LIVING IN THE IT ERA

Introduction to Information and

Communications Technology (ICT)

Computers in Our Daily Life

Living in the IT Era
The Internet and the World Wide Web

Information, Control, and Privacy

IT Trends, Issues, and Challenges

Introduction to
Information and
Communications Technology
(ICT)
The concept of technology has evolved throughout the years. As the rate of human
progress continues to increase, society has adapted in such a way that technology no
longer appeals to mechanical or electrical systems alone.

The term technology presently includes advancements in communication and how

information is handled thus enabling governments, organizations, industries, and ordinary
individuals to improve on their decision making, business processes, and everyday living.

The term information and communications technology or ICT was defined in a study
conducted by ZUPPO (2012) as “related to technologies that facilitate the transfer of
information and various types of electronically mediated communication.”
Due to the broadity of the definition, Zuppo created the ICT hierarchy which identified the
key aspects such as ICT in education, business, and economic sector.
The need for devices such as mobile phones, laptops, and tablets is identified in all
instances.
ICT is ubiquitous and access to it is relatively affordable and somewhat effortless. This
makes the demand much higher as different sectors, industries, and organizations now
also incorporate ICT in their daily business processes.
The International Telecommunication Union (ITU) conducts an annual study on the
prevalence of ICT around the world called the ICT Development Index (IDI) which includes
quantitative indicators regarding ICT access, usage, and skills in different regions and
countries.
IT
Vs
ICT
ICT or Information and Communications Technology is often used in a more general
sense and is described as using computers and other digital technologies to assist
individuals or institutions in handling or using information. It is technology that supports
activities involving information such as gathering, processing, storing, and presenting data
which also involves collaboration and communication.
IT or Information Technology pertains to the industry that involves computers, software,
networking and other IT infrastructure to help relay or manage information important in
modern day living as seen primarily in large companies or corporations.
IT is a subset of ICT as the technology used in the field of IT aids in the use of ICT. Wang
(2016)
Information

Information refers to the knowledge obtained from reading, investigation, study, or

research. Some of the tools that transmit information are the telephone , television, and
radio. Not to be confused with data, information is regarded as processed data. The
typing on the keyboard is considered as input data while the words and sentences you
see on your computer monitor is considered as output information.
Information is needed to make decisions and to foresee the future. Processed
information is called Knowledge. Knowledge helps fulfill daily task.
Knowledge is also used to analyze the stock market and check which company is worth
investing in.
Communication

Communication in an act of transmitting messages. It is a process in which information is

exchanged between individuals through verbal and non-verbal means.
Technology

Technology has evolved in ways that improve people’s daily activities. Technology has
made communication much easier and faster through telephones, fax machines, mobile
devices, and the internet. It has also made broadcasting of information, such as news or
weather reports, more effective. Radio, television, satellites, and the World Wide Web are
powerful tools that can be used by individuals to gather needed information to aid them
in their office, school or house work, or in simple day-to-day activities.
Evolution of Technology
The evolution of technology has always depended on one thing: human rationale.
Humans tend to think of ways on how to discharge tasks or workload, or do daily activities
easily.

The concept of technology always starts with the basic tool. By combining a set of tools,
people have come up with machines that can do the task faster and more efficiently.

Another type of machine that is considered a necessity is the computer.

A computer is an electronic device, operating under the control of instructions stored in

its own memory, that can accept data, manipulate data, according to specified rules,
produce results, and store the results for future use.
As technology has evolved, so do machines. Most machines, including computers have
evolved through the process of automation.

Automation is defined as the “technique of making an apparatus, a process, or a system

operate automatically.” It includes a broad range of technologies normally connecting
computer systems to other systems, such as sensors, wireless applications, expert
systems, and system integration, among others. The integration is made in such a way
that these interconnected systems are capable of self-acting or self regulation.

It is important to note that an automated system is not the same as an intelligent

system.

Intelligent systems are far more complex and are capable of learning and this is where the
concept of artificial intelligence comes in.
History of Computer
Computers have evolved based on the type of components used in the design. Scientists
and researchers have identified five generations based on design, suitability, and
reliability. (Pepito, 2002)
First-generation Computer (1946-1959)

The first electronic computer named Electronic Numeric Integrator and Calculator
(ENIAC) was developed and designed in 1949 by J. Presper Eckert and John W. Mauchly
from the University of Pennsylvania. It was financed by the United States Army and was
a modular computer, composed of several panels capable of performing different
functions but could only store limited or small amount of information and could only do
arithmetic operations such as addition and subtraction of up to 10 digits. The computer
was roughly 167 square meters in size, and weighed 27 tons.
First-generation Computer (1946-1959)
Second-generation Computer (1959-1965)

In this second generation, the transistor was

used as the interior section of the
computers. Transistors were much smaller,
faster, and more dependable than the
vacuum tubes of the first-generation
computer. They generated less heat and
consumed less electricity but were still very
costly.
Third-generation Computer (1965-1971)

In 1965, Jack Kilby invented the integrated circuit

(IC) that was used instead of transistors as the
interior sections to build the computer. A single IC
has many transistors, resistors, and capacitors that
even the full circuit board of a transistor can be
replaced entirely with one chip. This chip made
the computer smaller, unfailing, and effective. In
this third generation, remote processing,
time-sharing, and multiprogramming operating
system were used.
Fourth-generation Computer (1971-1980)

From 1971 to 1980, very large scale integrated

(VLSI) circuits were used to build computers.
These circuits have about 5,000 transistors and
other circuit elements with their connected
circuits on a single chip known as the
microprocessor. These fourth-gen computers such
as personal computers became more powerful,
dense, reliable, and inexpensive.
Fifth-generation Computer (1980-Onwards)

VLSI evolved into ultra large-scale integration

(ULSI) technology having 10 million electronic
components. This generation involves computer
intelligence which is associated with artificial
intelligence (AI), natural language, and expert
systems that interpret the means and practices of
producing computers that think like human
beings.
Components of a Computer
A computer is an electronic device that manipulates information or data.
It has the ability to store, retrieve, and process data.
It contains both hardware components and software applications.
The hardware pertains to the computer’s physical devices. It is any part of the computer
that can be seen or touched. A computer’s hardware consists of interrelated electronic
devices that are used to manipulate the computer’s operation, input devices, and output
devices.
Input Devices

Input devices enter or send data and instructions from the user or from another
computer system on the internet while output devices send back the administered data
to the user or to another computer system.

The following are some of the most common and important input devices of a
computer:
Keyboard

The most common input device that accepts

letters, numbers, and commands from the user.
Mouse

The mouse let's one select options from on-screen

menus. It is used by moving it on a flat surface,
pressing in two buttons (left and right), and
scrolling the wheel that is located between the
buttons.
Mouse

There are alternatives to using a mouse.

A trackball has a ball that can rotate using a finger
or the palm of a hand to move the pointer.

A touchpad also called a trackpad is a

touch-sensitive pad that lets the user move the
pointer by touching and dragging his or her finger
on the pad. Touchpads are commonly built-in on
laptop computers.
Microphone

This device allows a user to speak into the

computer to input data and instructions. While
there are available stand-alone microphones for
computers, most of the time, user buys a headset
- a combination of microphone and earphones–for
the sake of practicality.
Scanner

This converts printed material (such as text and

pictures) into a form the computer can use. There
are different types of scanners available; the most
common is the flatbed scanner. Scanners look like
miniature printers with a flip-up cover protecting
the glass platen.
Portable or handheld scanners can be small
enough to fit inside one’s pocket. Pen scanners are
just a bit bigger than fountain pens and can scan
the text of a document line by line.
Digital Camera and PC Video Camera

Digital Camera allows one to take pictures then

transfer the photographed images to the
computer or printer instead of storing images on a
traditional film.
A PC Video Camera is a digital video camera that
enables users to create a movie or take still
photographs electronically. With the PC video
camera attached to the computer, users can see
each other as they communicate via the
computer.
Output Devices

An output device is any hardware component that transmits information to one or more
people.

The three most commonly used output devices are as follows.

Printer

Produces text and graphics on a physical medium

such as paper. The two types of printer are the
impact printer and non-impact printer.
An impact printer is
Printer

A non-impact printer does not use a striking

device to produce characters on the paper, and
because it does not use a hammer against a paper,
the printer produces less noise. Examples of
non-impact printers are inkjet printers and laser
printers.
Monitor

This displays text, graphics, and videos on a screen. Many monitors look similar to a
television.
The three types of monitor available in the market are the following:
Monitor

A. Cathode ray tube (CRT) - is a vacuum tube

containing an electron gun at one end and a
fluorescent screen at another end.

B. Liquid Crystal Display (LCD) - is a flat-panel

display that consists of a layer of color or
monochrome pixels arranged schematically
between a couple of transparent electrodes
and two polarizing filters.
Monitor

C. Light-emitting diode (LED) - is a flat-panel

display that uses light-emitting diodes for
backlighting. LED monitors use lesser power
than CRT and LCD.
Speaker

It allows one to hear music, voice, and

other sounds.
The signal used to produce the sound that
comes from a computer speaker is created
by the computer’s sound card.
System Unit
The System Unit is the enclosure
composed of the main elements of a
computer that are used to administer data.
This can be referred to as a computer case
or tower.
The circuitry of the system unit containing
the primary components of a computer
with connectors into which other circuit
boards can be positioned is recognized as
“Motherboard”.
Storage Devices

A computer can be utilized with only processing, memory, input, and output devices.
The goal of using a storage is to keep data permanently.
The three types of storage are the following:
Storage Device

a. Flash disk drive - a small portable storage

device often referred to as pen drives, thumb
drives, or jump drives. It has a memory
capacity of 2GB, 4GB, 8GB, 16GB, 32GB,
128GB, 1TB, and now up to 2TB.

b. Hard disk drives - a non removable hard disk

that is regarded as a non-volatile memory
which permanently stores and retrieves data.
Storage Device

c. Compact Disk - is a flat, round, and portable

metal disc.

Two types of Compact Disc:

1. CD-ROM - can be accessed using most CD and
DVD drives.
2. DVD-ROM - has enough storage capacity to
store a full-length movie.
Why Computers are Powerful?

Computers are powerful for a variety of reasons.

- They work with remarkable speed, reliability, consistency, and accuracy.
- Computers can store a large amount of data and information.
- Computers allow users to communicate with other users or computer.
A “User” is anyone who communicates and interacts with a computer or makes use of
the information it generates.
Speed

In a system unit, operations get done through electronic circuits. When data,
instructions, and information drift along these circuits, they travel at incredibly fast
speeds. Most computers bring out billions of operations in a single second. The world’s
fastest computer can perform trillions of operations in one second.
Reliability and Consistency

The electronic components in modern computers are dependable because they have a
low failure rate. The high reliability of components enables the computer to produce
consistent results.
Accuracy

Computers process large amounts of data and generate error-free results, provided the
data is inputted correctly and the instructions work properly. If data is inaccurate, the
resulting output is also incorrect. A computing phrase known as “garbage in, garbage
out” points out that the accuracy of a computer’s output depends on the accuracy of
the input.
Communication

Communication happens between two or more people sending and receiving messages
from one person to another. The one sending the message is referred to as the sender
while the one receiving the information is known as the receiver. The message being
transmitted can contain facts, thoughts, perceptions, judgements, beliefs, attitudes,
commands, and even reactions.
Classifying Computer
 Computers can be classified based on size and computing power.
As technology advanced, these classifications tend to overlap as modern computers have
become smaller, yet more powerful, and relatively cheaper.

The general classifications of computers are as follows:

Personal Computer

Personal computer - is a small, single-user

computer based on a microprocessor. In
addition to the microprocessor, a personal
computer has a keyboard for entering data,
a monitor for displaying information, and
storage devices for saving data.
Workstation

Workstation - is a powerful, single-user

computer. A workstation is like a personal
computer but it has a more powerful
microprocessor and higher-quality
monitor.
Minicomputer

Minicomputer - is a multi-user computer

capable of supporting from 10 to hundreds
of users simultaneously.
Mainframe

Mainframe - is a powerful multi-user

computer capable of supporting hundreds
or thousands of users simultaneously.
Supercomputer

Supercomputer - is an extremely fast

computer that can perform millions of
instructions per second.
Computers are also categorized into several types due to the introduction of mobile
devices and proliferation of internet-capable devices. Specialized computers are now
classified according to specific uses. The different types of computers are as follows
Desktop computers - are computers designed to
be placed on a desk, and are normally made up of
a few different parts, including the computer case,
central processing unit (CPU), monitor, keyboard,
and mouse.

Laptop computers - are battery-powered

computer devices whose portability makes them
possible to use almost anytime, anywhere.
Tablet computers - are handheld computers with
touch sensitive screen for typing and navigation.

Smartphones - are handheld telephones which can

do things that computers can do, including
browsing and searching the internet and even
playing console games.
Wearables - include fitness trackers and
smartwatches that can be worn throughout the
day.

Smart TVs - are the latest television sets that

include applications present in computers. For
example, videos can be streamed from the
internet directly onto the TV. The TV can also be
used as a computer monitor and gaming monitor.
Digital Age, Information Age,
and Computer Age
 Digital age, information age, and computer age, used interchangeably capture the
ubiquitous nature of computing and the prolific use of technology in almost all aspects of
human activity such that digital interaction is a defining characteristics of human activity.

It is a period in human history characterized by the shift from traditional industry to

information technology-based economy brought by industrialization during the Industrial
Revolution.

This period is also characterized by the digital industry creating a knowledge-based

society surrounded by a high-tech global economy that exerts its influence on how the
manufacturing process and the service sector work in an efficient and convenient way.
Media in the Digital Age
 Media normally refers to the means of communication that uses unique tools to
interconnect among people. The form of media include television, radio, cellular phones,
and internet (which involves the access and use of various social media sites such as
Facebook, X (formerly Twitter), Instagram, and YouTube, among others). In the digital age,
however, media can be considered as the message, the medium, and the messenger.
The Message

Media is considered to be the message itself for those who create and own the rights of
the content. The forms of content can be user-generated or professionally produced.
User-generated content (UGC) is a form of content created and owned by the users of a
system.
The Medium

The medium refers to the tool or tools used in sending a message from the source to the
destination.
Traditionally, professionals send messages to the audience, such as a news anchor
delivering the news on TV and/or radio. In the digital age, social media has been an
avenue for information dissemination even taking over news sites in bringing the latest
up-to-date content. Thus, media, instead of just being an avenue for delivering
messages, is becoming increasingly social–with the audience themselves creating their
own content and interacting with one another.
The Messenger

The messenger is the one who delivers the message. This is why broadcasters, for
example, being the messenger of news are called the “media”. In the digital space, the
media can be the message, the medium, and the messenger as the demarcation lines
between them are somewhat blurred.
Overview of Current Trends
A trend refers to something hip or popular at a certain point in time. It can be a particular
style in fashion, devices, or entertainment. A new tend may always come along to replace
an old one.
Seven Major Trends in 2017
according to DeMer’s article
from Forbes.com
IoT (Internet of Things) and smart home technology

The vision of Internet of Things (IoT) has evolved due to the convergence of multiple
technologies, including pervasive wireless communication, data analytics, machine
learning, and use of hardware technology such as sensors, microprocessors, and
microcontrollers.
Controlling home appliances through a mobile phone–such as switching the lights on
and off, setting the timer for the washing machine, and controlling the television to
record shows that might be missed due to traffic–is now possible
Augmented Reality and Virtual Reality

The release of games such as Pokemon Go and the anticipated VR headset, Oculus Rift,
served as a turning point for AR and VR Technology.
Augmented Reality
Virtual Reality
Machine Learning

Also called artificial intelligence, having machines decide for you seems to be a daunting
task and would probably make you think of robots and talking computers similar to Iron
Man’s Jarvis. However, with the recent release of Apple’s iPhone X, it was not just the
design that improved. The iOS’ intelligent personal assistant, Siri, has also been
upgraded with enhanced learning making the use of iPhone more efficient. Its latest
feature include the following:
Face ID iOS 11
A11 Bionic Augmented Reality
Wireless Charging
Automation

Through advanced technology, it is now possible to automate previously

human-exclusive tasks. This is very much evident through wearable devices such as step
counter and heart rate monitors used by health conscious individuals. Information
collected is automatically saved and store in mobile devices for analysis later on.
Another classic example of automation is automating labor works and making machines
do the work instead of humans.
Big Data

Big data is a term that describes large and complex volumes of data. Big data can be
analyzed for insights which can help management make better decisions and come up
with more effective strategic plans.
Physical-digital integrations

Majority of the organization nowadays are moving towards system automation. As such,
they identify their physical elements and create digital data for more efficient operation
and back-up. The concept of having a “paperless company” in which transactions,
reposts, and services are done using automated system is one such example. Not only is
it deemed reliable but also environment-friendly.
Everything on demand

Due to the prevalence of network connectivity, it is possible to have information on

demand. Music, movies, and even drivers (e.g., Grab) are made available through the
apps in a smartphone
Impact of ICT on Individuals,
Organizations and Society
ICT brings both positive and negative effects to individuals, organizations, and society. It
improves education, access to information, and security. However, it limits personal
interaction and physical activity and poses problems in employment and security.
 Positive Negative

➢ Improved access to education ➢ Reduced personal interaction and

➢ Access to information and physical activity
communication ➢ Job loss or increase in unemployment
➢ Security ➢ Security
Ethical Issues in ICT
While some people apply ethical principles to the use of ICT, others simply do not, hence
the proliferation of cyber malpractices.

The following are some of the ethical issues in ICT:

1. Plagiarism - It is an act of theft which a person copies another person’s ideas, words,
or writings, etc. and pass them of as his or her own. Those who committed such
action may lead to serious legal and ethical defilements.
2. Exploitation - It is an action in which one deals with a person dishonestly,
unethically, and dishonorably, in order to take advantage of the latter’s works and/or
resources. This leads to unlawful actions.
3. Libel - It can either be an insult, slur, or slander, Either written or spoken or even
through actions, it may lead to libel if the accusation is not true and without any
piece of evidence.
● Software Piracy - It refers to an act of installing or copying software into a
computer in the absence of an end-user licensing agreement (EULA), and/or
producing a copy disregarding the copyrights.
How computers work
The basic parts of a computer are the central processing unit (CPU), memory, a keyboard
or other input device, and a screen or other output device.
A computer does not have a human brain inside but acts in many way as though it does
not have a real one.
While we humans understand human language, computer can understand machine
language. When a person types on the computer’s keyboard, the human brain identifies
the letters, numbers, and characters combined to create words and sentences. But the
computers does not recognize letters as letters of the alphabet; it sees the letters as
series of 0’s and 1’s called the binary language.
Computer Number Systems
Humans use the decimal number system– to count, measure, and compute. The decimal
number system has ten digits, such as 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, and 9. A computer on the
other hand, can only understand two digits– a 0 and a 1. These two numbers play an
important role in the way computers communicate with one another. This type of
number system is called the binary number system, with the prefix bi, which means 2.
There are other types of number systems, such as the octal number system (from the
prefix octa, meaning it uses 8 digits) and the hexadecimal number system (hexa means
6; deci means 10; meaning it uses 16 digits to represent its values). These special
number systems are merely a way to bridge the computer’s binary language to a
somewhat understandable human (decimal) language since computer data can be
complicated.
How Computers Interpret Data
With different types of number system, it is
important to understand how computers
interpret the letters on the keyboard 2. The information is then transmitted in
through a series of 0’s and 1’s. This is the form of 0’s and 1’s using the ASCII
normally done through a number system code.
conversion. Depending on the standard 3. The CPU determines what character
used, computer systems convert characters has been typed and sends information
from the keyboard and later display them
on the monitor. to the computer monitor, again in 0’s
and 1’s.
Refer to the following steps: 4. The monitor displays the information
1. From the keyboard, pressure pads are in its equivalent character, this time
typically found underneath each key. readable and understandable by
Upon typing a letter, the pressure pads humans.
sends information to the CPU for
processing.
Majority of computer systems use the American Standard Code for Information
Interchange (ASCII) for converting characters into 0’s and 1’s. The ASCII code is 7-bit code
used to represent letters, numbers, and basic special characters.
The uppercase “A” is represented in ASCII as 0100 0001 in binary, 101 in octal, or 41 in
hexadecimal system.
ASCII, stands for American Standard Code for Information Interchange. It is a 7-bit
character code where each individual bit represents a unique character. This page shows
the extended ASCII table which is based on the Windows-1252 character set which is an 8
bit ASCII table with 256 characters and symbols. It includes all ASCII codes from standard
ASCII, and it is a superset of ISO 8859-1 in terms of printable characters. In the range 128
to 159 (hex 80 to 9F), ISO/IEC 8859-1 has invisible control characters, while
Windows-1252 has writable characters. Windows-1252 is probably the most-used 8-bit
character encoding in the world.
Learn more about ASCII Table here.
Computer programmers create programs so that computers can do specific tasks. People
who write programs are programmers. Depending on the skill set of the programmer, a
program can be developed based on the programming language the programmer is
familiar with. Another term used for a program is codes. Writing programs is called
programming or coding.
How Computers Communicate
with One Another
Notice how the computer uses different ways to connect to certain devices. The
computer monitor uses a wire to connect to the computer unit while the mouse
wirelessly connects to the laptop, etc. Depending on the situation, computers use
different connection methods to do their tasks.
System Bus

A computer system, on its own, communicates

through what is called a system bus.
A system bus is a pathway composed of cables
and connectors used to carry data from a
computer’s peripheral devices – monitor,
keyboard, mouse, etc. – to the CPU and the
main memory. There are three types of buses:
the data bus, address bus, and control bus.
 Address Bus
Data Bus The address bus is used by the CPU to
specify a physical address for instructions,
A data bus can transfer data to and from
files and other devices within a computer
the memory of a computer, or into or out
system. For example, in a given computer
of the CPU. Examples of pieces of
unit, there are typically 6 to 8 USB ports.
information that traverse the data bus
The address bus is responsible for checking
include files transferred from a flash drive
which of the USB ports has a printer
to the computer’s hard drive and a
connected to it, along with the mouse,
document sent to the printer for printing.
keyboard, speakers, and sometimes, even
external drives.
Control Bus
A control bus is used by the CPUs to communicate with other devices within the computer
system. As the address bus carries the location of the data being sent and the data bus
carries the actual data being processed, the control bus carries the commands or
instructions from the CPU. It also sends status signals from the devices, identifying if it is
ready or not. The typical read/write commands are identified through the control bus.
For example, if one tries to save a file to a flash drive that is already removed from the
computer, the computer will notify the user with an error message saying that the folder
or drive where the file is intended to be saved is no longer existing. This is because the
original destination or location can no longer be sent through the address bus because of
the disconnection. Therefore the CPU sends a halt instruction via the control bus,
stopping the data to be sent through the data bus often seen as an error message prompt.
The amount of data sent through the system bus depends on the size of the bus.
Latest computer systems use a 64-bit bus however, the majority still use a 32-bit
computing size for their computer systems. Take note that the computing size mentioned
is on a hardware level. Having an operating system or software application that is 32-bit or
64-bit is different as the hardware is different from the software.
It is advised that if your computer hardware uses a 32-bit bus (hardware), use only
software programs running 32-bits. This is to avoid the hardware overheating. A 64-bit
bus, on the other hand, can process either a 32-bit or a 64-bit software application.
How Computers Connect with
Other Computers
The next step in knowing how a computer is able to connect to other devices is to
understand how a computer connects to another computer. Computer peripherals use
wired or wireless connections and this is similar when a computer wants to connect to
another computer– with or without wires.
Computer Network Systems
Computers are able to communicate with one another over networks. A computer
network is an interconnection of two or more computers. This interconnection gives these
computers the capability to share information and resources. There are several types of
networks, mostly depending on the number of computers in it, how they are used, and
what type of technology is used in its connectivity.
Personal Area Network (PAN) - is a type of
connection which is often limited to an
individual person and his or her personal Local Area Network (LAN) - is a connection
devices. Normally, these devices must be in which a group of computers and other
within the range of 10 meters with each devices, such as network printers, share a
other. common communication line within a
certain area such as a building or small
For example, a person traveling with a campus. LANs are often found in schools
laptop, a smartphone, and a portable and offices to secure the organization’s
printer could interconnect the devices information.
without having to plug anything in, using
some form of wireless technology.
Wide Area Network (WAN) - may be less restrictive than LAN as rules and policies may
differ within its coverage. A WAN may be made of several LANs and PANs. A WAN can also
be made up of several more WANs. This is why WAN is considered synonymous to the
internet.
Methods of Communication
There are many different types of connection media that are used in contemporary
society to connect computer networks to one another. Connections are often categorized
generally into two– wired communication and wireless communication.

Wired Communication
Different types of cables are used to connect to a given network. There are coaxial cables,
fiber-optic cables, Ethernet cables, and traditional telephone lines.
HDMI is a type of computer cable that has the
potential to transmit audio and video signal with
the original quality of images. It stands for High
Definition Multimedia Interface, which can send
crystal clear images. The use of HDMI cable is to
connect electronic devices such as TVs, cable boxes,
HDTV, Projector, media streamers, DVD players, and
more. HDMI cable, one standard cable, can be used DVI cable is a video display interface, which is used
to connect all types of AV devices. Additionally, it to connect the video card and LCD monitor and
has the ability to transmit audio and video signals stands for Digital Visual Interface. Without having
in one go. The below picture is of an HDMI cable. any disturbance, users can see pictures of high
quality with the help of using this cable. It is able to
transmit video content to display devices at high
resolutions, 2560 x 1600 resolutions and is mostly
used in CRT monitors, which have a VGA
connection. The primary intention to develop it was
to be an industry standard for transmitting digital
and analog signals to the computer system.
Another kind of computer cable is VGA cable that is developed
by IBM and introduced in 1987. It stands for Video Graphics
Array or Video Graphics Adapter, which is used to link the
monitor and the CPU of a computer and transfer video signals.
HD televisions also use the VGA cable, 256 colors are shown if
the resolution is lowered to 320 x 200; however, it offers 640 x
480 resolution color display screens. In modern times, it is
common to find VGA cable and connector with computers, even The Ethernet cable is generally used for a wired network, and
TVs, and projectors. However, DVI, HDMI, DisplayPort cable, and the quality of the connection is described by the length and
connector are becoming the reason to replace VGA cable. The durability of the Ethernet cable. It can be used to connect the
picture of the VGA cable is shown below. devices such as PCs, routers, and switches within a LAN, and the
quality of the connection will not be best if the cable is not
durable and too long. This may create a problem sometimes;
therefore, there are several kinds of Ethernet cable available
that you can buy easily from the market. The Ethernet port is
presented on the motherboard, which is used to plug Ethernet
cable. This cable looks similar to a phone cable, but it has more
wires as compared to a phone. Additionally, users can buy
Ethernet cable in different colors, and it contains eight wires.
The below image is of an Ethernet cable.
The PS/2 cable is a standard cable, which contain a round
connector and a total of 6 pins, and generally, two sizes of PS/2
cable are available on the market. It is used to attach the mouse
and keyboard to the computer system, and its length is long
enough. It stands for Personal System/2 that was developing by
IBM. The most common cable is the smaller size, but there are
some adaptors available that can be used to increase its size.
But USB cables are replacing them because they can be easily
plugged and are universal cables. The example of PS/2 cable is
given below:

The 3.5mm audio cables are the type of computer cable that are
simply used to connect earphones and headphones to the
system. Commonly, they are used for connecting mini-stereo
audio device, a PC sound card, or any portable CD player to any
multimedia speaker.
The USB cable is a popular, standard cable that enables a
computer device to interact with peripheral and other devices.
It stands for Universal Serial Bus, and there are various devices
that are connected through USB cable, such as keyboards and
mice, music players and flash drives, etc. Its first version, 1.0,
was released in January 1996, which was later adopted by
companies like Microsoft, Compaq, Intel, and others. The USB
ports are presented on the computer system, which is used to
connect USB cables. For example, mice and keyboards have a MIDI is a simple procedure to connect two different musical
USB cable that is connected to the computer. Whenever the components of different brands; it was first developed in the
device is connected through the USB cable, and you need to 1980s. It stands for Musical Instrument Digital Interface, which
remove the USB cable while the device is running, first you can carry panning, music data, event messages, vibrato, and
should eject safely, and then you can remove it from the system. more. Generally, it is a standard that acts as a remote control for
The below picture is an example of a USB cable. the music gear and digitally representing and transmitting
sounds. On the sound module, users can use a keyboard and
change the tempo, pitch, and volume of a note. A MIDI cable
provides more control over the other equipment as it does not
transfer the audio signal and transfer the messages in the form
of data. There are many earlier computer systems in which
sound cards contain MIDI port that connects electronic musical
instruments and computers. The devices like a MIDI keyboard or
a synthesizer can be connected to the computer through a MIDI
cable.
It is a power cable that is used inside the computer. Molex is not
the cable name. It is the name of the company that develops
computers and other related equipment. It is also referred to as
a 4-pin connector or Molex power connector, which is used to
attach DC power to the drives and devices inside the computer.
Inside the computer, a Molex connector is used by almost all
devices. The common devices are a Video card, Hard drive, and
Disc drive (e.g., CD-ROM, DVD, Blu-ray).
SATA is an interface that is developed to replace parallel ATA
interface used in IBM compatible computers, which is also
known as 'Serial ATA.' It is an interface used with hard drives and
its first version 1.0, was released in August 2001. It provides a
small, thin cable solution that transfer rates start at 150MBps. It
is backward-compatible with ATAPI and ATA devices, and as
compared to the earlier ribbon cables, it gives better airflow in
the computer. As compared to the dated PATA standard, it is a
more efficient and better interface.
SCSI is pronounced as "Scuzzy" and stands for Small Computer
Systems Interface, which has the potential to support eight
devices or sixteen devices with Wide SCSI. It was first completed
in 1982 and designed to connect devices to a computer. It is
commonly used with the disc, hard, and tape drives and all
devices are "daisy-chained" together and connect to a central
bus as it is a bus technology. On the basis of the location of the
SCSI bus, its requirements are dependent, and a SCSI connector
is either external or internal. Three different signaling types are
used by the SCSI, such as LVD (low-voltage differential),
Single-Ended (SE), and Differential, which may be HVD or Thunderbolt is a relatively new technology that is used to
high-voltage differential. Furthermore, SCSI connections may connect peripheral devices to a computer and is primarily used
also be available on a more advanced motherboard. with Apple displays and devices. It offers users the benefit of
adding several devices to their computers through a daisy chain
of cords. By using one port with a cable, it allows users to use
one cable to access high-resolution and high-speed media that
can access both PCI Express and DisplayPort. Thunderbolt is a
fairly new peripheral connection technology that was developed
by Apple and Intel.
Wireless Communication
Wireless communication include microwave transmission, satellite communication,
cellular transmissions, and radio transmissions such as WiFi connectivity. Wireless
technologies differ hugely from one another and the most popular types are Bluetooth
and WiFi.
The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE), a professional technical
association with members all across the globe identified standard 802.11 for the Wi-Fi and
802.15 for Bluetooth in wireless standards.
WiFi - uses radio waves to wirelessly Bluetooth - uses radio waves to connect to
transmit information across a network. other devices. The connection via
WiFi signals are transmitted in frequencies Bluetooth is called pairing. Once paired,
of between 2.5 to 5 Gigahertz (GHz), which devices are able to send and receive
are higher than radio and TV signals to information provided they are within a
avoid interference. given range which is typically 10 meters.
How Humans Communicate
with Computers
Reading a long string of 0’s and 1’s can be very confusing and taxing. As such, people who
invented the computer identified two areas in computer systems – computer hardware
and computer software. Through computer software, humans are able to “communicate”
with the computer.

Computer Software
The computer software is a combination of instructions, data, and programs that the
computer needs in order to do a specific task. Another term used for computer software is
computer programs. Everything the computer does can basically be controlled through
these programs.
Programs are a set of codes or instructions which are usually designed or written by a
computer programmer using a specific computer programming language. The most
common type of programming language used by programmers is called object-oriented
programming. This programming language includes Microsoft’s C# (pronounced as
‘see-sharp’), Sun Microsystem’s Java, and an open-source programming language, PHP
(Hypertext Preprocessor).
Programmers have developed two types of computer software– the system software and
application software.
People might be more familiar with the application software as most of the day-to-day
tasks are done in front of a computer involve the use of application programs (e.g., typing
a school assignment using Microsoft Word, editing a photo using Adobe Photoshop,
browsing through Facebook using Google Chrome or listening to music using Apple’s
iTunes).
The system software also called an operating system (OS) is the most important software
running on a computer since it manages the computer’s memory and instructions and has
the ability to control all the connected hardware and installed software applications.
The OS allows a person to interact with the
computer–from the hardware components
and peripherals to all the installed software
applications and files one has stored on the
computer.
The interaction can occur in two ways:
1. By using a command-line operating
system (e.g. DOS (disk operating
system)) in which the computer
responds according to the text
command that is typed.
2. With a graphical user interface (GUI)
operating system (e.g., Windows) such
as pictures, and buttons through mouse
clicks and keyboard entries.
System Software
System software is a program designed to run a computer's hardware and applications and manage
its resources, such as its memory, processors, and devices. It also provides a platform for running
application software, and system software is typically bundled with a computer's operating system.
There are different systems software types, including Windows, Linux, MacOS X, BSD, etc. Each
type of system software has its own set of unique characteristics. For example, Windows XP is
designed for Microsoft products, while Ubuntu is designed for GNU/Linux applications.

Types of System Software

System software is essential for a computer to function properly. And the most common types of
system software are operating systems, device drivers, middleware, utilities, and programming
language interpreters.
Operating System

Operating systems are the most important type of

Device Drivers
system software. An operating system is a software
that controls how your hardware works, which Device drivers are tiny programs that enable a
means it manages the computer's memory, computer to communicate with its hardware
processes, and all of its software and hardware. devices, such as printers, scanners, and keyboards.
Without device drivers, the hardware you connect
to your computer will not be working properly. For
Every operating system has certain advantages and example, without device drivers, your printer will
disadvantages, ranging from simple to complex. For not work properly. Device manufacturers provide
example, Windows 10 is very similar to Windows most device drivers, but Microsoft also provides
8.1 but with some significant improvements. In some generic ones.
addition, you can install additional software
programs and add-ons to enhance your experience.
 BIOS and UEFI

BIOS (basic input/output system) is a firmware code

Firmware that is executed when a computer is powered on. It
Firmware is a type of software that is embedded in performs a power-on self-test (POST) and initializes
a hardware device. It controls the device and the computer before loading the operating system.
performs its essential functions. Firmware is usually The BIOS is stored in a ROM (read-only memory)
stored in read-only memory (ROM), which means it chip on the motherboard.
cannot be modified or deleted. However, some UEFI (unified extensible firmware interface) is a
devices have firmware that can be updated. newer type of firmware that offers more features
Firmware updates can be downloaded from the than BIOS. UEFI is designed to be
manufacturer's website or installed from a CD or platform-independent and can be used with a
USB drive. variety of operating systems. UEFI also supports a
larger boot volume than BIOS and can boot from
devices with a 2TB or more capacity.
Programming Language Translator

Programming languages are like human languages

in that they are used to communicate instructions
Utilities
to a computer. However, unlike human languages,
programming languages are designed to be read Utilities are programs that help maintain and
and understood by computers, not humans. That is optimize a computer's performance.
where programming language translators come in.
Examples of utility programs include file managers,
Programming language translators are programs virus scanners, and disk defragmenters.
that convert code written in one programming
language into another programming language. This Utility programs are usually bundled with the
translator can be helpful when you want to take operating system or can be downloaded from the
code written in one language and run it on a internet.
machine that only understands another language. It
converts code from an older language into a newer
one, making it easier to keep your code up-to-date.
Application Software

Application software (App) is a kind of software that performs specific functions for the end user by
interacting directly with it. The sole purpose of application software is to aid the user in doing
specified tasks.
Web browsers like Firefox, and Google Chrome, as well as Microsoft Word and Excel, are examples
of application software that is used on a personal computer or laptop. It also includes smartphone
apps such as WhatsApp and Telegram, as well as games such as Candy Crush Saga and Ludo. There
are also app versions of popular services that people rely on every day, such as weather or
transportation information, as well as apps that connect end users with their businesses.
Functions of Application Software

Application software programs are generally designed and developed to help with a wide range of tasks. Here are a
few examples:

● Software for healthcare applications for seamless connectivity and quick response
● Managing information and data in an organization
● Managing and checking documents across
● Software for educational purposes such as Learning Management Systems and e-learning systems
● Development of visuals and video for presentation purposes
● Emails, text messaging, audio and video conferencing involved in presentation
● Management of accounting, finance, and payroll helping the HR department and other businesses
● Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP)
● Customer Relationship Management (CRM)
● Management of any small or large scale project
● Management of smooth and efficient business processes

Types of Application Software

Application software can also be classified depending on how much it costs and how easily it can be accessed. Here
are some examples of application software:
Word Processing Software
Spreadsheet Software
Word Processing refers to the act of using a
Spreadsheet software is a type of computer
personal computer (PC) or laptop to create, edit,
program that enables a user to perform numerical
save and print documents which can be performed
functions and explore numbers through an
only with specialized software known as a Word
automated version of an accounting worksheet.
Processor. One example of a Word Processor is
Best example of spreadsheet software is Microsoft
Microsoft Word which is widely used by all
Excel.
professionals.
Presentation Software Multimedia Software

Presentation software also commonly known as Multimedia software can be described as the
presentation graphics is a particular category of combination of text, audio, images, animation, or
application program used to construct sequences of video to produce a wide scope of interactive
words and a series of pictures that tell a story or content for both professional and personal use. You
help support a speech or public presentation of any can easily learn about media players, file formats,
type of information or a launch of new products or and how to operate audio and video software on
services. the whole.
Web Browsers
Educational Software
A web browser can take you all over the internet. It
Educational software refers to any computer
retrieves data from other parts of the web and
software designed solely for educational reasons. It
shows it on your desktop or mobile device for your
includes a wide range of software, including
viewing. The data is transmitted using the
language learning software, classroom
Hypertext Transfer Protocol, which describes how
management software (CMS), and reference
text, images, and video are shared on the World
software for students and other professionals.
Wide Web.
 Freeware
Graphics Software
Freeware is typically marketed for profit but might
Graphics software can rework with bitmap and/or
be allocated specifically for a business or
vector graphics and can be utilized to create label
commercial purpose with the aim to expand the
templates. Graphics software generally includes
market share of any newly launched premium
Canva, Adobe Illustrator, Photoshop, InDesign,
product. Some of the widespread examples of
CorelDraw, Inkscape, Microsoft Paint, and
closed-source freeware include Adobe Reader, Free
Paint.Net.
Studio, and Skype.
Shareware

Shareware is software that is supplied for free on a

trial basis in order for the user to test or use the Simulation Software
programme for a specific amount of days with the
understanding that the user may need or want to Simulation software authorizes engineers to
pay for it later if they are satisfied with the product evaluate, optimize, and compare product designs
usage. Some software manufacturers provide a with other similar software by modeling real-world
shareware edition of their product with an events in a computer-generated environment.
expiration date built in, such that after 30 days, the
user or customer will no longer be able to access
the application for further use.
Open Source Closed Source

Open source software is a specific code designed to Closed source software is where the source code is
be publicly accessible so that anyone can see, not freely accessible. It is developed and delivered
modify, and distribute the code as they see which to the customer as a fully compiled, executable set
fits the purpose. It is designed in a decentralized of files. The developer often provides aid to users
and coordinated way, depending on peer after purchase and ensures that the software works
assessment and community production. as foreseen by the creator.
How Computers Impact
Everyday Life
The advent of technologies specifically the development of information and
communications technology has changed the lives of people. Computers, for example,
permeate everyday life as there are used in various fields– ins schools, malls, and
hospitals, among others. The following areas show how computers have made such an
impact.
➢ Education
➢ Banking
➢ Workforce Industry
➢ Electronic Commerce
➢ Hospitals
The Internet and the Web
The Internet
The internet (capitalized as in Internet when it first came into widespread use) is defined
as a worldwide network connecting to a million of computers via dedicated routers and
servers. When computers are connected to the internet, end users could start sending
and receiving different types of information. These types of information can be sent and
received via electronic mails (emails), text or video chats and/or conferencing, and
computer programs among others.
Now, most telephone companies all over the world also function as internet service
providers. In the Philippines, the PLDT Inc. (formerly known as Philippine Long Distance
Telephone Company) is the largest network company, Smart Communications, Inc. and
Digitel Mobile Philippines, Inc. (commercially known as Sun Cellular) are collaborating
with PLDT while Globe Telecom has acquired Bayan telecommunications (commonly
known as BayanTel or Bayan). 9