This question is about Group 1 elements.

1.
(a) What are the Group 1 elements known as?

✓) one box.
Tick (✓

Alkali metals

Halogens

Noble gases

(1)

(b) Figure 1 shows a lithium atom.

Figure 1

What is the number of electrons and neutrons in the atom of lithium?

Number of electrons _______________

Number of neutrons ________________

(2)

(c) What is the relative charge on a lithium ion?

✓) one box.
Tick (✓

+1 0 –1

(1)

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(d) Lithium is heated and then cooled in an experiment.

Two physical changes happen in the experiment.

Draw one line from each stage to the physical change that happens in that stage.

Stage Physical change

Boiling

Stage 1 Condensing

Dissolving

Stage 2 Freezing

Melting

(2)

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Figure 2 represents the melting points of some Group 1 elements.

Figure 2

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(e) What is the melting point of caesium?

Use Figure 2.

Melting point = _______________ °C

(1)

(f) The melting point of potassium is 63 C

Draw a bar for the melting point of potassium on Figure 2.

(1)

(g) Describe the trend of the melting points of the Group 1 elements in Figure 2.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(3)

(h) The boiling point of sodium is 883 C

What is the state of sodium at 150 °C?

Use Figure 2.

✓) one box.
Tick (✓

Gas

Liquid

Solid

(1)

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(i) Figure 3 represents the electronic structure of a sodium atom and of a potassium atom.

Figure 3

Complete the sentence.

Choose the answer from the box.

gains an electron loses an electron shares an electron

Potassium is more reactive than sodium because potassium more

easily _____________________________________________________.
(1)
(Total 13 marks)

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 This question is about hydrogen chloride and sodium hydroxide.
2.
(a) A chlorine atom has 7 electrons in the outer shell.

A hydrogen atom has 1 electron in the outer shell.

Figure 1 represents part of a dot and cross diagram for a molecule of hydrogen chloride.

Complete the dot and cross diagram.

Use dots ( ) and crosses (x) to represent electrons.

You should show only the electrons in the outer shells.

Figure 1

(2)

(b) Hydrogen chloride dissolves in water to produce hydrochloric acid.

Hydrochloric acid reacts with sodium hydroxide solution.

Complete the word equation for the reaction between hydrochloric acid and sodium
hydroxide.

hydrochloric acid + sodium hydroxide ____________________ + water

(1)

Solutions of hydrochloric acid and sodium hydroxide are reacted and the temperature change is
recorded.

(c) In the reaction, 3.65 g of hydrogen chloride reacts with 4.00 g of sodium hydroxide.

1.80 g of water is produced.

Calculate the mass of the other product.

___________________________________________________________________

Mass = _______________ g
(1)

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(d) Figure 2 shows part of the thermometer used to measure the temperature.

Figure 2

What is the temperature reading on the thermometer?

Temperature = _______________ °C
(1)

(e) In the reaction, the temperature increases.

What type of reaction is happening when the temperature increases?

___________________________________________________________________
(1)

(f) Sodium hydroxide is an alkali.

Which two ions are in sodium hydroxide solution?

✓) two boxes.
Tick (✓

Cl– H+ Na+ O2– OH–

(2)
(Total 8 marks)

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 This question is about structure and bonding.
3.
Figure 1 represents part of the structure of silicon dioxide.

Figure 1

(a) What type of structure is silicon dioxide?

✓) one box.
Tick (✓

Giant covalent

Ionic lattice

Simple molecular

(1)

(b) Each oxygen atom forms two bonds.

What is the number of bonds formed by each silicon atom?

Use Figure 1.

_____________________________________
(1)

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Figure 2 represents part of a fullerene.

Figure 2

(c) Complete the sentence.

Choose the answer from the box.

hexagons octagons squares triangles

The structure of fullerenes is based on ____________________.

(1)

(d) Complete the sentence.

Choose the answer from the box.

carbon hydrogen oxygen

The fullerene molecule shown in Figure 2 is made from

atoms of ____________________.
(1)

(e) What is the fullerene molecule shown in Figure 2 used for?

✓) one box.
Tick (✓

Electronics

Hand warmers

Sports injury packs

(1)
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Figure 3 represents part of the structure of a polymer.

Figure 3

(f) What holds the atoms together in a polymer chain?

✓) one box.
Tick (✓

Covalent bonds

Ionic bonds

Metallic bonds

(1)

(g) Complete the sentence.

Choose the answer from the box.

atomic intermolecular macromolecular

In Figure 3 the polymer chains are held together by

______________________________ forces.
(1)

Figure 4 represents part of the structures of:

magnesium metal
a magnesium alloy.

Figure 4

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 (h) Calculate the percentage of copper atoms in the alloy.

Number of magnesium atoms in the alloy = _______________________________

Number of copper atoms in the alloy = ___________________________________

Total number of atoms in the alloy = _____________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

Percentage of copper atoms in the alloy = _______________ %

(3)

(i) Explain why the magnesium alloy is harder than magnesium metal.

Use Figure 4.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(3)
(Total 13 marks)

This question is about elements and compounds.

4.
(a) Magnesium and oxygen react to produce magnesium oxide.

Balance the equation for the reaction.

_______Mg + O2 2 MgO
(1)

(b) Suggest one safety precaution that should be taken when heating magnesium and oxygen.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(1)

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(c) Calculate the relative formula mass (Mr) of magnesium fluoride (MgF2).

Relative atomic masses (Ar): F = 19 Mg = 24

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

Relative formula mass (Mr) = _______________

(2)

(d) Argon is a noble gas.

Explain why no product is formed when magnesium and argon are heated together.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(2)

(e) Figure 1 shows a reactivity series.

Figure 1

Most reactive

Metal D

Sodium

Magnesium

Carbon

Metal E

Iron

Hydrogen

Copper
Least reactive

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Draw one line from each metal to the method used to extract that metal.

Use Figure 1.

Method used to extract that

Metal
metal

Extracted by electrolysis of a
molten ionic compound.

Metal D

Extracted from its oxide by

reduction with carbon.

Extracted from its oxide by

reduction with hydrogen.

Metal E

Removed from the Earth as

the metal itself.

(2)

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A substance conducts electricity when it has charged particles that are free to move.

(f) Figure 2 represents the structure of sodium chloride.

Figure 2

Explain why sodium chloride conducts electricity when molten but not when solid.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(3)

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 (g) Figure 3 represents the structure of sodium metal.

Figure 3

Explain why sodium metal conducts electricity when solid.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(2)
(Total 13 marks)

This question is about salts.

5.
Green copper carbonate and sulfuric acid can be used to produce blue copper sulfate crystals.

(a) Excess copper carbonate is added to sulfuric acid.

Give three observations you would make.

1 _________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

2 _________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

3 _________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(3)

(b) How can the excess copper carbonate be removed?

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(1)

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(c) The pH of the solution changes during the reaction.

What is the pH of the solution at the end of the reaction?

pH = _______________
(1)

(d) Copper carbonate and sulfuric acid react to produce copper sulfate.

What type of reaction is this?

___________________________________________________________________
(1)

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(e) Ammonium nitrate is a salt.

The figure below shows the maximum mass of ammonium nitrate that can dissolve in
100 cm3 of water at different temperatures.

A student adds ammonium nitrate to water at 80 °C until no more dissolves.

The student cools 100 cm3 of this solution of ammonium nitrate from 80 °C to 20 °C to
produce crystals of ammonium nitrate.

Determine the mass of ammonium nitrate that crystallises on cooling 100 cm3 of this
solution from 80 °C to 20 °C

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

Bishop Ullathorne Catholic School Page 17 of 29

 ___________________________________________________________________

Mass = _______________ g
(3)
(Total 9 marks)

This question is about electrolysis.

6.
The diagram below shows the apparatus used to investigate the electrolysis of potassium sulfate
solution.

(a) Potassium sulfate contains K+ and SO42– ions.

What is the formula of potassium sulfate?

✓) one box.
Tick (✓

KSO4

K2SO4

K(SO4)2

K2(SO4)2

(1)

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(b) What are the volumes of gases collected in the electrolysis experiment?

Use the figure above.

Volume of hydrogen = __________ cm3

Volume of oxygen = __________ cm3

(1)

(c) A student made the following hypothesis:

‘The volumes of gases collected in this electrolysis experiment are in the same ratio as
hydrogen atoms to oxygen atoms in a water molecule.’

Explain how the volumes of gases collected in the experiment in above diagram support
the student’s hypothesis.

Use your answer to part (b)

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(2)

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(d) The experiment is repeated 4 times.

The volumes of oxygen collected in the 4 experiments are:

6 cm3 9 cm3 10 cm3 11 cm3

The mean volume of oxygen collected in the 4 experiments is 9 cm3

The measure of uncertainty is the range of a set of measurements about the mean.

What is the measure of uncertainty in the 4 experiments?

✓) one box.
Tick (✓

9 ± 1 cm3

9 ± 2 cm3

9 ± 3 cm3

(1)

(e) The potassium sulfate solution has 0.86 g of potassium sulfate dissolved in 25 cm3 of
water.

Calculate the mass of potassium sulfate needed to make 1.0 dm3 of solution.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

Mass = _______________ g
(3)
(Total 8 marks)

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 Plan an investigation to find the order of reactivity of three metals.
7.
You should use the temperature change when each metal reacts with hydrochloric acid.

_______________________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________
(Total 6 marks)

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Mark schemes
(a) alkali metals
1. 1

(b) 3 / three
1

4 / four
1
must be in this order

(c) +1
1

(d)

do not accept more than one line from a box on the left
2

(e) 28 ( C)
1

(f) bar plotted at 63 C

allow tolerance of ± ½ a small square
1

(g) (melting point) decreases as go down Group 1

ignore boiling points
allow 1 mark for (melting point) decreases
2

(and the) differences get smaller

or
initial drop is largest
1
allow converse in terms of increasing melting point

(h) liquid
1

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 (i) loses an electron
1
[13]

(a) one shared pair in overlap

2.
6 non-bonding electrons in outer shell of chlorine
do not accept extra electron(s) on outer shell of hydrogen
1
ignore any inner shell electrons
an answer of

scores 2 marks
1
allow any combination of circles, dots, crosses or e(–)

(b) sodium chloride

allow NaCl
1

(c) 5.85 (g)

1

(d) 17.6 ( C)
1

(e) exothermic (reaction)

allow neutralisation (reaction)
1

(f) Na+
1

OH–
1
[8]

(a) giant covalent

3. 1

(b) 4 / four
1

(c) hexagons
1

(d) carbon
1

Bishop Ullathorne Catholic School Page 23 of 29

 (e) electronics
1

(f) covalent bonds

1

(g) intermolecular
1

(h) (magnesium) 22 and (copper) 3

1

(percentage =)
(× 100)

allow correct use of incorrectly determined value(s) for number of

magnesium atoms and / or copper atoms
1

= 12 (%)
1

(i) (alloy is harder because) copper atoms are larger

or
(copper) atoms are a different size
1

(so the) layers of (magnesium) atoms are distorted

1

(and therefore the) layers cannot easily slide

allow (so) the atoms cannot slide over each other
1
[13]

(a) 2 Mg + O2 ⟶ 2 MgO
4.
allow multiples
1

(b) any one from:

wear safety glasses / goggles
do not look directly at burning magnesium
allow look through blue glass

wear heat proof glove.

allow use tongs
allow tie hair back
1

(c) (Mr = ) 24 + (2 × 19)

1

= 62
1

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(d) any one from:
argon has a full outer shell

argon has 8 electrons in the outer shell

argon has a stable arrangement of electrons.
allow does not need to lose and / or gain electrons
1

(so) argon is unreactive

ignore argon is a noble gas
1
allow energy level for shell

(e)

do not accept more than one line from a box on the left
2

(f) (because) ions

1

(which are) free to move when molten

1

(but are) fixed in solid

1
allow reference to charged particles for MP2 and MP3

(g) (sodium contains) delocalised electrons

allow free electrons
1

(which) carry (electrical) charge (through the metal / sodium)

ignore throughout for through
ignore current / electricity
1
[13]

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 (a) any three from:
5.
green solid / powder
ignore green copper carbonate

colourless solution

blue solution formed

allow colour (of solution) changes

copper carbonate disappears

allow solid disappears

fizzing / effervescence
or
bubbles of gas
ignore gas

stops fizzing
allow fizzing slows down

solid / powder left at the end

or
copper carbonate left at the end
3
allow (container) gets hot
or
allow temperature increases

(b) filtration
or
filter
1

(c) 7
1

(d) neutralisation
allow exothermic
1

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 (e) 83 (g at 80 C)
allow a value in range 82–84 (g at 80 °C)
1

32 (g at 20 °C)
allow a value in range 32–33 (g at 20 °C)
1

(83 32 =) 51 (g)
allow a correct calculation using incorrectly read values for mass at
80 °C and/or 20 °C
1
[9]

(a) K2SO4
6. 1

(b) (volume of hydrogen) 30 (cm3)

and
(volume of oxygen) 15 (cm3)
1

(c) (because) the ratio of volume of hydrogen : oxygen is 2 : 1

1

(and this is the) same as the ratio of hydrogen (atoms) : oxygen (atoms) in (formula
of) H2O
1

OR

(because) the ratio of volume of hydrogen : oxygen is not 2 : 1 (1)

must relate to the volumes given in part (b)

(and this is) different to the ratio of hydrogen (atoms) : oxygen (atoms) in (formula of)
H2O (1)

(d) 9 3 cm3
1

(e) (conversion)
( =) 0.025 (dm3)
1

(concentration =)

allow correct use of incorrect / no conversion

1

= 34.4 (g per dm3)

allow 34 (g per dm3)
1

Bishop Ullathorne Catholic School Page 27 of 29

 OR

(conversion)
(1)

= 40 (1)

(40 × 0.86)
= 34.4 (g per dm3) (1)
allow correct use of incorrect / no conversion
allow 34 (g per dm3)

OR

(concentration =)
(1)

= 0.0344 (1)

(conversion)
(0.0344 × 1000)
= 34.4 (g per dm3) (1)
allow 34 (g per dm3)
[8]

Level 3: The method would lead to the production of a valid outcome. All key steps are
7. identified and logically sequenced.

Level 2: The method would not necessarily lead to a valid outcome. Most steps are
identified, but the method is not fully logically sequenced.
3 4

Level 1: The method would not lead to a valid outcome. Some relevant steps are identified,
but links are not made clear.
1 2

No relevant content
0

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Indicative Content

measure volume (hydrochloric) acid

into a suitable container eg polystyrene cup
measure the initial temperature (of hydrochloric acid)
with a thermometer
add stated mass of one metal
stir

measure the highest temperature reached of the solution

or
measure temperature reached after a set time period
determine the temperature difference

repeat

repeat for each metal

with same mass
in same physical state (powder, lump, etc)
with the same volume and / or concentration of (hydrochloric) acid

use results to arrange metals in order of reactivity

most reactive metal has the largest temperature change

to access level 3 there must be an indication of how the temperature change is determined
with the same mass of the 3 different metals reacted with the same volume of
(hydrochloric) acid
[6]

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