Summary of 3AS Lessons 2024

Summary of 3AS lessons
Conditional:
 If conditional:
If type 1: if + present simple → future -will+ stem (possible situation)
If type 2: if + past simple → would+ stem (impossible, unreal or imaginary situation)
 Providing that/ provided that/ as long as/ so long as + present simple → will+ stem.
 Unless+ present simple → future simple/ modals
e.g: You won’t succeed unless you work hard.
Expressing wish:
 Past wish (regret): wish + past perfect.
 Present wish (regret): wish + past simple.
 Future wish (a desire for a change in the future): would + stem.
P.S. “could” is used instead of “would” with the personal pronouns “I”, “we” .
Giving advice:
 Should/ had better/ ought to + stem.
 It’s (high/about) time+ past simple: to criticize.
Expressing cause/ reason:

 Because/ as/ since/ + verb phrase.
 Because of/ due to/ owing to + noun phrase.
Expressing result:
 So/ as a result/ as a consequence/ consequently/ thus/ hence/ therefore.
 So+ adjective/adverb/quantifier+ that.
 Such+ noun phrase/noun+ that.
Passive voice:
Active voice Passive voice
Present simple Am/ is/ are + past participle
Present continuous Am/ is / are + being+ p.p
Modals: should/ can/ must... Modal+ be+ p.p
Quantifiers:
Few/ many/ a lot of/ lots of/ some+ countable nouns.
Little/ much/ a lot of/ lots of/ some+ uncountable nouns.
Reported speech:
 When the reporting verb is in the present simple, no changes in the tenses occur
when we report.
e.g.: She says: ‘I am exploring the universe” → She says that she is exploring the universe.
When the reporting verb is in the past simple , many changes occur in the tenses, adverbials and
demonstratives.
Tenses:
Direct speech Reported speech
Present simple Past simple
Present perfect Past perfect
Past simple Past perfect
Past perfect Past perfect
- Modals:
must→ had to can→ could
will→ would may→ might
Time adverbials and demonstratives:
yesterday→ the previous day/ the day before/ the last day
today→ that day
tomorrow→ the following day/ the day after/ the next day
now→ then/ at that moment
this→ that these→ those here→ there
 Reporting questions: the questions become statements.

WH questions: e.g.: She asked me: “Where do you live?” → She asked me where I lived.
Yes/ No questions: e.g.: She asked me: “Are you free now?” → She asked me if I was free then.
*The structure: used to+ stem expresses the function of an object.

*The structure: used for+ stem+ ing also expresses the function of an object.
e.g. The calculator is used to calculate different operations.
The calculator is used for calculating different operations.
To express the purpose, we can use: * so that/ in order that+ verb phrase.
* in order to/ so as to/ to+ stem.
Note: used to can express a past habit that doesn’t exist now.
e.g. When I was young, I used to smoke. Now, I practise sport.
Asking questions:
 WH Questions:
Place: Where+ auxiliary+ subject+ stem+ rest of the sentence+ ?
Person (subject): Who + verb (in the 3rd person singular) + rest of the sentence+ ?
Time: When+ auxiliary+ subject+ stem+ ?
Exact time: What time+ auxiliary+ subject+ stem+ ?
Action (verb): What+ auxiliary+ subject+ do+ ?
Object: What+ auxiliary+ subject+ stem+ rest of the sentence+ ?
Period: How long+ aux+ subject+ stem+ ?
Distance: How far+ auxiliary+ subject+ stem+ ?
Manner: How+ auxiliary+ subject+ stem+ ?
Weight: How much+ auxiliary+ subject+ weigh?
Period of time: How long ago+ auxiliary+ subject+ stem+ ?
 Yes/ No questions:
Auxiliary+ subject+ stem+ rest of the sentence + ?
The answer: - Yes, subject (personal pronoun) + auxiliary.
- No, subject (personal pronoun) + auxiliary+ not.
Expressing purpose/ aim/ goal:
We use: so that, in order to, to, so as to
eg: The corrupt officer was taken in court so that the authorities judge him.
Comparative and superlatives:

 Comparatives of superiority: Short adjectives: adjective+ er+ than.
Long adjectives: more+ adjective+ than.
 Comparatives of equality: as+ adjective+ as
 Superlatives: Short adjective: the+ adjective+ est.
Long adjectives: the+ most+ adjective.
Some adjectives are irregular:
adjective Comparative Superlative
Good Better than The best
Bad Worse than The worst
Far Farther/ further than The farthest/ furthest
Expressing similarities and differences:

Similarities: Both of/ both….. and…/ similar to/ like/ as.
Differences: Unlike/ different from/ whereas/ while.
Concession: Although/ though/ even though/ in spite (of the fact that)/ despite (of the fact that).
p.s: in spite/ despite+ noun phrase.
in spite of the fact that/ despite of the fact that+ verb phrase.
Phonetics
Stress:
1. Stress on first syllable: Most two-syllable nouns and adjectives have stress on the first syllable.
2. Stress on last syllable: Most two-syllable verbs have stress on the second syllable.
3. Stress on penultimate syllable (second from the end): Words ending in ‘ic’ , ‘ics’, ‘tion’, and ‘sion
4. Stress on ante-penultimate syllable (third from the end): Words ending in ‘cy’,‘ty’,‘phy’,‘gy’, ‘ist’, ‘ical’ ‘my’.
5. Compound words (words with two parts):
* If the compound is a noun, the stress goes on the first part.
* If the compound is an adjective or a verb, the stress goes on the second part.
The pronunciation of the final “ed”:

/ Id/ after /t, d/
/t/ after /p, k, f, s, ∫(sh), t∫ (ch), Ө (th)/
/d/ after / vowels+ all the other consonant sounds/
The pronunciation of the final “s”:

/s/ after /p, k, f, t, Ө (th)/
/ Iz/ after /s, z, ∫(sh), t∫ (ch), Ʒ, dƷ/
/z/ after / vowels+ all the other consonant sounds/
Good luck for your Bac exam 

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Summary of 3AS lessons

Expressing cause/ reason:

 Reporting questions: the questions become statements.

*The structure: used to+ stem expresses the function of an object.

Comparative and superlatives:

Expressing similarities and differences:

The pronunciation of the final “ed”:

The pronunciation of the final “s”:

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