4 Selection of the necessary resins and reinforcements, Materials 6
Raw Materials 6.1
composition of the laminate, and proper testing methods are Laminate Composition 6.2
offered. Laminate Properties 6.3
Design 7
1.5 Once the material is selected and the liner designed, Design 7.1
procedures for proper fabrication of the liner are developed. Assumptions 7.2
Dead Loads 7.3
1.6 Field erection, sequence of construction, proper field- Wind Loads 7.4
joint preparation, and alignment are reviewed. Earthquake Loads 7.5
Thermal Loads 7.6
1.7 Quality control and assurance procedures are developed Circumferential Pressure Loads 7.7
for the design, fabrication, and erection phases. The quality- Load Factors 7.8
Resistance Factors 7.9
assurance program defines the proper authority and Loading Combinations 7.10
responsibility, control of design, material, fabrication and Allowable Longitudinal Stresses 7.11
Allowable Circumferential Stresses 7.12
erection, inspection procedures, tolerances, and conformity to
Design Limits 7.13
standards. The quality-control procedures provide the steps Tolerances 7.14
required to implement the quality-assurance program. Deflections 7.15
Critical Deign Considerations and Details 7.16
1.8 Appendix X1 includes research and development sub- Fabrication 8
jects to further support recommendations of this guide. Fabrication 8.1
Reponsibility of Fabricator 8.2
1.9 Disclaimer—The reader is cautioned that independent Fabrication Facility 8.3
General Construction 8.4
professional judgment must be exercised when data or recom- Fabrication Equipment 8.5
mendations set forth in this guide are applied. The publication Resin Systems 8.6
of the material contained herein is not intended as a represen- Reinforcement 8.7
Fabrication Procedures 8.8
tation or warranty on the part of ASTM that this information is
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suitable for general or particular use, or freedom from infringe-
ment of any patent or patents. Anyone making use of this
Handling and Transportation
Erection Appurtenances
Tolerances
8.9
8.10
8.11

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Erection of FRP Liners 9
information assumes all liability arising from such use. The Erection Scheme and Sequence 9.1
design of structures is within the scope of expertise of a Handling and Storage on Site 9.2

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licensed architect, structural engineer, or other licensed profes- Erection Appurtenances 9.3
Field Joints 9.4
sional for the application of principles to a particular structure. Field Joints Lamination Procedure 9.5
Quality Assurance and Quality Control 10
NOTE 1—There is no known ISO equivalent to this standard. Quality Assurance and Quality Control 10.1
1.10 The values stated in inch-pound unitsASTM
are to D5364-14(2024)
be re- Quality-Assurance Program 10.2
Quality-Assurance Surveillance 10.3
garded as standard. The values given in parentheses are
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Inspections 10.4
mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for Submittals 10.5
information only and are not considered standard. Operation Maintenance and Start-Up Procedures 11
Initial Start-Up 11.1
1.11 This standard does not purport to address all of the Operation and Maintenance 11.2
Annex
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the Typical Inspection Checklist Annex A1
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro- Appendix
priate safety, health, and environmental practices and deter- Commentary Appendix X1
References
mine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
Section
1.12 This international standard was developed in accor-
Introduction and Background dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-
Scope and Objective 1 ization established in the Decision on Principles for the
Referenced Documents 2
ASTM Standards 2.1
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recom-
ACI Standard 2.2 mendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical
NFPA Standard 2.3 Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
ASME Standards 2.4
Terminology 3
ASTM Standard General Definitions 3.1 2. Referenced Documents
Applicable Definitions 3.2
Descriptions of Terms Specific to This Standard 3.3
2.1 ASTM Standards:2
Symbols 3.4 C177 Test Method for Steady-State Heat Flux Measure-
Significance and Use 4 ments and Thermal Transmission Properties by Means of
Service and Operating Environments 5
Service Conditions 5.1
Environmental Severity 5.2
Chemical Environment 5.3 2
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
Erosion/Abrasion Environment 5.4 contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
Operating Temperature Environment 5.5 Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
Abnormal Environments 5.6 the ASTM website.

2
 D5364 − 14 (2024)
the Guarded-Hot-Plate Apparatus provided for reference:
C518 Test Method for Steady-State Thermal Transmission 3.2.1 accelerator—a material added to the resin to increase
Properties by Means of the Heat Flow Meter Apparatus the rate of polymerization (curing).
C581 Practice for Determining Chemical Resistance of 3.2.2 axial—in the direction of the axis (lengthwise center-
Thermosetting Resins Used in Glass-Fiber-Reinforced line) of the equipment.
Structures Intended for Liquid Service
3.2.3 Barcol hardness—measurement of the degree of cure
C582 Specification for Contact-Molded Reinforced Thermo-
by means of resin hardness. The Barcol impressor is the
setting Plastic (RTP) Laminates for Corrosion-Resistant
instrument used (see Test Method D2583).
Equipment
D638 Test Method for Tensile Properties of Plastics 3.2.4 binder—chemical treatment applied to the random
D648 Test Method for Deflection Temperature of Plastics arrangement of glass fibers to give integrity to mats. Specific
Under Flexural Load in the Edgewise Position binders are utilized to promote chemical compatibility with
D695 Test Method for Compressive Properties of Rigid various laminating resins used.
Plastics 3.2.5 blister—refer to Terminology D883.
D790 Test Methods for Flexural Properties of Unreinforced 3.2.6 bonding—joining of two or more parts by adhesive
and Reinforced Plastics and Electrical Insulating Materi- forces.
als
D883 Terminology Relating to Plastics 3.2.7 bond strength—force per unit area (psi) necessary to
D2393 Test Method for Viscosity of Epoxy Resins and rupture a bond in interlaminar shear.
3 3.2.8 buckling—a mode of failure characterized by an un-
Related Components (Withdrawn 1992)
D2471 Practice for Gel Time and Peak Exothermic Tempera- stable lateral deflection due to compressive action on the
ture of Reacting Thermosetting Resins (Withdrawn 2008)3 structural element involved.
D2583 Test Method for Indentation Hardness of Rigid Plas- 3.2.9 burned areas—areas of laminate showing evidence of
tics by Means of a Barcol Impressor (Withdrawn 2022)3 decomposition (for example, discoloration and cracking) due
D2584 Test Method for Ignition Loss of Cured Reinforced to excessive resin exotherm.
Resins
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D3299 Specification for Filament-Wound Glass-Fiber-
3.2.10 burn out (burn off)—thermal decomposition of the
organic materials (resin and binders) from a laminate specimen

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Reinforced Thermoset Resin Corrosion-Resistant Tanks in order to determine the weight percent and lamination
D4398 Test Method for Determining the Chemical Resis- sequence of the glass reinforcement.
tance of Fiberglass-Reinforced Thermosetting Resins by
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One-Side Panel Exposure (Withdrawn 2015)3
E84 Test Method for Surface Burning Characteristics of
3.2.11 carbon veil—a nonwoven surface veil that is made of
carbon fiber or is coated with conductive carbon for purposes
Building Materials of providing static dissipation. This could be carbon veil, or
E228 Test Method for Linear Thermal Expansion of Solid polyester veil impregnated with carbon.
ASTM D5364-14(2024)
Materials With a Push-Rod Dilatometer 3.2.12 catalyst—an organic peroxide material used to acti-
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2.2 American Concrete Institute (ACI) Standard: vate the polymerization of the resin.
ACI Standard 307 Specification for the Design and Con- 3.2.13 chopped-strand mat—reinforcement made from ran-
struction of Reinforced Concrete Chimneys4 domly oriented glass strands that are held together in a mat
2.3 NFPA Standard: form by means of a binder.
NFPA 77 Recommended Practice on Static Electricity5
3.2.14 chopper gun—a machine used to cut continuous
2.4 ASME Standards: fiberglass roving to predetermined lengths [usually 0.5–2 in.
6
Section X Fiberglass Reinforced Plastic Pressure Vessels (13–51 mm)] and propel the cut strands to the mold surface. In
RTP-1 Reinforced Thermoset Plastic Corrosion Resistant the spray-up process, a catalyzed resin is deposited simultane-
6
Equipment ously on the mold. When interspersed layers are provided in
3. Terminology filament winding, the resin spray is not used.
3.1 Definitions: 3.2.15 contact molding—process for molding reinforced
3.1.1 Terms used in this guide are from Terminology D883 plastics in which reinforcement and resin are placed on an open
unless otherwise indicated in 3.2. mold or mandrel. Cure is without application of pressure;
3.2 The following applicable definitions in this guide are includes both hand-lay-up and spray-up.
3.2.16 corrosion barrier—the integral inner barrier of the
3
laminate which is made from resin, veil, and chopped mat.
The last approved version of this historical standard is referenced on
www.astm.org. 3.2.17 coverage—see winding cycle.
4
Available from American Concrete Institute (ACI), P.O. Box 9094, Farmington
Hills, MI 48333-9094, http://www.concrete.org.
3.2.18 crazing—the formation of tiny hairline cracks in
5
Available from National Fire Protection Association (NFPA), 1 Batterymarch varying degrees throughout the resin matrix, particularly in
Park, Quincy, MA 02169-7471, http://www.nfpa.org. resin-rich areas.
6
Available from American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME), ASME
International Headquarters, Three Park Ave., New York, NY 10016-5990, http:// 3.2.19 cut edge—end of a laminate resulting from cutting
www.asme.org. that is not protected by a corrosion barrier.

3
 D5364 − 14 (2024)
3.2.20 delamination—physical separation or loss of bond 3.2.40 gel time—time from the initial mixing of the resin
between laminate plies. with catalyst to gelation.
3.2.21 dry spot—an area where the reinforcement fibers 3.2.41 glass—see fiber(glass).
have not been sufficiently wetted with resin. 3.2.42 glass content—weight percent of glass-fiber rein-
3.2.22 edge sealing—application of reinforcement and forcement in the laminate.
resin, or resin alone, to seal cut edges and provide a corrosion- 3.2.43 gun roving—fiberglass roving designed for use in a
resistant barrier. The final layer should be paraffinated. chopper gun.
3.2.23 entrapped-air void—see void. 3.2.44 hand lay-up—see contact molding.
3.2.24 environment—state of the surroundings in contact 3.2.45 heat-deflection temperature (HDT)—temperature at
with the internal and external surfaces, including the which a specified bar specimen deflects 0.010 in. (0.25 mm)
temperature, pressure, chemical exposure, relative humidity, when loaded as a simple beam at a constant 264 psi (1820 kPa).
and presence of liquids or gases. Test Method D648 usually refers to a cured-resin casting, not
3.2.25 exotherm—evolution of heat by the resin during the a laminate.
polymerization reaction. 3.2.46 helical winding—filament winding where the angle
3.2.26 exotherm ply—that ply of chopped mat at which the at which the reinforcement is placed is other than 0 or 90°.
lamination process is stopped to allow gelation and exotherm 3.2.47 hoop winding—filament winding where the winding
of the existing laminate. angle is essentially 90°. The winding strands are applied
3.2.27 fabricator—the producer of the equipment who com- immediately adjacent to the strands applied on the previous
bines resin and reinforcing fibers to produce the final product. mandrel revolution.
3.2.28 fatigue—the change in properties of the laminate 3.2.48 intersperse—chopped fiberglass used in a filament-
over time under cycling of loads, including mechanical, wound laminate, usually in thin layers between winding
temperature, and other environmental exposures. coverages.

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3.2.29 fiber(glass)—a fine, continuously formed thread of
3.2.49 isotropic—having uniform properties in all direc-
glass. E-glass is used for strength and durability, E-CR-glass is
tions. The measured properties of the material are independent
a modified E-glass with improved corrosion resistance to most
of the axis of testing. The opposite is anisotropic, which is the
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acids, and C-glass is resistant to corrosion by most acids.
3.2.30 fiberglass roving—see roving.
case for FRP laminates.
3.2.50 joint overlay—an overlay that joins the adjoining
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surfaces of two contacting parts or elements.
3.2.31 fiberglass woven roving—heavy fabric woven from
strands of glass fiber. 3.2.51 laminate—the total of the part constructed by com-
3.2.32 fiber wetting—coating of the fiberglass with resin by bining one or more layers of material (reinforcement and
means of rollout or immersion. ASTM D5364-14(2024)
resin). As used in this guide, the laminate consists of the
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3.2.33 filament winding—a process for forming FRP parts
corrosion barrier on the inner surface, the interior structural
layer, and the outer surface.
by winding resin-saturated continuous-roving strands onto a
rotating mandrel. 3.2.52 laminate composition—the sequence of reinforce-
3.2.34 fillers—inert materials that are added to the resin to ment materials on a type, class, and category basis that make
increase density, increase viscosity, improve abrasion up a laminate.
resistance, enhance resin-application properties, decrease resin 3.2.53 lamination analysis—procedure by which, given the
shrinkage, and reduce cost. amount and properties of the resin and the properties and
3.2.35 fill picks—the rovings in a woven roving that run in orientation of the reinforcement, it is possible to calculate the
the transverse direction of the fabric, that is, across the fabric elastic physical and mechanical properties of the individual
roll width. layers of a laminate and using weighted-averaging techniques
to determine the elastic properties of the total laminate (see
3.2.36 flame-retardant resin—halogenated resins that can be section 2.4).
used with or without additives to provide a laminate having a
reduced flame-spread rating as measured in accordance with 3.2.54 lamination theory—see lamination analysis.
Test Method E84. The resins are not flame retardant in their 3.2.55 mandrel—mold around which a laminate is formed to
liquid state. fabricate a cylindrical section.
3.2.37 flame-spread rating—index number for any laminate 3.2.56 macro—denotes the properties of the laminate as a
of definite composition resulting from testing in accordance total structural element.
with Test Method E84. 3.2.57 matrix—resin phase of a fiberglass-reinforced lami-
3.2.38 gap filling—the filling of voids between joined parts, nate.
elements, or components with resin putty or resin. 3.2.58 micro—denotes the properties of the constituent ele-
3.2.39 gel—the initial jelly-like solid phase that develops ments of the laminate; that is, matrix and reinforcements and
during the polymerization of resin. interface only, and their effect on the laminate properties.

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 D5364 − 14 (2024)
3.2.59 mold—form over or into which resin and reinforce- 3.2.78 spray-up—method of contact molding where resin
ments are placed to form the laminate product shape. and chopped strands of continuous-filament glass fiber are
3.2.60 monomer—the basic polymerizing element for the deposited on the mold directly from a chopper gun.
formation of the matrix; in FRP-liner fabrication, this is mostly 3.2.79 strain—elongation per unit length.
styrene. 3.2.80 stress—load per unit area.
3.2.61 overlay—laminate applied over base FRP structures 3.2.81 structural layer—the portion of the laminate having
to secure a joint, seal a seam, or attach a nozzle. the primary mechanical strength.
3.2.62 paraffınated resin—resin containing a small amount 3.2.82 surface preparation—the act of roughening, priming,
of dissolved paraffin wax. This wax will come out of the or otherwise treating the laminate surface to achieve surface
solution during cure and bloom to the surface, preventing the conditions that are conducive to adhesion of a subsequently
normal air inhibition at the atmospheric exposed surface. applied laminate.
3.2.63 parting agents—compounds that assist in releasing 3.2.83 surfacing veil—a very thin (10 to 20 mils) mat of
the FRP part from its mold; also referred to as mold-release C-glass or synthetic material such as non-woven polyester
agents. fabric, used to reinforce the corrosion-resistant resin on the
3.2.64 pass—in filament winding, one “round trip” of the inside or outside surface of the FRP laminate.
carriage (which applies the winding strand to the mandrel) 3.2.84 unidirectional roving—continuous parallel roving
from one end of the mandrel to the other and return. held together with periodic stitching.
3.2.65 pit—crater-like area in the surface of the laminate. 3.2.85 vinyl ester resin—resin characterized by reactive
unsaturation, located predominately in terminal positions that
3.2.66 polyester resin—resin produced by the condensation can be compounded with styrene and reacted to produce
of dihydroxy glycols and dibasic organic acids or anhydrides. crosslinked copolymer matrices.
In FRP fabrications, the polyester plastic contains at least one
unsaturated constituent and is dissolved in styrene and subse- 3.2.86 void—unfilled space caused by air or gas in the resin
mix or entrapment of such gases during lay-up of individual
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quently reacted to give a highly crosslinked thermoset matrix.
plies of glass.
3.2.67 profile—the roughness (or smoothness) of a surface
3.2.87 warp ends—the strands in a woven roving that run in
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that has been prepared for bonding.
the longitudinal direction of the fabric, that is, along the roll
3.2.68 promoter—a material which activates the catalyst length of the fabric.

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that cures the resin.
3.2.88 winding angle—the angle between the winding
3.2.69 PVA—abbreviation for polyvinyl alcohol, a widely strand and the longitudinal axis of the cylindrical liner,
used parting agent. sometimes called the helix angle. The winding angle can be
determined by measuring the included angle along the longi-
3.2.70 reinforcement—glass fibers in the form ASTM D5364-14(2024)
of continuous
strand, chopped-strand, or fabric. These fibers are added to the tudinal axis of the pipe at the intersection of strands and
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dividing this angle by two.
resin matrix to give strength and other properties to the
laminate. 3.2.89 winding cycle—the complete covering of the mandrel
3.2.71 release film—film used to facilitate removal of the surface by two bi-directional layers of filament winding. Hoop
fabricated part from the mold. Oriented polyester film, 3 to 5 winding will use one pass; in helical winding many passes are
mils thick has been found suitable for this purpose. required to complete one winding cycle.
3.2.72 resin putty—resin filled with clay, silica fume, milled 3.2.90 woven roving—a plain-weave reinforcement fabric
fibers, or other inert materials, or both, to yield a material for made of rovings. The standard configuration requires five
filling gaps, cracks, and fillets. rovings in the warp direction and four rovings in the weft
direction and a nominal weight of 24 oz/yd2 (814 g/m2).
3.2.73 resin richness—excessive amounts or uneven distri-
bution of resin in the laminate. Such areas are the result of 3.3 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
improper wetout or drainage and are prone to cracking. 3.3.1 can—an individual fabricated cylindrical liner section.
3.3.2 quality assurance (QA)—a system, employed by the
3.2.74 roll-out—densification of the laminate by working
owner or his designate, to monitor the manufacturer’s quality
reinforcement into and air out of the resin, using a serrated
control and to recognize and resolve any nonconformances.
thermoplastic or metal roller.
This system is administered by a quality-assurance represen-
3.2.75 roving—a number of strands or filaments gathered tative who is empowered to verify the QA and the resolution of
with little or no twist in a package called a roving ball. Also see all noncompliances.
woven roving.
3.3.3 quality-assurance program—a plan that documents
3.2.76 secondary bond strength—adhesive force that holds a the procedures or instructions used to ensure the quality control
separately cured laminate to the basic substrate laminate. of the manufacturing process.
3.2.77 sizing—surface treatment or coating applied to fila- 3.3.4 quality control (QC)—a system of measurements and
ments to improve the filament-to-resin bond. checks employed to monitor the manufacture of the FRP

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 D5364 − 14 (2024)
TABLE 1 Stress and Modulus of Elasticity Symbols, psi LL = total length of the continuous liner
Stress Type MRF = material resistance factor
Description Membrane Membrane P = external pressure, psi
Bending
Tension Compression p' = atmosphere pressure at plant grade level, psi
Calculated longitudinal fzt fzc fzb r = average radius of the liner wall, in.
Calculated circumferential fθt fθc fθb
Allowable longitudinal Fz t
Fzc
Fz b R1 = displacement-induced seismic response (force,
Allowable circumferential Fθt Fθc Fθb displacement, or stress)
Ultimate longitudinal Fztu ... Fzbu R2 = inertia-induced seismic response (force,
Ultimate circumferential Fθtu ... Fθbu displacement, or stress)
Critical buckling, longitudinal ... Fzcr ...
Critical buckling, ... Fθcr ... Rc = radius of the liner to the centroid of the stiffener
circumferential Rs = radius of the stiffener
Modulus of elasticity, Ezt Ezc Ezb Rt = total seismic response (force, displacement, or
longitudinal
Modulus of elasticity, Eθ t
Eθ c
Eθ b stress)
circumferential RF = capacity-reduction factor = MRF × TTRF
†
Editorially corrected column alignment in March 2010. t = thickness of the liner (structural) wall, in.
T = normal temperature load,
Ta = ambient air temperature, Degrees Fahrenheit
tc = thickness of corrosion barrier, in.
chimney liner and to assess compliance of manufacture to the te = equivalent liner thickness, including stiffener
critical quality requirements. contribution, on basis of equal mass
3.4 Symbols: (see Table 1) T g = flue gas temperature, Degrees Fahrenheit
Tm = mean liner temperature, (T1 + T2)/2, Degrees
a = winding angle (with respect to the longitudinal Fahrenheit
axis of the liner), degree T n = annulus air temperature, Degrees Fahrenheit
Aθ = hoop membrane stiffness of the liner wall, lb/in. To = temperature at inside surface of corrosion
barrier, Degrees Fahrenheit
AT
CP iTeh Standards
= abnormal temperature load
= circumferential pressure load, psi
T 1 = temperature at interface between corrosion bar-
rier and structural layer, Degrees Fahrenheit
T2 = temperature at outside surface of structural
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D = dead load
Ds = theoretical draft (without losses), inches of layer, Degrees Fahrenheit
water ∆T g = flue-gas temperature difference across the di-
Dx, Dθ
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= longitudinal and hoop bending stiffness, of the
liner wall, lb-in.2/in.
ameter of the liner, at height z, °F
(∆Tg)BASE = ∆Tg at top of breeching, °F (minimum
(EI)s = transformed flexural stiffness of ring stiffener, TgBASE = 25°F)
lb-in.2 ∆Tm = difference of temperature, Tm, across the diam-
EQ = earthquake load ASTM D5364-14(2024) eter of the liner, °F
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f = ovalling natural frequency, cycles per second ∆Tw = temperature differential across the structural
g = acceleration due to gravity, in/s2 layer, °F (T2 – T1)
H = total height of liner above breeching, ft TTRF = time and temperature reduction factor
h1 = flue-gas film coefficient of thermal W = wind load
conductivity, BTU/ft2/in/h/°F Wcm = compressive modulus of elasticity of the wind-
h3 = film coefficient of thermal conductivity outside ing material (glass), psi
of liner, BTU/ft2/in/h/°F WL = total weight of the continuous liner, including
I = center-line moment of inertia of liner section, corrosion barrier, and stiffeners
in.4 = πr3t Wtm = tension modulus of elasticity of the winding
Is = moment of inertia of one stiffener material (glass), psi
k = coefficient of thermal conductivity for FRP z = distance from top of breeching, in.
liner (in absence of data use k = 2), BTU/ft2/ α = coefficient of thermal expansion in the direction
in/h/°F specified by subscript, in./in./°F
kn = knockdown factor µ = average Poisson’s ratio
kR = ratio of thermal resistance from gas stream to 5 ~ µ zθ × µ θz ! 1/2
the middle of the liner wall to the total radial
thermal resistance of liner µθz = Poisson’s ratio of longitudinal strain to an
L = distance between lateral supports, ft imposed hoop strain
L1 = spacing between full circumferential stiffeners, µzθ = Poisson’s ratio of hoop strain to an imposed
in, determined as the sum of half the distance to longitudinal strain
adjacent stiffeners on either side of the stiffener γ = unit weight of liner, lb/in.3
under consideration γa = specific weight of ambient air, lb/ft3
LF = load factor γg = specific weight of gas, lb/ft3

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 D5364 − 14 (2024)

δ = longitudinal deflection, in. infrequent, such as when precipitator electric power is out or
when bag houses are bypassed. The duration should be
4. Significance and Use determined, as the plant may reduce load or shut down when
4.1 This guide provides information, requirements and rec- such a condition occurs.
ommendations for design professionals, fabricators, installers 5.4.3 Condition 3—High-velocity gas flow (higher than 100
and end-users of FRP chimney liners. FRP is a cost-effective fps (31 m/s)), by design, or at sharp corners, turning vanes, and
and appropriate material of construction for liners operating at struts. Erosion will likely occur at these locations.
moderate temperatures in a corrosive chemical environment. 5.5 Operating Temperature Environment:
4.2 This guide provides uniformity and consistency to the 5.5.1 Condition 1—Saturated flue gas, ambient to 140°F
design, fabrication, and erection of fiberglass-reinforced plastic (60°C). This is the usual operating condition for chimney liners
(FRP) liners for concrete chimneys with coal-fired units. Other on systems with wet scrubbers without reheat. Start-up condi-
fossil fuels will require a thorough review of the operating and tions are covered by the operating conditions. Where bypass of
service conditions and the impact on material selection. scrubbers is provided, conditions are described in 5.6.
4.3 This guide is limited specifically to FRP liners within a 5.5.2 Condition 2—Normal gas temperature from 140 to
supporting concrete shell and is not applicable to other FRP 200°F (60 to 93°C), with moisture content and acid condensa-
cylindrical structures. tion determined by the individual conditions. This is the usual
operating range for wet scrubber systems with reheat. Start-up,
5. Service and Operating Environments high-temperature, and by-pass conditions will be the same as
5.1 Service Conditions: described in 5.6.
5.1.1 To properly select the optimum design for an FRP 5.5.3 Condition 3—Normal gas temperature from 140 to
chimney liner, it is essential to define the operating and service 200°F (60 to 93°C), with temperatures high enough for
conditions and the effect they may have on the lining. The condensation not to occur during normal operation. This is the
chemical, erosion/abrasion, and temperature environments usual operating range for spray dryer-baghouse and spray
should be determined for the full height of the FRP liner. dryer-precipitator combinations. Condensation at start-up is

iTeh Standards
5.1.2 Owing to the variability in details of design and
system configuration, each FRP liner design must be consid-
minimized by not introducing water to the spray dryers until
coal firing is started. Temperatures during by-pass and for
ered individually. The information given is for coal-fired units, excursions are as described in 5.6.

other fuels.
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but the general principles are applicable to units fired with 5.5.4 Condition 4—Normal gas temperature from 200 to
330°F (93 to 166°C). This is the usual operating range for
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5.2 Environmental Condition—The environment for a chim-
ney liner is classified as to its chemical, erosion, and tempera-
plants without scrubbers. This condition is also applicable to
systems in which the particulate removal or flue-gas desulfu-
ture condition. Two chemical conditions, three erosion rization (FGD) system, or both, can be bypassed, with tem-
conditions, and four temperature conditions ASTM peratures determined by the gas flow that can be bypassed
D5364-14(2024)
are identified,
compared to the total gas flow of the system.
together with the circumstances in which they usually occur.
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The combinations of circumstances applicable to a particular 5.5.5 This guide covers FRP liners for Conditions 1, 2, and
chimney liner should be determined. 3. Condition 4 is not covered in this guide, although applica-
tions over 200°F (93°C) operating temperature condition are in
5.3 Chemical Environment:
service. Condition 4 requires additional considerations in
5.3.1 Condition 1—Occasional exposure of certain areas to
evaluating materials and composite designs.
low pH from acid condensation, occurring with reheated gas or
un-scrubbed gas at localized cold areas, such as the liner hood 5.6 Abnormal Environments—Abnormal environments,
or during start-up. such as stoppage of an air preheater or malfunction of the
5.3.2 Condition 2—Constant exposure to low pH, acid scrubber sprays, or both, can result in short-term conditions
condensation with concentration based on equilibrium concen- more severe than those covered. The severity and duration of
tration of H2SO4, water vapor in the gas stream at temperatures the abnormal conditions depend on the design and operation of
above the water dew point. This operating condition is usually the plant and should be determined for each project. In many
for scrubber systems without reheat, with essentially saturated cases, these conditions are of short duration because a major
gas with temperatures from ambient to 140°F (60°C), or when upset in the boiler draft system, or in the FGD or particulate
there is insufficient reheat to raise the gas temperature above removal system, means a reduction in load or plant shutdown
the acid dew point. Start-up conditions are covered by the to protect the equipment or stay within the emission criteria.
operating conditions. 5.6.1 Condition 1—Flue-gas-temperature excursion of up to
5.4 Erosion/Abrasion Environment: 250°F (121°C) maximum, maintained by a quench system.
5.4.1 Condition 1—Normal-velocity gas flow (45–100 fps 5.6.2 Condition 2—Flue-gas-temperature excursion up to
(14–31 m/s)) with particulate removal equipment in service. 400°F (227°C) maximum.
Most particulate removal and flue-gas desulfurization (FGD) 5.6.3 FRP liners may be used for abnormal Condition 1, but
systems have velocities in this range. its use for Condition 2 is not considered in this guide.
5.4.2 Condition 2—Normal-velocity gas flow with particu- 5.6.4 The gas temperature shall be maintained by a quench
late removal equipment out of service. This condition would be system at or below a temperature of 250°F (121°C).

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 D5364 − 14 (2024)
5.6.5 In case of a gas-temperature upset 25°F (−4°C) above 6.1.3.1 Glass reinforcements shall be Type E or E-CR glass
the established operating temperature, an additional deluge fibers having a sizing compatible with the resin.
system should be used to bring the gas temperature back to 6.1.3.2 The surface veil used in the corrosion barrier should
normal operating temperatures. be Type C glass fibers, or a synthetic material as approved by
5.7 Other Operating and Service Environments: the owner. If specified by the purchaser, a carbon veil may be
5.7.1 Start-up of coal-fired units is usually accomplished added for static-charge dissipation as in section 6.3.6.
with fuel other than coal, such as diesel oil, natural gas, or 6.2 Laminate Composition—FRP chimney-liner laminates
liquefied natural gas. These fuels, which result in flue-gas consist of a corrosion barrier, a structural layer, and an exterior
compositions different from that produced by coal-firing, surface. The FRP composition shall include a thermoset
should be considered in the design of the liner. polyester or vinylester resin, reinforced with glass fiber and
5.7.2 The temperatures given are average temperatures of containing various other raw materials to provide specific
flue gases entering the chimney liners. Gas temperatures vary properties. The corrosion barrier provides primary corrosion
as the gas rises up the chimney and at breaching openings, and resistance, flame retardant, and shall follow laminate construc-
they vary with the start-up condition of the unit. tion described in Specification C582. The structural layer shall
5.8 Static Electricity Build-Up—FRP in a chimney-liner primarily provide the mechanical properties and strength of the
application is subject to the build-up of static electricity that design. The outer layer shall contain a paraffinated resin to
may be a consideration in some installations. A static-charge prevent air from inhibiting the cure process and shall provide
dissipation system must be provided where considered neces- weather or environmental protection, or both. Liner extending
sary (see 6.3.6). above the chimney cap shall be protected against ultraviolet
(UV) rays and in cold weather regions, against ice forming on
5.9 Flame Spread—FRP chimney liners are subject to con- the liner surfaces from freezing of water droplets in the gas
ditions that propagate flame spread. Specific requirements will phase.
vary, depending upon operating and maintenance conditions.
6.2.1 Corrosion Barrier—The corrosion barrier shall be as
However, all FRP liners shall have a flame-resistant resin as in
described in Specification C582. Additional plies of surfacing
6.3.5.
iTeh Standards
mat and chopped-strand mat may be used in particularly severe
chemical environments, but consideration shall be given to the
6. Materials effects of thermal and mechanical shock.
6.1 Raw Materials:
6.1.1 Resin:
(https://standards.iteh.ai) 6.2.2 Structural Layer—The structural layer shall meet the
physical properties required by the design in Section 7. The

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6.1.1.1 The selected resin shall be either a polyester or
vinylester that provides the properties necessary to withstand
fabrication process is typically filament winding, as described
in Specification D3299 and Section 8, but may include contact
the conditions of the operating environment described in molding, as described in Specification C582, or a combination
Section 5. Resins shall conform to the requirements of Speci- of both.
fication C582. ASTM D5364-14(2024) 6.2.3 Outer Layer
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6.1.1.2 FRP chimney liners are fabricated with a flame-
retardant resin and, when required, additional flame-retardant 6.3 Laminate Properties:
synergist added. The resin shall, at minimum, have been 6.3.1 Physical and Mechanical—The following physical-
demonstrated to withstand 25 % sulfuric acid at 180°F (82°C) property test methods are designed for use on entire laminates
for a duration of one year with a minimum retained strength of or individually on the corrosion barrier, the structural layer, or
50 %, in accordance with Practice C581, or under the actual repeating structural units, and external overlays. The following
anticipated environmental-service condition. test methods shall be used for determination of initial design
6.1.1.3 The resin in the corrosion barrier shall be chosen for data and QA/QC procedures:
its corrosion resistance and flame-retardant properties. Due to 6.3.1.1 Tensile Modulus (Axial Direction)—Test Method
physical and mechanical requirements, a different corrosion- D638 shall be used; or the test results used in conjunction with
resistant resin may be used in the corrosion barrier than in the laminate theory as in section 6.3.1.6.
structural layer. 6.3.1.2 Flexural Modulus (Axial and Hoop Directions)—
6.1.2 Other Additives—The resin may contain diluents such Test Method D790 shall be used; or the test results used in
as added styrene, fillers, dyes, pigments, or flame retardants conjunction with laminate theory as in section 6.3.1.6.
only when agreed upon between the fabricator and the owner. 6.3.1.3 Compressive Modulus—The compressive modulus
Such uses shall conform to the descriptions of diluents, resin shall be obtained in accordance with Test Method D695, with
pastes, and ultraviolet absorbers as explained in Specification the following modifications. The specimens shall be 2 in. (51
C582. Additionally, carbon filler may be added for static- mm) in the test direction by 0.5 in. (13 mm) thick with the
charge dissipation. corrosion barrier removed by machining. Strain shall be
6.1.3 Reinforcements—Reinforcements shall conform to the measured by the use of an extensometer or other strain gages
requirements of Specification C582 for contact molding and centered on the specimen in the 2-in. direction. The extensom-
Specification D3299 for filament winding. These specifications eter arms shall be spaced to 1.5 in. (38 mm) apart at their
require the sizing and binder systems to be compatible with the attachment points to the specimen. The test results may be used
resins selected. in conjunction with laminate theory as in section 6.3.1.6.

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 D5364 − 14 (2024)
6.3.1.4 Coeffıcient of Thermal Expansion—Coefficient of and thermal gradient through the laminate with the temperature
thermal expansion shall be measured in accordance with Test at the corrosion liner/structural layer interface.
Method E228, over an appropriate temperature range using 6.3.5 Flame Retardancy—Selection of the flame spread
specimens constructed with the same composition, resin, rating is governed by local building codes. The purchaser shall
construction sequence, glass content, type and weight of specify the rating for each location.
reinforcement, and cure conditions used in the actual liner. The 6.3.5.1 Flame spread is determined in accordance with Test
glass content of the test laminate should be within 5 % of the Method E84 (see Note 2) by using a standard laminate
glass content of the actual chimney-liner laminate. The direc- construction as determined in accordance with 4.1.2 of Speci-
tion of measurement in relation to the orientation of glass shall fication C582. The standard laminate is 0.125 in. (3 mm) thick,
be considered in interpretation of the results. Unidirectional flat, reinforced with all mat and has a glass content of 25 to
roving may be used to approximate filament winding. 30 % by weight. Flame-retardant synergists of the type and
6.3.1.5 Coeffıcient of Thermal Conductivity—The coeffi- level used in the actual laminate construction shall be used in
cient of thermal conductivity shall be determined by Test this test.
Method C177 or C518 on representative laminate for either the
NOTE 2—This flame-spread rating is based on a laboratory test, which
entire liner laminate to be used, or for each of the following is not necessarily predictive of product performance in a real fire situation,
laminate components; that is, corrosion barrier, structure layer, and is therefore not intended to reflect hazards presented by this or any
and exterior coating, if any. The representative laminate shall other material under actual fire conditions.
be a flat laminate constructed with the same resin, construction 6.3.6 Static-Charge Dissipation—Operation of FRP chim-
sequence, glass content, type and weight of reinforcements, ney liners can build up significant static charges. This may be
and cure conditions used in the actual laminate. The direction a safety hazard to personnel and appropriate grounding shall be
of measurement in relation to the orientation of glass shall be considered.
considered in interpretation of the results. Unidirectional rov- 6.3.7 Grounding System—Each can in the liner shall have at
ing may be used to approximate filament winding. least two proof tested grounding patches. The patches shall be
6.3.1.6 Laminate theory may be used instead of physical externally connected to a grounding system conforming to the

iTeh Standards
testing to determine axial tensile, flexural, and compressive requirements of NFPA 77 and 77-16. Patches should be
moduli only. In such a case, the axial tensile and hoop flexural approximately 2 feet square containing conductive carbon filler
moduli computed from laminate theory shall be verified by and carbon veil covering a 1⁄2 in. bolt that connects to the
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comparison with the results obtained by physical testing. The
test results shall be at least 90 % of the computed values.
grounding system. Every bolt patch shall be proof tested
(ohmmeter) to assure it will provide an appropriate path to

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6.3.2 Chemical—The corrosion resistance of the resins used
shall have been characterized by either Practice C581 or Test
ground.

Method D4398. Resins may also be evaluated for vapor 7. Design

exposure in accordance with Practice C581, except that speci-
mens are exposed totally in the vapor space aboveASTM the D5364-14(2024)
liquid
7.1 Design:
7.1.1 Standard guidelines and minimum requirements are
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returning from the condenser. The resin shall have been provided for the structural design of fiber-reinforced plastic
deemed acceptable for long-term use in the environments (FRP) chimney liners, based on load and resistance-factor
described in Section 5 (Conditions 1 or 2, or both), by either of design procedures.
the above test methods or verifiable actual field environments.
7.1.2 The objective is to provide a uniform procedure for
6.3.3 Erosion/Abrasion—In areas where Condition 3 computing forces and displacements of the liner based on the
erosion/abrasion is expected, resin additives such as silicon present state of the art and science of design of fiber-reinforced
carbide may be considered. plastic liners.
6.3.4 Temperature: 7.1.3 The design is limited to FRP chimney liners supported
6.3.4.1 The material properties of the laminate shall be laterally and vertically by the concrete shell.
suitable for operating-temperature environments as defined by 7.1.4 The design of a fiber-reinforced plastic liner is an
normal Conditions 1, 2, and 3, and abnormal Condition 1. iterative process and similar to most engineering designs, but
These conditions define only typical temperature environ- with the following significant differences:
ments. It is essential for the owner to fully provide specific 7.1.4.1 Fiber-reinforced plastic is a composite material and
temperature conditions in order to properly select the optimum its behavior is different from isotropic materials.
resin. 7.1.4.2 The practical variation in the physical properties of
6.3.4.2 The maximum operating temperature at the interface the liner material in the thermal and chemical design environ-
between the corrosion barrier and the structural layer shall not ments are more than those encountered in most other structural
exceed the heat-deflection temperature (HDT) of the structural- materials.
layer resin. The HDT shall be determined in accordance with 7.1.5 The scope is limited to chimney liners designed to
Test Method D648. operate continuously in operating temperature environments
6.3.4.3 The temperature at the corrosion barrier/structural defined by Conditions 1, 2, and 3 in Section 5 under normal
layer interface may be determined by a thermocouple embed- operating conditions, and for Condition 1 for abnormal envi-
ded in the laminate or by correlating gas-stream temperature ronments defined in Section 5. The design of liners operating in

9
 D5364 − 14 (2024)
normal-temperature environment, Condition 4, or abnormal 7.2.10 The minimum structural-wall thickness of the liner
Condition 2, is not covered. shall be 3⁄8 in. (10 mm).
7.2 Assumptions: 7.2.11 Wherever the design requirements for the concrete
7.2.1 The design procedure is based on the overall stress chimney are cited in accordance with ACI 307, it is implied
resultants acting on the wall and on the properties of the that requirements of ACI 307, or of the project specification,
laminate. whichever are more critical, shall be used.
7.2.12 Nothing in this section shall be deemed to prohibit
7.2.2 For the purpose of analysis, the cross section is
the use of other properly substantiated technical data and
considered to consist of the average diameter and structural
procedures for the analysis and design of fiber reinforced
layer thickness. The thickness of the corrosion barrier is
plastic liners.
excluded. For structure design, properties of the material are
based on centerline temperature of the section (that is, average 7.3 Dead Loads (D):
through-wall thickness), except where variation through the 7.3.1 The dead load shall include the estimated weight of all
thickness is being explicitly considered. permanent structures, including stiffeners and attachments. A
7.2.3 For analysis of the liner behavior due to dead load, unit weight of 140 lb/ft3 (2243 kg/m3) is recommended for the
wind, earthquake, and thermal loads, the liner may be treated calculation of the dead load of the liner (including stiffeners
as a beam column and beam theory used for calculating the and attachments) using its nominal dimensions.
resultant stresses and displacements. 7.3.2 Where fly-ash is expected to be deposited on the inside
7.2.4 For the beam-column analysis, the liner may be surface of the liner, the dead load of the fly-ash shall be
considered uncoupled (separate) or coupled (jointly) with considered in the design. Where a wet scrubber is in operation,
respect to the concrete column. or can be in operation upstream of the chimney liner, a fly-ash
7.2.4.1 For the uncoupled system, the liner is considered to deposit shall be considered to be attached to the inside of the
be rigidly supported by the concrete column and shall be liner. The variation of the thickness of the fly-ash deposit along
designed as a continuous beam column. The displacements at the height of the liner shall be as shown in Fig. 1. The dead
points of support or restraint shall equal the independently load of the wet fly-ash shall be based on a unit weight of 80
lb/ft3 (1281 kg/m3).
iTeh Standards
computed displacements of the concrete shell.
7.2.4.2 For the coupled system, the coupling of the liner and 7.3.2.1 Where a wet scrubber is not in operation and no
the concrete column system is achieved by incorporating the quenching system is used, or used briefly or rarely, the dry

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flexibility of the concrete column in the liner design. A larger
combined structure must be analyzed to obtain forces in the
liner member(s) as a beam column.
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7.2.4.3 The flexibility of the supports and restraints between
the liner and the concrete column and the local flexibility of the
liner at lateral support points may be incorporated in the
analysis of the coupled system. ASTM D5364-14(2024)
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7.2.5 If the frequency of vibration of the liner, based on
beam theory, is within 620 % of the concrete column
frequency, a dynamic analysis of the coupled system shall be
made. A dynamic analysis of the coupled FRP liner/concrete
column system shall be made, unless it is demonstrated by
evaluation of the mass frequency ratios that coupling effects
are negligible.
7.2.6 At points of application of loads (that is, at supports
and restraints) on the liner beam-column, the liner may be
adequately stiffened locally so that the liner roundness is
maintained and the liner indeed functions as a beam-column.
7.2.7 Resultant forces are computed from linear elastic
analysis of the beam column.
7.2.8 Using the resultant forces from the analysis, the design
of the liner is checked against the appropriate material prop-
erties of the laminate. The resistance in a certain direction is
based on the strength of the laminate in that direction,
determined either experimentally or derived from known
properties of the constituents.
7.2.9 Most material properties used in the analysis and
design are results of short-duration tests at room temperature.
Factors are recommended to reduce these property values to a
design life of 35 years of the liner in the range of operating
temperatures given in Section 5. FIG. 1 Fly-Ash Deposit

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