Indian Institute of Technology Goa

Autumn 2016
MA 105 : Calculus
Information Booklet and Problem Sheets

INSTRUCTOR
Sudhir R. Ghorpade
Department of Mathematics
Indian Institute of Technology Bombay
Powai, Mumbai 400076
E-mail: srg@math.iitb.ac.in
URL: http://www.math.iitb.ac.in/∼srg/

Name:
Roll Number:

Division and Branch:

Contents

Basic Information 1
Course contents 1
Text/References 1
Course Plan (roughly till the Mid-sem exam) 2
Course Plan (roughly after the Mid-sem exam) 3
Lectures and Tutorials 4
Evaluation Plan 4
Office hours 5
Policy for Attendance 5
Timings for Lectures and Tutorials 5
Planned Absences 5
Tutorial Sheets: 0-7 7
Tutorial sheet No. 0: Revision material on Real numbers 7
Tutorial Sheet No.1:
Sequences 8
Tutorial Sheet No. 2:
Limits, Continuity and Differentiability 10
Tutorial Sheet No. 3:
Rolle’s and Mean Value Theorems, Maximum/Minimum 12
Tutorial Sheet No. 4:
Curve Sketching, Riemann Integration 13
Tutorial Sheet No. 5:
Applications of Integration 15

iii
iv Contents

Tutorial Sheet No. 6:

Functions of two variables, Limits, Continuity 16
Tutorial Sheet No. 7:
Maxima, Minima, Saddle Points 18
Answers: Tutorial Sheets 0-7 19
Tutorial sheet No. 0: 19
Tutorial sheet No. 1 19
Tutorial sheet No. 2 20
Tutorial sheet No. 3 20
Tutorial sheet No. 4 20
Tutorial Sheet No. 5 21
Tutorial Sheet No. 6 21
Tutotial Sheet No. 7 22
Tutorial sheets 8-14 23
Tutorial Sheet No. 8:
Multiple Integrals 23
Tutorial Sheet No. 9:
Scalar and Vector fields, Line Integrals 25
Tutorial Sheet No. 10:
Line integrals and applications 27
Tutorial Sheet No. 11:
Green’s theorem and its applications 29
Tutorial Sheet No. 12:
Surface area and surface integrals 32
Tutorial Sheet No. 13:
Stoke’s theorem and applications 34
Tutorial Sheet No. 14:
Divergence theorem and its applications 35
Answers to Tutorial Sheets 8-14 37
Tutorial Sheet No. 8 37
Tutorial Sheet No. 9 38
Tutorial Sheet No. 10 38
Tutorial Sheet No. 11 38
Tutorial Sheet No. 12 39
Tutorial Sheet No. 13 39
Tutorial Sheet No. 14 40
 Basic Information
Course contents

Sequences of real numbers, Review of limit, Continuity and differentiabil-

ity of functions, Rolle’s theorem, Mean value theorems and Taylor’s theo-
rem, Maxima, minima and curve sketching, Riemann integral, Fundamental
theorem of calculus, Applications to length, area, volume, surface area of
revolution.
Functions of several variables, Limit, Continuity and and partial derivatives,
Chain rule, Gradient, Directional Derivative and differentiability, Tangent
planes and normals, Maxima, minima, saddle points, Lagrange multipliers,
Double and triple integrals, Change of variables.
Vector fields, Gradient, Curl and Divergence, Curves, Line integrals and
their applications, Green’s theorem and applications, Surfaces, Surface area,
Surface integrals, Divergence theorem, Stokes’ theorem and applications.

Text/References
[TF ] G. B. Thomas and R. L. Finney,Calculus and Analytic Geometry, 9th
ed., Addison-Wesley/Narosa, 1998.
[GL-1 ] S. R. Ghorpade and B. V. Limaye, A Course in Calculus and Real
Analysis, Springer, 2006 (Fifth Indian Reprint, Springer (India), 2010). [See
http://www.math.iitb.ac.in/∼srg/acicara/ for a dynamic errata.]
[GL-2 ] S. R. Ghorpade and B. V. Limaye, A Course in Multivariable Calculus
and Analysis, Springer, 2010 (First Indian Reprint, Springer (India), 2010).
[See http://www.math.iitb.ac.in/∼srg/acicmc/ for a dynamic errata.]
[S ] James Stewart, Calculus: Early Transcendentals, 5th Ed., Thompson
Press, 2003 (Second Indian Reprint, 2007).
[HH ] D. Hughes-Hallett et al, Calculus: Single and Multivariable, 4th Ed.,
John Wiley, 2005.
[A ] T. M. Apostol, Calculus, Volume-I,II, Wiley Eastern, 1980.

1
2 Basic Information

Course Plan (roughly till the Mid-sem exam)

Note: Each lecture in the plan below is of one and half hour duration.

.
Sr. No. Topic Sections Sections No. of
from Text [TF] from [GL-1] Lectures

1. Real Numbers, Functions P.1, P.3 1.1–1.3 1

2. Sequences 8.1, 8.2 2.1 1

3. Limits and Continuity 1.1-1.5 3.1, 3.3 2

4. Differentiation 2.1, 2.2, 2.5, 2.6 4.1 1

5. Rolle’s, Mean Value, and 3.1, 3.2 4.2 2

Taylor’s Theorems

6. Maxima/Minima 3.1–3.3, 3.5 5.1, 5.2, 4.3 2

and Curve Sketching

7. Riemann Integral and the 4.5-4.8 6.4, 6.2, 6.3 2

Funda. Theorem of Calculus

8. Natural Logarithm and the 6.2-6.4, 6.7 7.1 2

Exponential Function

9. Applications of Integrals 5.1-5.6 8.1–8.4 2

TOTAL 15 Lectures
Course Plan (roughly after the Mid-sem exam) 3

Course Plan (roughly after the Mid-sem exam)

Sr. No. Topic Sections Sections No. of
from Text [TF] from [GL-2] Lectures

10. Functions of Several Variables: 12.1, 12.2 1.2,2.1–2.3 1

Limits, Continuity

11. Partial and Total 12.3-12.7 3.1–3.3 1

Differentiation

12. Maxima, Minima 12.8, 12.9 4.1–4.3 2

13. Multiple Integrals 13.1-13.3 5.1–5.3 2

14. Scalar and vector fields 14.1, 14.2 1

Line Integrals

15. Path independence 14.3 1

and conservative vector fields

16. Green’s theorem 14.4 1

and its applications

17. Surfaces area and 14.5 1

surface integrals

18. Parametrized surfaces 14.6 1

19. Stokes’ theorem 14.7 2

and applications

20. Divergence theorem 14.8 2

and its applications

TOTAL 15 Lectures
4 Basic Information

Lectures and Tutorials

Every week we have two lectures of about one and half hour duration. In
addition, there will be a tutorial of one hour duration. The mode of lectures
may be new to you and puts more responsibility on you. It may not be
possible for you to take down notes of each lecture fully. At the same time,
the course will be fast paced. Thus it is exteremely important that you
remain attentive in the class and do not miss a lecture. Consult the text
book (and if you wish, the reference books) regularly. Sufficient copies of
these have been kept in the Library. Also, please be sure to consult the
web page (http://www.math.iitb.ac.in/∼srg/courses/ma105-2016/)
of the course regularly, at least once a week.
For the purpose of tutorials, the class will be divided into 3 divisions, called
D1, D2, and D3. The tutorials will be handled by the “course associates”
as per the following schedule:

D1 Tuesdays, 2 to 3 pm Tutor: Prasant Singh

D2 Wednesdays, 2 to 3 pm Tutor: Avijit Panja
D3 Mondays, 2 to 3 pm Tutors: Avijit Panja and Prasant Singh

The aim of the tutorials is to clear your doubts and to give you practise for
problem solving. Based on the material covered, certain problems from the
tutorial sheets in this booklet will be assigned to you each week. You are
expected to try the problem before coming to the tutorial class. In case you
have doubts, please seek the help of your course associate.

Evaluation Plan
1. There will be two quizzes common for all the three divisions. Each quiz
will be of 40 minutes duration and will carry 10%weightage. For MA 105,
the two quizzes are scheduled on 8th September and 10th November
at 2 pm. The syllabus and seating arrangement for Quiz I and Quiz 2 will
be announced later in the class.
2. The Mid-Semester examination, scheduled to be held during Septem-
ber 26-29, 2016 will be of 30% weightage and 2 hours duration. For
MA 105, the mid-sem is tentatively scheduled on 29th September at
10 am. The syllabus and seating arrangement for Mid-Sem examination
will be announced later in the class.
3. The End-Semester Examination, scheduled to be held during No-
vember 28 - December 1, 2016 will be of 50% weightage and 3 hours
duration. It will cover all the topics. The seating arrangement for End-
Sem examination will be announced later in the class. For MA 105, the
end-sem is tentatively scheduled on 28th November at 9.30 am.
Planned Absences 5

Office hours
The instructor will maintain regular office hours on Thursdays during 2 pm
to 4 pm. Students are encouraged to visit the office (in the Admin Block) at
this time to clear doubts or ask any questions related to the course. Meeting
at another time is possible subject to mutual convenience and, preferably,
prior appointment. Preferred mode of contact with the instructor is by
talking in person after the class or by e-mail. In the case of an emergency,
you may contact him by phone at (0) 9892768162.
In addition, if there is sufficient demand, the instructor may conduct help
sessions prior to some exams.

Policy for Attendance

Attendance in lectures and tutorials is compulsory. Students who
do not meet 80% attendance requirement may be automatically
given a failing grade.

In case you miss lectures for valid (medical) reasons, get a medical certificate
from the IIT dispensary or the Hospital affiliated to IIT Goa, and keep it
with you. You can produce it if you fall short of attendance.

Timings for Lectures and Tutorials

Lecture of MA 105 are scheduled on Tuesdays and Thursdays during 11.00 am
to 12.30 pm. There is also an extra slot dedicated to MA 105 on Fridays
during 11.00 am to 12.30 pm. We will utilize this from time to time so as
to cover for any of the regular lectures that may be missed in order for the
Instructor to also visit IIT Bombay each month. Further details about these
are given in the next section.
Tutorials of Divisions 1, 2 and 3 are scheduled on Tuesdays, Wednesdays and
Mondays during 2.00 pm to 2.55 pm. Occasionally, the tutorial on Monday
may be held on other days so as to take care of several holidays that seem
to fall on Mondays in this semester.

Planned Absences
Since the instructor is primarily affiliated with IIT Bombay, he plans to be
away from IIT Goa for about one week each month so as to be back at IIT-B
and look after his work there. As per the current plan, these absenses will
be as follows.
6 Basic Information

1. The week of 29 August–2 September. Two lectures (on 30 Aug and

1 Sep) will be missed as a result and to make up for these, extra
lectures will be held on 12th and 19th August.
2. The week of 19-23 September. Two lectures (on 20 and 22 Sep)
will be missed as a result and to make up for these, extra lectures
will be held on 9th and 16th September.
3. The week of 10-14 October. Since 11th Oct is a holiday (Dussehra),
only one lecture (on 13 Oct) will be missed as a result and to make
up for this, an extra lecture will be held on 30th September.
4. The week of 31 October–4 November. Since 1st Nov is a holiday
(Diwali), only one lecture (on 3 Nov) will be missed as a result and
to make up for this, an extra lecture will be held on 11th November.
Needless to say, the regular office hour on Thursdays will not be maintained
during these 4 weeks, but most likely, the course associates will be available
for help, if required, and the instructor will be available over e-mail.
Tutorial Sheets: 0-7

Tutorial sheet No. 0: Revision material on Real

numbers
Mark the following statements as True/False:
(1) +∞ and −∞ are both real numbers.
(2) The set of all even natural numbers is bounded.
(3) The set {x} is an open interval for every x ∈ R.
(4) The set {2/m|m ∈ N} is bounded above.
(5) The set {2/m|m ∈ N} is bounded below.
(6) Union of intervals is also an interval.
(7) Nonempty intersection of intervals is also an interval.
(8) Nonempty intersection of open intervals is also an open interval.
(9) Nonempty intersection of closed intervals is also a closed interval.
(10) Nonempty finite intersection of closed intervals is also a closed interval.
(11) For every x ∈ R, there exists a rational r ∈ Q, such that r > x.
(12) Between any two rational numbers there lies an irrational number.

7
8 Tutorial Sheets: 0-7

Tutorial Sheet No.1:

Sequences
1. Using (ϵ-n0 ) definition prove the following:
10
(i) lim =0
n→∞ n
5
(ii) lim =0
n→∞ 3n + 1
2/3
n sin(n!)
(iii) lim =0
n→∞ ( n + 1 )
n n+1
(iv) lim − =0
n→∞ n+1 n
2. Show that( the following limits exist and find
) them :
n n n
(i) lim 2
+ 2 + ··· + 2
n→∞
(n + )1 n + 2 n +n
n!
(ii) lim n
(n 3
n→∞
)
n + 3n2 + 1
(iii) lim
n→∞ n4 + 8n2 + 2
(iv) lim (n)1/n
n→∞ ( √ )
cos π n
(v) lim 2
(√ n(√
n→∞
√ ))
(vi) lim n n+1− n
n→∞
3. Show that the following sequences
{ (are not)}
convergent :
n2 n 1 1
(i) { } (ii) (−1) −
n + 1 n≥1 2 n n≥1
4. Determine
{ whether the sequences are increasing or decreasing :
}
n
(i)
n2 + 1
{ n n } n≥1
2 3
(ii)
5n+1 n≥1
{ }
1−n
(iii)
n2 n≥2
5. Prove that the following sequences are convergent by showing that they
(
are monotone and bounded. ) find their limits :
Also
1 2
(i) a1 = 1, an+1 = an + ∀n≥1
√ 2 an
√
(ii) a1 = 2, an+1 = 2 + an ∀ n ≥ 1
an
(iii) a1 = 2, an+1 = 3 + ∀n≥1
2
6. If lim an = L, find the following : lim an+1 , lim |an |
n→∞ n→∞ n→∞
Tutorial Sheet No.1: Sequences 9

7. If lim an = L ̸= 0, show that there exists n0 ∈ N such that

n→∞
|L|
|an | ≥ for all n ≥ n0 .
2
1/2
8. If an ≥ 0 and lim an = 0, show that lim an = 0.
n→∞ n→∞
Optional: State and prove a corresponding result if an → L > 0.
9. For given sequences {an }n≥1 and {bn }n≥1 , prove or disprove the following :
(i) {an bn }n≥1 is convergent, if {an }n≥1 is convergent.
(ii) {an bn }n≥1 is convergent, if {an }n≥1 is convergent and {bn }n≥1 is bounded.
10. Show that a sequence {an }n≥1 is convergent if and only if both the sub-
sequences {a2n }n≥1 and {a2n+1 }n≥1 are convergent to the same limit.
Supplement
1. A sequence {an }n≥1 is said to be Cauchy if for any ϵ > 0, there exists
n0 ∈ N such that |an − am | < ϵ for all m, n ≥ n0 .
In other words, the elements of a Cauchy sequence come arbitrarily close to
each other after some stage. One can show that every convergent sequence
is also Cauchy and conversely, every Cauchy sequence in R is also conver-
gent. This is an equivalent way of stating the Completeness property
of real numbers.)
2. To prove that a sequence {an }n≥1 is convergent to L, one needs to find
a real number L (not given by the sequences) and verify the required
property. However the concept of ‘Cauchyness’ of a sequence is purely an
‘intrinsic’ property of the given sequence. Nonetheless a sequence of real
numbers is Cauchy if and only if it is convergent.
3. In problem 5(i) we defined
1 2
a0 = 1, an+1 = (an + ) ∀ n ≥ 1.
2 an
The sequence {an }n≥1 is a monotonically decreasing sequence of rational
numbers which is bounded below. However, it cannot converge to a ra-
tional (why?). This exhibits the need to enlarge the concept of numbers
√
beyond rational numbers. The sequence {an }n≥1 converges to 2 and
its elements a√
n ’s are used to find rational approximation (in computing
machines) of 2.
10 Tutorial Sheets: 0-7

Tutorial Sheet No. 2:

Limits, Continuity and Differentiability
1. Let a, b, c ∈ R with a < c < b and let f, g : (a, b) → R be such that
lim f (x) = 0. Prove or disprove the following statements.
x→c
(i) lim [f (x)g(x)] = 0.
x→c
(ii) lim [f (x)g(x)] = 0, if g is bounded.
x→c
(iii) lim [f (x)g(x)] = 0, if lim g(x) exists.
x→c x→c
2. Let f : R → R be such that lim f (x) exists for α ∈ R. Show that
x→α
lim [f (α + h) − f (α − h)] = 0.
h→0
Analyze the converse.
3. Discuss the continuity of the following functions :
1
(i) f (x) = sin , if x ̸= 0 and f (0) = 0
x
1
(ii) f (x) = x sin , if x ̸= 0 and f (0) = 0
 xx

 if 1 ≤ x < 2

 [x]


(iii) f (x) =


1 if x = 2



 √
6 − x if 2 ≤ x ≤ 3
4. Let f : R → R satisfy f (x + y) = f (x) + f (y) for all x, y ∈ R. If f is
continuous at 0, show that f is continuous at every c ∈ R.
(Optional) Show that the function f satisfies f (kx) = kf (x), for all
k ∈ R.
5. Let f (x) = x2 sin(1/x) for x ̸= 0 and f (0) = 0. Show that f is differen-
tiable on R. Is f ′ a continuous function?
6. Let f : (a, b) → R be a function such that
|f (x + h) − f (x)| ≤ C|h|α
for all x, x + h ∈ (a, b), where C is a constant and α > 1. Show that f is
′
differentiable on (a, b) and compute f (x) for x ∈ (a, b).
7. If f : (a, b) → R is differentiable at c ∈ (a, b), then show that
f (c + h) − f (c − h)
lim
h→0+ 2h
′
exists and equals f (c). Is the converse true ? [Hint: Consider f (x) = |x|.]
8. Let f : R → R satisfy
f (x + y) = f (x)f (y) for all x, y ∈ R.
Tutorial Sheet No. 2: Limits, Continuity and Differentiability 11

If f is differentiable at 0, then show that f is differentiable at every c ∈ R

′ ′
and f (c) = f (0)f (c).
(Optional) Show that f has a derivative of every order on R.
9. Using the Theorem on derivative of inverse function. Compute the deriv-
ative of
(i) cos−1 x, −1 < x < 1. (ii) cosec−1 x, |x| > 1.

dy
10. Compute , given
dx
( )
2x − 1 ′
y=f and f (x) = sin(x2 ).
x+1
Optional Exercises:
11. Construct an example of a function f : R → R which is continuous every
where and is differentiable everywhere except at 2 points.
{
1, if x is rational,
12. Let f (x) =
0, if x is irrational.
Show that f is discontinuous at every c ∈ R.
13. (Optional){
x, if x is rational,
Let g(x) =
1 − x, if x is irrational.
Show that g is continuous only at c = 1/2.
14. (Optional)
Let f : (a, b) → R and c ∈ (a, b) be such that lim f (x) > α. Prove that
x→c
there exists some δ > 0 such that
f (c + h) > α for all 0 < |h| < δ.
(See also question 7 of Tutorial Sheet 1.
15. (Optional) Let f : (a, b) → R and c ∈ (a, b). Show that the following
are equivalent :
(i) f is differentiable at c.
(ii) There exist δ > 0 and a function ϵ1 : (−δ, δ) → R such that limh→0 ϵ1 (h) =
0 and
f (c + h) = f (c) + αh + hϵ1 (h) for all h ∈ (−δ, δ).
(iii) There exists α ∈ R such that
( )
|f (c + h) − f (c) − αh|
lim = 0.
h→0 |h|
12 Tutorial Sheets: 0-7

Tutorial Sheet No. 3:

Rolle’s and Mean Value Theorems,
Maximum/Minimum
1. Show that the cubic x3 − 6x + 3 has all roots real.
2. Let p and q be two real numbers with p > 0. Show that the cubic x3 +px+q
has exactly one real root.
3. Let f be continuous on [a, b] and differentiable on (a, b). If f (a) and f (b)
′
are of different signs and f (x) ̸= 0 for all x ∈ (a, b), show that there is a
unique x0 ∈ (a, b) such that f (x0 ) = 0.
4. Consider the cubic f (x) = x3 + px + q, where p and q are real numbers.
If f (x) has three distinct real roots, show that 4p3 + 27q 2 < 0 by proving
the following:
(i) p < 0. √
(ii) f has maximum/minimum at ± −p/3.
(iii) The maximum/minimum values are of opposite signs.
5. Use the MVT to prove | sin a − sin b| ≤ |a − b| for all a, b ∈ R.
6. Let f be continuous on [a, b] and differentiable on (a, b). If f (a) = a
and f (b) = b, show that there exist distinct c1 , c2 in (a, b) such that
′ ′
f (c1 ) + f (c2 ) = 2.
′
7. Let a > 0 and f be continuous on [−a, a]. Suppose that f (x) exists and
′
f (x) ≤ 1 for all x ∈ (−a, a). If f (a) = a and f (−a) = −a, show that
f (0) = 0.
Optional: Show that under the given conditions, in fact f (x) = x for
every x.
8. In each case, find a function f which satisfies all the given conditions, or
else show that no such function exists.
′′ ′ ′
(i) f (x) > 0 for all x ∈ R, f (0) = 1, f (1) = 1
′′ ′ ′
(ii) f (x) > 0 for all x ∈ R, f (0) = 1, f (1) = 2
′′ ′
(iii) f (x) ≥ 0 for all x ∈ R, f (0) = 1, f (x) ≤ 100 for all x > 0
′′ ′
(iv) f (x) > 0 for all x ∈ R, f (0) = 1, f (x) ≤ 1 for all x < 0
9. Let f (x) = 1 + 12|x| − 3x2 . Find the absolute maximum and the absolute
minimum of f on [−2, 5]. Verify it from the sketch of the curve y = f (x)
on [−2, 5].
10. A window is to be made in the form of a rectangle surmounted by a
semicircular portion with diameter equal to the base of the rectangle. The
rectangular portion is to be of clear glass and the semicircular portion is
to be of colored glass admitting only half as much light per square foot as
the clear glass. If the total perimeter of the window frame is to be p feet,
find the dimensions of the window which will admit the maximum light.
Tutorial Sheet No. 4: Curve Sketching, Riemann Integration 13

Tutorial Sheet No. 4:

Curve Sketching, Riemann Integration
1. Sketch the following curves after locating intervals of increase/decrease,
intervals of concavity upward/downward, points of local maxima/minima,
points of inflection and asymptotes. How many times and approximately
where does the curve cross the x-axis?
(i) y = 2x3 + 2x2 − 2x − 1
x2
(ii) y = 2
x +1
(iii) y = 1 + 12|x| − 3x2 , x ∈ [−2, 5]
2. Sketch a continuous curve y = f (x) having all the following properties:
′ ′
f (−2) = 8, f (0) = 4, f (2) = 0; f (2) = f (−2) = 0;
′ ′
f (x) > 0 for |x| > 2, f (x) < 0 for |x| < 2;
′′ ′′
f (x) < 0 for x < 0 and f (x) > 0 for x > 0.
3. Give an example of f : (0, 1) → R such that f is
(i) strictly increasing and convex.
(ii) strictly increasing and concave.
(iii) strictly decreasing and convex.
(iv) strictly decreasing and concave.
4. Let f, g : R → R satisfy f (x) ≥ 0 and g(x) ≥ 0 for all x ∈ R. Define
h(x) = f (x)g(x) for x ∈ R. Which of the following statements are true?
Why?
(i) If f and g have a local maximum at x = c, then so does h.
(ii) If f and g have a point of inflection at x = c, then so does h.
5. Let f (x) = 1 if x ∈ [0, 1] and f (x) = 2 if x ∈ (1, 2]. Show from the first
∫ 2
principles that f is Riemann integrable on [0, 2] and find f (x)dx.
0
6. (a) Let f : [a, b] → R be Riemann integrable and f (x) ≥ 0 for all
∫ b
x ∈ [a, b]. Show that f (x)dx ≥ 0. Further, if f is continuous and
∫ b a

f (x)dx = 0, show that f (x) = 0 for all x ∈ [a, b].

a
(b) Give an example of a Riemann integrable function on [a, b] such that
∫ b
f (x) ≥ 0 for all x ∈ [a, b] and f (x)dx = 0, but f (x) ̸= 0 for some
a
x ∈ [a, b].
7. Evaluate lim Sn by showing that Sn is an approximate Riemann sum for
n→∞
a suitable function over a suitable interval:
1 ∑ 3/2
n
(i) Sn = 5/2 i
n i=1
14 Tutorial Sheets: 0-7

∑
n
n
(ii) Sn =
i2 + n2
i=1
∑
n
1
(iii) Sn = √
i=1
in + n2
1∑
n
iπ
(iv) Sn = cos
n n
{
i=1
( ) 2n ( )3/2 ( )2 }
1 ∑ i ∑ ∑
n 3n
i i
(v) Sn = + +
n n n n
i=1 i=n+1 i=2n+1
8. Compute ∫ y
d2 y dt
(a) 2
, if x = √
dx 1 + t2
0
∫ 2x ∫ x2
dF
(b) , if for x ∈ R (i) F (x) = cos(t2 )dt (ii) F (x) = cos(t)dt.
dx 1 0
9. Let p be a real number and let f be a continuous function on R that
satisfies the equation f (x + p) = f (x) for all x ∈ R. Show that the integral
∫ a+p
f (t)dt has the same value for every real number a. (Hint : Consider
a ∫ a+p
F (a) = f (t)dt, a ∈ R.)
a
10. Let f : R → R be continuous and λ ∈ R, λ ̸= 0. For x ∈ R, let
∫
1 x
g(x) = f (t) sin λ(x − t)dt.
λ 0
′′ ′
Show that g (x) + λ2 g(x) = f (x) for all x ∈ R and g(0) = 0 = g (0).
Tutorial Sheet No. 5: Applications of Integration 15

Tutorial Sheet No. 5:

Applications of Integration
(1) Find the area of the region bounded by the given curves in each of the
following cases.
√ √
(i) x + y = 1, x = 0 and y = 0
(ii) y = x4 − 2x2 and y = 2x2 .
(iii) x = 3y − y 2 and x + y = 3
(2) Let f (x) = x − x2 and g(x) = ax. Determine a so that the region above
the graph of g and below the graph of f has area 4.5
(3) Find the area of the region inside the circle r = 6a cos θ and outside the
cardioid r = 2a(1 + cos θ).
(4) Find the arc length of the each of the curves described below.
∫ x √ x = t − sin t, y = 1 − cos t, 0 ≤ t ≤ 2π
(i) the cycloid
(ii) y = cos 2t dt, 0 ≤ x ≤ π/4.
0
(5) For the following curve, find the arc length as well as the the area of the
surface generated by revolving it about the line y = −1.
x3 1
y= + , 1≤x≤3
3 4x
(6) The cross sections of a certain solid by planes perpendicular to the x-axis
are circles with diameters extending from the curve y = x2 to the curve
y = 8 − x2 . The solid lies between the points of intersection of these two
curves. Find its volume.
(7) Find the volume common to the cylinders x2 + y 2 = a2 and y 2 + z 2 = a2 .
(8) A fixed line L in 3-space and a square of side r in a plane perpendicular
to L are given. One vertex of the square is on L. As this vertex moves a
distance h along L, the square turns through a full revolution with L as
the axis. Find the volume of the solid generated by this motion.
(9) Find the volume of the solid generated when the region bounded by the
curves y = 3 − x2 and y = −1 is revolved about the line y = −1, by both
the Washer Method and the Shell Method.
√
(10) A round hole of radius 3 cms is bored through the center of a solid
ball of radius 2 cms. Find the volume cut out.
16 Tutorial Sheets: 0-7

Tutorial Sheet No. 6:

Functions of two variables, Limits, Continuity
(1) Find the natural domains of the following functions of two variables:

xy
(i) (ii) ln(x2 + y 2 )
− y2
x2
(2) Describe the level curves and the contour lines for the following functions
corresponding to the values c = −3, −2, −1, 0, 1, 2, 3, 4 :
(i) f (x, y) = x − y (ii) f (x, y) = x2 + y 2 (iii) f (x, y) = xy
(3) Using definition, examine the following functions for continuity at (0, 0).
The expressions below give the value at (x, y) ̸= (0, 0). At (0, 0), the value
should be taken as zero:
x3 y x2 − y 2
(i) (ii) xy (iii) ||x| − |y|| − |x| − |y|.
x6 + y 2 x2 + y 2
(4) Suppose f, g : R → R are continuous functions. Show that each of the
following functions of (x, y) ∈ R2 are continuous:
(i) f (x) ± g(y) (ii) f (x)g(y) (iii) max{f (x), g(y)}
(iv) min{f (x), g(y)}.
(5) Let
x2 y 2
f (x, y) = for (x, y) ̸= (0, 0).
x2 y 2 + (x − y)2
Show that the iterated limits
[ ] [ ]
lim lim f (x, y) and lim lim f (x, y)
x→0 y→0 y→0 x→0

exist and both are equal to 0, but lim f (x, y) does not exist.
(x,y)→(0,0)

(6) Examine the following functions for the existence of partial derivatives
at (0, 0). The expressions below give the value at (x, y) ̸= (0, 0). At (0, 0),
the value should be taken as zero.
x2 − y 2
(i) xy 2
x + y2
sin2 (x + y)
(ii)
|x| + |y|
(7) Let f (0, 0) = 0 and
1
f (x, y) = (x2 + y 2 ) sin for (x, y) ̸= (0, 0).
x2 + y 2
Show that f is continuous at (0, 0), and the partial derivatives of f exist
but are not bounded in any disc (howsoever small) around (0, 0).
Tutorial Sheet No. 6: Functions of two variables, Limits, Continuity 17

(8) Let f (0, 0) = 0 and


 x sin(1/x) + y sin(1/y), if x ̸= 0, y ̸= 0
f (x, y) = x sin 1/x, if x ̸= 0, y = 0

y sin 1/y, ̸ 0, x = 0.
if y =
Show that none of the partial derivatives of f exist at (0, 0) although f is
continuous at (0, 0).
(9) Examine the following functions for the existence of directional deriva-
tives and differentiability at (0, 0). The expressions below give the value
at (x, y) ̸= (0, 0). At (0, 0), the value should be taken as zero:
x2 − y 2 x3 1
(i) xy 2 2
(ii) 2 2
(iii) (x2 + y 2 ) sin 2
x +y x +y x + y2
(10) Let f (x, y) = 0 if y = 0 and
y √ 2
f (x, y) = x + y 2 if y ̸= 0.
|y|
Show that f is continuous at (0, 0), Du f (0, 0) exists for every vector u,
yet f is not differentiable at (0, 0).
18 Tutorial Sheets: 0-7

Tutorial Sheet No. 7:

Maxima, Minima, Saddle Points
(1) Let F (x, y, z) = x2 + 2xy − y 2 + z 2 . Find the gradient of F at (1, −1, 3)
and the equations of the tangent plane and the normal line to the surface
F (x, y, z) = 7 at (1, −1, 3).
(2) Find Du F (2, 2, 1), where F (x, y, z) = 3x−5y+2z, and u is the unit vector
in the direction of the outward normal to the sphere x2 + y 2 + z 2 = 9 at
(2, 2, 1).
∂2z
(3) Given sin(x + y) + sin(y + z) = 1, find , provided cos(y + z) ̸= 0.
∂x∂y
(4) If f (0, 0) = 0 and
x2 − y 2
f (x, y) = xy for (x, y) ̸= (0, 0),
x2 + y 2
show that both fxy and fyx exist at (0, 0), but they are not equal. Are
fxy and fyx continuous at (0, 0)?
(5) Show that the following functions have local minima at the indicated
points.
(i) f (x, y) = x4 + y 4 + 4x − 32y − 7, (x0 , y0 ) = (−1, 2)

(ii) f (x, y) = x3 + 3x2 − 2xy + 5y 2 − 4y 3 , (x0 , y0 ) = (0, 0)

(6) Analyze the following functions for local maxima, local minima and sad-
dle points :
(i) f (x, y) = (x2 − y 2 )e−(x +y )/2
2 2
(ii) f (x, y) = x3 − 3xy 2
(7) Find the absolute maximum and the absolute minimum of
f (x, y) = (x2 − 4x) cos y for 1 ≤ x ≤ 3, −π/4 ≤ y ≤ π/4.
(8) The temperature at a point (x, y, z) in 3-space is given by T (x, y, z) =
400xyz. Find the highest temperature on the unit sphere x2 + y 2 + z 2 = 1.
(9) Maximize the f (x, y, z) = xyz subject to the constraints
x + y + z = 40 and x + y = z.
(10) Minimize f (x, y, z) = x2 + y 2 + z 2 subject to the constraints
x + 2y + 3z = 6 and x + 3y + 4z = 9.
Answers: Tutorial
Sheets 0-7

Tutorial sheet No. 0:

(1) False
(2) False
(3) False
(4) True
(5) True.
(6) False
(7) True
(8) False
(9) True
(10) True.
(11) True
(12) True

Tutorial sheet No. 1

(1) For a given ϵ > 0, select n0 ∈ N satisfying:
10 5−ϵ 1 2
(i) n0 > , (ii) n0 > , (iii) n0 > 3 , (iv) n0 > .
ϵ 3ϵ ϵ ϵ
(2) The limits of the sequences are as follows:
(i) 1, (ii) 0, (iii) 0, (iv) 1, (v) 0, (vi) 1/2.
(3) (i) Not convergent, (ii) Not convergent.
(4) (i) Decreasing, (ii) Increasing, (iii) Increasing.

19
20 Answers: Tutorial Sheets 0-7

(5) Hint: In each case, use induction on n to show that {an } is bounded and
monotonic.
√ The limits are:
(i) 2, (ii) 2, (iii) 6.
(7) Hint: Consider ϵ = L/2.
(9) Both the statements are False.

Tutorial sheet No. 2

(1) (i) False, (ii) True, (iii) True.
(2) Yes. The converse is False.
(3) (i) Not continuous at α = 0
(ii) Continuous
(iii) Continuous everywhere except at x = 2
(5) Continuous for x ̸= 0, not continuous at x = 0.
(7) The converse is False .
( )
−1 −1 1 −1
(9) (i) √ =√ , (ii) √ , |x| > 1.
1 − cos2 (x) 1 − y2 (1 − 1
) x2
x2
( )
3 2x − 1 2
(10) sin .
(x + 1)2 x+1

Tutorial sheet No. 3

(8) (i) Not possible
(ii) Possible
(iii) Not possible
(iv) Possible
(9) The absolute maximum is 13 which is attained at x = ±2 and the abso-
lute minimum is −14 which is attained at x = 5.
p(4 + π)
(10) h = .
2(8 + 3π)

Tutorial sheet No. 4

(4) (i) True .
(ii) False; consider f (x) = g(x) = 1 + sin(x), c = 0.
2 π √ 1 2 √ 19
(7) (i) , (ii) , (iii) 2( 2 − 1), (iv) 0, (v) + (4 2 − 1) + .
5 4 2 5 3
y dy
(8) (a) √ =y
1 + y 2 dx
(b) (i) F ′ (x) = 2 cos(4x2 ), (ii) F ′ (x) = 2x cos(x2 ).
Tutorial Sheet No. 6 21

Tutorial Sheet No. 5

1 128 4
(1) (i) , (ii) , (iii) .
6 15 3
(2) a = −2
(3) 4πa2
(4) (i) 8, (ii) 1.
( )
dy 1
(5) =x + − 2
2
dx √ 4x
( )2 √
ds dy 1 1 1
= 1+ = 1 + x4 + − = x2 + 2
dx dx 16x4 2 4x
( )
53 5
Therefore L = . The surface area is 101 π.
6 18
512π
(6)
15
16a3
(7) Volume is
3
(8) Volume is r2 h
(9) 29 π/15
28π
(10) .
3

Tutorial Sheet No. 6

(1) (i) {(x, y) ∈ R2 | x ̸= ±y}.
(ii) R2 − {(0, 0)}
(2) (i) Level curves are parallel lines x − y = c. Contours are the same lines
shifted to z = c. (same c)

(ii) Level curves do not exist for c ≤ −1. It is just a point for c = 0 and
are concentric circles for c = 1, 2, 3, 4. Contours are the sections of
paraboloid of revolution z = x2 + y 2 by z = c, i.e., concentric circles
in the plane z = c.
(iii) Level curves are rectangular hyperbolas. Branches are in first and
third quadrant for for c > 0 and in second and fourth quadrant for
c < 0. For c = 0 it is the union of x-axis and y-axis.
(3) (i) Discontinuous at (0, 0)
(ii) Continuous at (0, 0)
(iii) Continuous at (0, 0)
(6) (i) fx (0, 0) = 0 = fy (0, 0).
(ii) f is continuous at (0, 0). Both fx (0, 0) and fy (0, 0) do not exist.
22 Answers: Tutorial Sheets 0-7

(9) (i) (D⃗v f ) (0, 0) exists and equals 0 for every ⃗v ∈ R2 ;

f is also differentiable at (0, 0).
(ii) It is not differentiable, but for every vector ⃗v = (a, b), D⃗v f (0, 0)
exists.
(iii) (D⃗v f ) (0, 0) = 0; f is differentiable at (0, 0).

Tutotial Sheet No. 7

(1) Tangent plane:
0.(x − 1) + 4(y + 1) + 6(z − 3) = 0, i.e., 2y + 3z = 7
Normal line: x = 1, 3y − 2z + 9 = 0
2
(2) −
3
sin (x + y) cos2 (x + y)
(3) + tan (y + z) 2 .
cos (y + z) cos (y + z)
(6) (i) (0,√0) is a saddle point;
(± 2,√0) are local maxima;
((0, ± 2) are local minima.
(ii) (0, 0) is a saddle point.
√
(7) fmin = −4 at (2, 0) and fmax = −3/ 2 at (3, ±π/4)
400
(8) Tmax = √ at
3 3
( ) ( )
1 1 1 1 1 1
√ ,√ ,√ , √ , −√ , −√ ,
3 3 3 3 3 3
( ) ( )
1 1 1 1 1 1
−√ , √ , −√ , −√ , −√ , √
3 3 3 3 3 3
(9) F (10, 10, 20) = 2000 is the maximum value.
(10) At (x, y, z) = (−1, 2, 1), f (−1, 2, 1) = 6 is the minimum value.
Tutorial sheets 8-14

Tutorial Sheet No. 8:

Multiple Integrals
(1) For the following, write an equivalent iterated integral with the order of
integration
∫ [∫ reversed:
]
1 ex
(i) dy dx
0[ 1√
∫ 1 ∫ y ]
(ii) √
f (x, y)dx dy
0 − y

(2) Evaluate
∫ π [∫the following
] integrals
π
sin y
(i) dy dx
y
∫0 1 [∫ x1 ]
2 xy
(ii) x e dx dy
∫0 2 y
(iii) (tan−1 πx − tan−1 x)dx.
0
∫∫
2
(3) Find f (x, y)d(x, y), where f (x, y) = ex and D is the region bounded
D
by the lines y = 0, x = 1 and y = 2x.
(4) Evaluate the integral
∫∫
(x − y)2 sin2 (x + y)d(x, y),
D

where D is the parallelogram with vertices at (π, 0), (2π, π), (π, 2π) and
(0, π).

23
24 Tutorial sheets 8-14

(5) Let D be the region in the first quadrant of the xy-plane bounded
∫ ∫ by the
hyperbolas xy = 1, xy = 9 and the lines y = x, y = 4x. Find d(x, y)
∫∫ D
u
by transforming it to d(u, v), where x = , y = uv, v > 0.
E v
(6) Find ∫∫
e−(x
2 +y 2 )
lim d(x, y),
r→∞ D(r)
where D(r) equals:
(i) {(x, y) ∈ R2 : x2 + y 2 ≤ r2 }.
(ii) {(x, y) ∈ R2 : x2 + y 2 ≤ r2 , x ≥ 0, y ≥ 0}.
(iii) {(x, y) ∈ R2 : |x| ≤ r, |y| ≤ r}.
(iv) {(x, y) ∈ R2 : 0 ≤ x ≤ r, 0 ≤ y ≤ r}.
(7) Find the volume common to the cylinders x2 + y 2 = a2 and x2 + z 2 = a2
using double integral over a region in the plane. (Hint: Consider the part
in the first octant.)
√
(8) Express the solid D = {(x, y, z) ∈ R3 : x2 + y 2 ≤ z ≤ 1} as

{(x, y, z) ∈ R3 : a ≤ x ≤ b, ϕ1 (x) ≤ y ≤ ϕ2 (x), ξ1 (x, y) ≤ z ≤ ξ2 (x, y)}.

for suitable functions ϕ1 , ϕ2 , ξ1 , ξ2
(9) Evaluate √ (∫ √ )
∫ 2 2−x2 (∫ 2 )
I= xdz dy dx.
0 0 x2 +y 2
Sketch the region of integration and evaluate the integral by expressing
the order of integration as dxdydz.
(10) Using suitable change of variables, evaluate the following:
(i) The triple integral
∫∫∫
I= (z 2 x2 + z 2 y 2 )dxdydz
D
where D is the cylindrical region x2 +y 2 ≤ 1 bounded by −1 ≤ z ≤ 1.
(ii) The triple integral
∫∫∫
I= exp(x2 + y 2 + z 2 )3/2 dxdydz
D
where D is the region enclosed by the unit sphere in R3 .
Tutorial Sheet No. 9: Scalar and Vector fields, Line Integrals 25

Tutorial Sheet No. 9:

Scalar and Vector fields, Line Integrals
(1) Let a, b be two fixed vectors, r = xi + yj + zk and r2 = x2 + y 2 + z 2 .
Prove the following:
(i) ∇(rn )(= )
nrn−2 r for any integer n.
1 (a · r)
(ii) a · ∇ =− 3
.
(r ( ))r
1 3(a · r)(b · r) a · b
(iii) b · ∇ a · ∇ = − 3 .
r r5 r

(2) For any two scalar functions f, g on Rm establish the relations:

(i) ∇(f g) = f ∇g + g∇f ;
(ii) ∇f n = nf n−1 ∇f ;
(iii) ∇(f /g) = (g∇f − f ∇g)/g 2 whenever g ̸= 0.

(3) Prove the following:

(i) ∇ · (f v) = f ∇ · v + (∇f ) · v
(ii) ∇ × (f v) = f (∇ × v) + ∇f × v
(iii) ∇ × ∇ × v = ∇(∇ · v) − (∇ · ∇)v,
∂2 ∂2 ∂2
where ∇ · ∇ = ∂x 2 + ∂y 2 + ∂z 2 is called the Laplacian operator.

(iv) ∇ · (f ∇g) − ∇ · (g∇f ) = f ∇2 g − g∇2 f

(v) ∇ · (∇ × v) = 0
(vi) ∇ × (∇f ) = 0
(vii) ∇ · (g∇f × f ∇g) = 0.

(4) Let r = xi + yj + zk and r = |r|. Show that

d2 f 2 df
(i) ∇2 f = div (∇f (r)) = 2 +
dr r dr
(ii) div (rn r) = (n + 3)rn
(iii) curl(rn r) = 0
1
(iv) div (∇ ) = 0 for r ̸= 0.
r
(5) Prove that
(i) ∇ · (u × v) = v · (∇ × u) − u · (∇ × v)
Hence, if u, v are irrotational, u × v is solenoidal.
(ii) ∇ × (u × v) = (v · ∇)u − (u · ∇)v + (∇ · v)u − (∇ · u)v.
(iii) ∇(u · v) = (v · ∇)u + (u · ∇)v + v × (∇ × u) + u × (∇ × v).
∑ ∂ ∑ ∂ ∑ ∂
Hint: Write ∇ = i ,∇×v = i × v and ∇ · v = i ·v
∂x ∂x ∂x
(6) (i) If w is a vector field of constant direction and ∇ × w ̸= 0, prove
that ∇ × w is always orthogonal to w.
(ii) If v = w × r for a constant vector w, prove that ∇ × v = 2w.
26 Tutorial sheets 8-14

(iii) If ρv = ∇p where ρ(̸= 0) and p are continuously differentiable scalar

functions, prove that
v · (∇ × v) = 0.
(7) Calculate the line integral of the vector field
f (x, y) = (x2 − 2xy)i + (y 2 − 2xy)j
from (−1, 1) to (1, 1) along y = x2 .
(8) Calculate the line integral of
f (x, y) = (x2 + y 2 )i + (x − y)j
once around the ellipse b2 x2 + a2 y 2 = a2 b2 in the counter clockwise direc-
tion.
(9) Calculate the value of the line integral
I
(x + y)dx − (x − y)dy
C x2 + y 2
where C is the curve x2 + y 2 = a2 traversed once in the counter clockwise
direction.
(10) Calculate I
ydx + zdy + xdz
C
where C is the intersection of two surfaces z = xy and x2 +y 2 = 1 traversed
once in a direction that appears counter clockwise when viewed from high
above the xy-plane.
Tutorial Sheet No. 10: Line integrals and applications 27

Tutorial Sheet No. 10:

Line integrals and applications
(1) Consider the helix
r(t) = a cos t i + a sin t j + ct k lying on x2 + y 2 = a2 .
Parameterize this in terms of arc length.
(2) Evaluate the line integral
I
x2 ydx − x3 dy
2 2 2
C (x + y )
where C is the square with vertices (±1, ±1) oriented in the counterclock-
wise direction.
(3) Let n denote the outward unit normal to C : x2 + y 2 = 1. Find
I
grad (x2 − y 2 ) · dn.
C
(4) Evaluate I
grad (x2 − y 2 ) · dr
C
where C is the path along the cubic y = x3 from (0, 0) to (2, 8).
(5) Compute the line integral
I
dx + dy
C |x| + |y|
where C is the square with vertices (1, 0), (0, 1), (−1, 0) and (0, −1) tra-
versed once in the counter clockwise direction.
(6) A force F = xyi + x6 y 2 j moves a particle from (0, 0) onto the line x = 1
along y = axb where a, b > 0. If the work done is independent of b find
the value of a.
(7) Calculate the work done by the force field F (x, y, z) = y 2 i + z 2 j + x2 k
along the curve C of intersection of the sphere x2 + y 2 + z 2 = a2 and the
cylinder x2 + y 2 = ax where z ≥ 0, a > 0 (specify the orientation of C
that you use.)
(8) Determine whether or not the vector field f (x, y) = 3xyi + x3 yj is a
gradient on any open subset of R2 .
(9) Let S = R2 \ {(0, 0)}. Let
y x
F(x, y) = − 2 2
i+ 2 j := f1 (x, y)i + f2 (x, y)j.
x +y x + y2
∂ ∂
Show that f1 (x, y) = f2 (x, y) on S while F is not the gradient of a
∂y ∂x
scalar field on S.
28 Tutorial sheets 8-14

(10) For v = (2xy I+ z 3 )i + x2 j + 3xz 2 k, show that ∇ϕ = v for some ϕ and

hence calculate v · dr where C is any arbitrary smooth closed curve.
C
(11) A radial force field is one which can be expressed as F = f (r)r where
r is the position vector and r = ∥r∥. Show that F is conservative if f is
continuous.
Tutorial Sheet No. 11: Green’s theorem and its applications 29

Tutorial Sheet No. 11:

Green’s theorem and its applications
(1) Verify Green’s theorem in each of the following cases:
(i) f (x, y) = −xy 2 ; g(x, y) = x2 y; R : x ≥ 0, 0 ≤ y ≤ 1 − x2 ;
(ii) f (x, y) = 2xy; g(x, y) = ex +x2 ; where R is the triangle with vertices
(0, 0), (1, 0), and (1, 1).
I
(2) Use Green’s theorem to evaluate the integral y 2 dx + x dy where:
∂R
(i) R is the square with vertices (0, 0), (2, 0), (2, 2), (0, 2).

(ii) R is the square with vertices (±1, ±1).

(iii) R is the disc of radius 2 and center (0, 0) (specify the orientation you
use for the curve.)

(3) For a simple closed curve given in polar coordinates show using Green’s
theorem that the area enclosed is given by
I
1
A= r2 dθ.
2 C
Use this to compute the area enclosed by the following curves:
(i) The cardioid: r = a(1 − cos θ), 0 ≤ θ ≤ 2π; .
(ii) The lemniscate: r2 = a2 cos 2θ, ; −π/4 ≤ θ ≤ π/4.
(4) Find the area of the following regions:
(i) The area lying in the first quadrant of the cardioid r = a(1 − cos θ).
(ii) The region under one arch of the cycloid
r = a(t − sin t)i + a(1 − cos t)j, 0 ≤ t ≤ 2π.

(iii) The region bounded by the limaçon

r = 1 − 2 cos θ, 0 ≤ θ ≤ π/2
and the two axes.
(5) Evaluate
I
xe−y dx + [−x2 ye−y + 1/(x2 + y 2 )]dy
2 2

around the square determined by |x| ≤ a, |y| ≤ a traced in the counter

clockwise direction.
30 Tutorial sheets 8-14

(6) Let C be a simple closed curve in the xy-plane. Show that

I
3I0 = x3 dy − y 3 dx,
C

where I0 is the polar moment of inertia of the region R enclosed by C.

(7) Consider a = a(x, y), b = b(x, y) having continuous partial derivatives on

the unit disc D. If
a(x, y) ≡ 1, b(x, y) ≡ y
on the boundary circle C, and
u = ai + bj; v = (ax − ay )i + (bx − by )j, w = (bx − by )i + (ax − ay )j,
find ∫∫ ∫∫
u · v dxdy andu · w dxdy.
D
I
D

(8) Let C be any closed curve in the plane. Compute ∇(x2 − y 2 ) · nds.
C

(9) Recall
∫ ∫ the Green’s Identities:
I
∂w
(i) ∇ w dxdy =
2
ds.
∂R ∂n
∫∫R I
∂w
(ii) [w∇ w + ∇w · ∇w] dxdy =
2
w ds.
R ∂R ∂n
I ( ) ∫∫
∂w ∂v
(iii) v −w ds = (v∇2 w − w∇2 v) dxdy.
∂R ∂n ∂n R

(a) Use (i) to compute

I
∂w
ds
C ∂n
for w = ex sin y, and R the triangle with vertices (0, 0), (4, 2), (0, 2).
(b) Let D be a plane region bounded by a simple closed curve C and let
F, G : U −→ R2 be smooth functions where U is a region containing
D ∪ C such that
curl F = curl G, div F = div G on D ∪ C
and
F · N = G · N on C,
where N is the unit normal to the curve. Show that F = G on D.
(10) Evaluate the following line integrals where the loops are traced in the
counter clockwise sense
Tutorial Sheet No. 11: Green’s theorem and its applications 31

(i) I
y dx − x dy
2 2
C x +y
where C is any simple closed curve not passing through the origin.
(ii) I
x2 ydx − x3 dy
,
C (x2 + y 2 )2
where C is the square with vertices (±1, ±1).
(iii) Let C be a smooth simple closed curve lying in the annulus 1 <
x2 + y 2 < 2. Find
I
∂(ln r) ∂(ln r)
dx − dy.
C ∂y ∂x
32 Tutorial sheets 8-14

Tutorial Sheet No. 12:

Surface area and surface integrals
(1) Find a suitable parameterization r(u, v) and the normal vector ru × rv
for the following surface:
(i) The plane x − y + 2z + 4 = 0.
(ii) The right circular cylinder y 2 + z 2 = a2 .
(iii) The right circular cylinder of radius 1 whose axis is along the line
x = y = z.
(2) (a) For a surface S let the unit normal n at every point make the same
acute angle α with z-axis. Let SAxy denote the area of the projection of
S onto the xy plane. Show that SA, the area of the surface S satisfies the
relation: SAxy = SA cos α.
(b) Let S be a parallelogram not parallel to any of the coordinate planes.
Let S1 , S2 , and S3 denote the areas of the projections
√ of S on the three
coordinate planes. Show that the ares of S is S1 + S2 + S32 .
2 2

(3) Compute the surface area of that portion of the sphere x2 + y 2 + z 2 = a2

which lies within the cylinder x2 + y 2 = ay, where a > 0.
(4) A parametric surface S is described by the vector equation
r(u, v) = u cos v i + u sin v j + u2 k,
where 0 ≤ u ≤ 4 and 0 ≤ v ≤ 2π.

(i) Show that S is a portion of a surface of revolution. Make a sketch

and indicate the geometric meanings of the parameters u and v on the
surface.
(ii) Compute the vector ru × rv in terms of u and v.
π √
(iii) The area of S is (65 65 − 1) where n is an integer. Compute the
n
value of n.
(5) Compute the area of that portion of the paraboloid x2 + z 2 = 2ay which
is between the planes y = 0 and y = a.
(6) A sphere is inscribed in a right circular cylinder. The sphere is sliced by
two parallel planes perpendicular the axis of the cylinder. Show that the
portions of the sphere and the cylinder lying between these planes have
equal surface areas.
(7) Let S denote the plane surface whose boundary is the triangle with ver-
tices at (1, 0, 0), (0, 1, 0), and (0, 0, 1), and let F(x, y, z) = xi + yj + zk.
Let n denote the unit normal∫ ∫to S having a nonnegative z-component.
Evaluate the surface integral F · n dS, using
S
(i) The vector representation r(u, v) = (u + v)i + (u − v)j + (1 − 2u)k.
Tutorial Sheet No. 12: Surface area and surface integrals 33

(ii) An explicit representation of the form z = f (x, y).

(8) Let S be the surface of the sphere x2 + y 2 + z 2 = a2 and F(x, y, z) =
xz i + yz j + x2 k. Compute
∫ ∫
F · ndS ,
S
where n is the unit outward normal to S.
(9) A fluid flow has flux density vector
F(x, y, z) = xi − (2x + y)j + zk.
Let S denote the hemisphere x2 + y 2 + z 2 = 1, z ≥ 0, and let n denote
the unit normal that points out of the sphere. Calculate the mass of the
fluid flowing through S in unit time in the direction of n.
(10) Solve the previous exercise when S includes the the planar base of the
hemisphere also with the outward unit normal on the base being −k.
34 Tutorial sheets 8-14

Tutorial Sheet No. 13:

Stoke’s theorem and applications

(1) Consider the vector field F = (x − y)i + (x + z)j + (y + z)k. Verify Stokes
theorem for F where S is the surface of the cone: z 2 = x2 + y 2 intercepted
by: (a) x2 + (y − a)2 + z 2 = a2 : z ≥ 0, (b) x2 + (y − a)2 = a2
(2) Evaluate using Stokes Theorem, the line integral
I
yz dx + xz dy + xy dz
C
where C is the curve of intersection of x2 + 9y 2 = 9 and z = y 2 + 1 with
clockwise orientation when viewed from the origin.
(3) Compute ∫∫
(curl v) · ndS
S
where v = yi + xz 3 j − zy 3 k and n is the outward unit normal to S, the
surface of the cylinder x2 + y 2 = 4 between z = 0 and z = −3.
H
(4) Compute C v · dr for
−yi + xj
v= 2 ,
x + y2
where C is the circle of unit radius in the xy plane centered at the origin
and oriented clockwise. Can the above line integral be computed using
Stokes Theorem?
(5) Compute
I
(y 2 − z 2 )dx + (z 2 − x2 )dy + (x2 − y 2 )dz,
C
where C is the curve cut out of the boundary of the cube
0 ≤ x ≤ a, 0 ≤ y ≤ a, 0 ≤ z ≤ a
by the plane x + y + z = 23 a (specify the orientation of C.)
I
(6) Calculate ydx + zdy + xdz, where C is the intersection of the surface
C
bz = xy and the cylinder x2 + y 2 = a2 , oriented counter clockwise as
viewed from a point high upon the positive z-axis.
(7) Consider a plane with unit normal ai + bj + ck. For a closed curve C lying
in this plane, show that the area enclosed by C is given by
I
1
A(C) = (bz − cy)dx + (cx − az)dy + (ay − bx)dz,
2 C
where C is given the anti-clockwise orientation. Compute A(C) for the
curve C given by u cos t + v sin t, 0 ≤ t ≤ 2π.
Tutorial Sheet No. 14: Divergence theorem and its applications 35

Tutorial Sheet No. 14:

Divergence theorem and its applications
(1) Verify the Divergence Theorem for
F(x, y, z) = xy 2 i + yz 2 j + zx2 k
for the region
R : y 2 + z 2 ≤ x2 ; 0 ≤ x ≤ 4.
(2) Verify the Divergence Theorem for
F(x, y, z) = xyi + yzj + zxk
for the region in the first octant bounded by the plane
x y z
+ + =1
a b c
(3) Let R be a region bounded by a piecewise smooth closed surface S with
outward unit normal
n = nx i + ny j + nz k.
Let u, v : R → R be continuously differentiable. Show that
∫∫∫ ∫∫∫ ∫
∂v ∂u
u dV = − v dV + u v nx dS.
R ∂x R ∂x ∂R
[ Hint: Consider F = u v i.]
(4) Suppose a scalar field ϕ, which is never zero has the properties
∥∇ϕ∥2 = 4ϕ and ∇ · (ϕ∇ϕ) = 10ϕ.
∫∫
∂ϕ
Evaluate dS, where S is the surface of the unit sphere.
S ∂n
(5) Let V be the volume of a region bounded by a closed surface S and
n = (nx , ny , nz ) be its outer unit normal. Prove that
∫∫ ∫∫ ∫∫
V = x nx dS = y ny dS = z nz dS
S S S
(6) Let S be the surface of the cube 0 ≤ x ≤ 1, 0 ≤ y ≤ 1, 0 ≤ z ≤ 1 and
F(x, y, z) = x2 i + y 2 j + z 2 k. Compute
∫ ∫
F · ndS ,
S
where n is the unit outward normal to S.
(7) Let S be the unit sphere and F(x, y, z) = yz i + zx j + xy k. Compute
∫ ∫
F · ndS ,
S
where n is the unit outward normal to S.
36 Tutorial sheets 8-14

(8) Let u = −x3 i+(y 3 +3z 2 sin z)j+(ey sin z+x4 )k and S be the portion of the
sphere x2 + y 2 + z 2 = 1 with z ≥ 21 and n is the unit∫normal
∫ with positive
z-component. Use Divergence theorem to compute (∇ × u) · n dS.
S
(9) Let p denote the distance from the origin to the tangent plane at the
x2 y 2 z 2
point (x, y, z) to the ellipsoid 2 + 2 + 2 = 1. Prove that
∫∫ a b c
(a) p dS = 4πabc.
∫∫S
1 4π 2 2
(b) dS = (b c + c2 a2 + a2 b2 )
S p 3abc
(10) Interpret Green’s theorem as a divergence theorem in the plane.
Answers to Tutorial
Sheets 8-14

Tutorial Sheet No. 8

∫ e (∫ 1 )
(1) (i) dx dy
1 ln y
∫ 1 (∫ 1 )
(ii) f (x, y)dy dx
−1 x2
1
(2) (i) 2, (ii) (exp(−2)),
2
[ ]
π−1 −1 −1 1 (4π 2 + 1)
(iii) ln 5 + 2(tan 2π − tan 2) − ln .
2π 2π 5

(3) exp(−1)
π4
(4)
3
(5) 8 ln 2
π π
(6) (i) π, (ii) , (iii) π, (iv) .
4 4
16a3
(7)
3
√ √ √
(8) {(x, y, z) : −1 ≤ x ≤ 1, − 1 − x2 ≤ y ≤ 1 − x2 , x2 + y 2 ≤ z ≤ 1}.
√
8 2
(9) . We can also write D as
15 { √ √ }
(x, y, z) ∈ R3 : 0 ≤ z ≤ 2, 0 ≤ x ≤ z − y 2 , 0 ≤ y ≤ z .
(10) (i) π/3, (ii) 4π(e − 1)/3.

37
38 Answers to Tutorial Sheets 8-14

Tutorial Sheet No. 9

(7) − 14
15 .
(8) 0.
(9) −2π.
(10) −π.

Tutorial Sheet No. 10

(1) The arc length parametrization is
( ) ( )
s s cs
r(s) = a cos √ 2 i + a sin √ 2 j+ √ 2 k.
a + c2 a + c2 a + c2
∫ ∫ ∫ ∫
(2) = + + = −π.
C C1 C2 C4
H
(3) C ∇(x2 − y 2 ) · dn = 0.
(4) (x2 − y 2 ) · dr = −60.
∫
dx + dy
(5) = 2 − 2 = 0.
C |x| + |y|
√
(6) a = 3/2.
(7) −πa3 /4.

Tutorial Sheet No. 11

∫ ∫ ∫
1
(1) (i) (gx − fy )dxdy = (f dx + gdy) = .
∫ ∫R ∫∂R 3
(ii) (gx − fy )dxdy = (f dx + gdy) = 1.
R ∂R
(2) (i) −4, (ii) 4, (iii) 4π.
3a2 π a2
(3) (i) , (ii) .
2 2
a2 3π − 8
(4) (i) (3π − 8), (ii) 2πa2 , (iii) .
8 4
(5) 0.
∫ ∫ ∫ ∫
(7) u · vdxdy = 0 and u · wdxdy = −π .
D D
(8) 0.
(9) (a) 0.
(10) (i) When the curve does not enclose the origin, the intergral is 0
−π
otherwise −2π, (ii) , (iii) −2π.
4
Tutorial Sheet No. 13 39

Tutorial Sheet No. 12

(1) (i) r(u, v) = ui+vj+ 21 (4+v−u)k , u, v ∈ R , ru ×rv = 12 i− 12 j+k.
(ii) r(u, v) = ui + a sin vj + a cos vk for u ∈ R, 0 ≤ v ≤ 2π and
ru × rv = a sin v j + a cos v k.
(iii) r(u, v) = cos u x + sin u y + ve, 0 ≤ u ≤ 2π, v ∈ R, where x
is a unit vector through the origin on the planar cross section
of the cylinder through the origin, e = i+j+k
√
3
and y = e × x.

ru × rv = cos u x + sin u y .

(3) 2a2 (π − 2).

(4) (i) S is a portion of a paraboloid of revolution.
(ii) ru × rv = −2u2 (cos v i + sin v j) + uk
(iii) n = 6.
2π √
(5) (3 3 − 1)a2 .
3
(7) 12 .
(8) 0.
2π
(9) .
3
2π
(10) .
3

Tutorial Sheet No. 13

∫ ∫ ∫
πa2
(1) (a) curlF · ndS = F · dr = .
∫ ∫S ∫C 2
(b) curlF · ndS = F · dr = 2πa2 .
S C
(2) 0.
(3) −108π.
(4) −2π.
9a3
(5) − .
2
(6) −πa2 .
(7) π∥u × v∥.
40 Answers to Tutorial Sheets 8-14

Tutorial Sheet No. 14

∫ ∫ ∫ ∫ ∫
44 6π
(1) F · ndS = div FdV = .
5
∫ ∫∂R ∫ ∫ ∫R
abc
(2) F · ndS = div FdV = (a + b + c) .
∂R R 24
(4) 8π.
(6) 3.
(7) 0.
(8) 0.