1

PREFACE
English is a global communication tool that
allows us to connect with various cultures
around the world. Therefore, having a good
understanding of English not only opens doors to
educational and career opportunities, but also
enriches our overall life experience.

This book is structured in a fun and interactive

learning style, covering a variety of topics from
basic grammar to everyday conversations. Each
chapter is equipped with practical exercises to
strengthen your understanding and provide
opportunities to apply the knowledge you have
acquired.

Hope this book helps you gain confidence in

using English in a variety of situations. Happy
learning, and I hope this journey is a fulfilling
and rewarding experience!

Regards,
Ajeng Dini F
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UNIT 1

Articles : A, An, and The

I am going to eat an I am going to eat

apple. the red apple.

A
 A is used in front of singular countable
nouns ( a person, animal, or tahing ) which
are not spesipic (general) .
 We don’t use a before uncountable or plural
nouns.
 A is used before are words that begin with
consonant (B, C, D, F, G, H, J, K, etc).
 Example:
a cat
a child
a doctor
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a bird
An

 An is used in front of singular countable

nouns ( a person, animal, or thing ) which
are not specific (general).
 We don’t use an before uncountable or
plural nouns.
 An is used before are words that begin with
vowel (A, I, U, E, O).
 Example:
an apple
an egg
an ant
an orange

The

 The is used in front of all nouns (It doesn’t

matter the nouns are singular, plural
countable or uncountable) to describe
someone or something specific or unique.
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 Example:
the earth
the world
the sky
the air
the weather
 Don’t use the for general things :
I like the pizza.
I like pizza.
I like the pizza from Fifi’s restaurant.
(specific)
 Don’t use the for countries or cities :
I live in the Jakarta.
I live in Jakarta.

EXERCISE :

1.1 Comple the sentences using the most suitable

form of articles (a, an, or the).
1. Tokyo is ………… capital of Japan.
2. Do you have ……….. bike?
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3. I m reading ……… new book by J.K. Rowling.

4. I need …… umbrella because outside is rain.
5. I like ……… blue car.

1.2 Are the underlined articles right or wrong?

1. The book on the table is RIGHT

mine.
2. A sun is shining brightly …………
today.
3. The Mona Lisa is a ………….
famous painting.
4. She is an engineer. ………….
5. An cat is a popular pet. ………….

UNIT 2
This, That, These, Those

This 1 thing - near

That 1 thing – far
These 2+ things – near
Those 2+ things -far
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This apple is red. That apple is red.

These books are Those books are

new. old.

EXERCISE

2.1 Put in THIS, THAT, THESE, or THOSE.

1. _____ book on the shelf is mine.
2. I like _____ shoes you are wearing.
3. Can you pass me _____ magazine on the
table?
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4. I saw a bird on the tree. _____ bird was

singing beautifully.
5. Look at _____ cute puppies playing in the
garden.
2.2 Chage the sentences in to PLURAL
1. This book is good.
____________________
2. That office is near the bank.
______________________
3. That is my notebook.
______________________
4. This boy is fourteen years old.
_______________
5. This apple is red.
6. _______________

UNIT 3

There is / There Are

Singular Plural
+ There’s a pillow There are two
on the sofa. pillow on the
bed.
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- There isn’t a There aren’t any

mirror in the windows in the
bathroom. bedroom.
? Is there a table? Are there any
Yes, there is. / chairs?
No, there isn’t. Yes, there are. /
No, there aren’t.

UNIT 4

Noun

A noun is a word that refers to people,

places, or things.

Examples:

People Places Things

John New York Chair
Newton Paris Table
R.H Stephen Canada Book
Einstein Toronto Cup
Man School Computer
Boy Hospital Picture
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Doctor Cinema
Garden

Kinds of Noun :

1. Proper Noun
A proper noun is a specific name given to
individual people, places, organizations, or
things and is always capitalized.
Examples:
Mary (person)
Paris (city)
Microsoft (company)
Mount Everest (geographical feature).
Proper nouns are always capitalized,
regardless of their position in a sentence.
They are used to refer to unique entities and
to give them a specific identity.
Example Sentences:
"I visited New York City last summer."
"We watched a movie starring Tom Hanks."

2. Common Noun
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A common noun is a general name given to a

class or category of people, places, things, or
ideas.
Examples:
person
city
company
mountain
Common nouns are not capitalized unless
they appear at the beginning of a sentence.
They refer to general items rather than
specific ones, and they are not capitalized
unless they start a sentence.
Example Sentences:
"The person sitting next to me is my friend."
"I live in a city with a diverse population."

3. Concrete Noun
A concrete noun refers to a physical,
tangible, or perceptible object that can be
observed by the senses.
Examples:
Table, cat, car, mountain
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Concrete nouns can be seen, heard, touched,

smelled, or tasted. They represent things
that have a physical existence.
Example Sentences:
"The cat is sitting on the table."
"I can see the beautiful mountain from here."
4. Abstract Noun
An abstract noun refers to a concept, idea,
quality, emotion, or state that cannot be
observed through the senses.
Examples:
Love, happiness, courage, freedom.
Abstract nouns are not tangible and cannot
be perceived by the senses. They represent
intangible qualities or ideas.
Example Sentences:
"Her love for animals is evident in her
actions."
"The movie left me with a feeling of
sadness."

5. Countable Noun
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Countable nouns are nouns that can be

counted as individual units. They have both
singular and plural forms.
Examples:
Singular: book, cat, chair
Plural: books, cats, chairs
Countable nouns can be used with numbers
and quantifiers (e.g., a, an, one, two, some,
many). They also can be used articles with
both "a" or "an" for singular nouns and "the"
for both singular and plural nouns.
Example Sentences:
"I have a book on my shelf."
"There are two cats in the garden.”
6. Uncountable Noun
Uncountable nouns are nouns that cannot
be counted as individual units. They usually
do not have a plural form or are considered
singular.
Examples:
Water, air, information.
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Uncountable nouns are used with

quantifiers like some, much, a lot of, rather
than with numbers.
Example Sentences:
"I need some water."
"There is a lot of information available."

EXERCISE :

4.1 Fill in the sentences with appropriate

nouns .

1. "I need ____________ to complete the recipe."

2. "There are three ____________ on the shelf."
3. "Her father gave her a ____________ for her
birthday."
4. "We have a lot of ____________ in our garden."
5. "Please pass me the ____________."
6. “I like to eat ____________.”

Flower Gift Book

Book Pizza State

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UNIT 5

PRONOUN

Pronoun is a substitute for a noun (person)

consisting of e.g. he, she, it, they, his, her, him
its and so on.

For example :

The sentence 'John is an intelligent

students’.

The pronoun 'John' changes to He and the

sentence it becomes:

'John is an intelligent students. He goes to

school daily, He studies a lot, He is making
preparation for examination, He will gethigh
marks examination’.

Pronouns can be divided into the following

groups :
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Subject Object Possesive Possesive Reflexive

Pronou Pronoun Adjective Pronoun Pronoun
n
I Me My Mine Myself
You You Your Yours Yourself
He Him His His Himself
She Her Her Hers Herself
It It Its - Itself
We Us Our Ours Ourselves
They The Their Theirs Themselves

Example :

Noun: John is a good student.

Pronoun: He is a good student.
Noun: This is Mary's book.
Pronoun: This book is hers.
Noun: The cat cleaned itself.
Pronoun: It cleaned itself
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EXERCISE :

5.1 Fill in the blanks with the appropriate

pronoun!

1. Mary and Susan are best friends. They have

known each other since kindergarten.
2. The concert was fantastic! ___ played all of
___ favorite songs.
3. Tom hurt ___ while fixing the bike. Now, ___
needs to be careful.
4. The book on the shelf is mine. Can I borrow
___?
5. The students who passed the exam were
excited. ___ had studied very hard.
6. The cat is very cute. ___ is sleeping on the
sofa.
7. The cookies are delicious. I can't resist ___.
8. The team congratulated ___ on the victory.
9. This is Emily's laptop. Is this ___?
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10. I have two sisters. ___ names are Sarah and

Jessica.

UNIT 6

Adjective

An adjective is a type of word that provides

additional information or describes a quality
about a noun (person, place, thing, or idea).
Adjectives are used to give qualities,
characteristics, or details to the noun they
modify.

For example :

I have a blue car.

You are beautiful girl.

They have bought an expensive house.

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It's not just any book; it's the absolute

bestseller.

The house is very large and beautiful.

That dog is very loyal to its owner.

This painting is so beautiful with bright

colors.

The new car is very fast on the highway.

The flowers in this garden are very

fragrant.

EXERCISE:

6.1 Complete the following sentences with the

appropriate adjectives!

1. The ____________ flowers in the garden attract

many butterflies.
2. She bought a ____________ dress for the special
occasion.
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3. We adopted a ____________ puppy from the

animal shelter.
4. This is the ____________ movie I have ever
seen.
5. The ____________ mountain peaks were
covered in snow.
6. Please pass me ____________ salt from the
kitchen.
7. I enjoy reading ____________ books during the
summer.
8. The ____________ students in the class received
awards for their achievements.
9. My grandparents live in a ____________ house
in the countryside.
10. The chef prepared a ____________ meal for the
guests.

exquisite some Top

performing

majestic quaint gergous

light - playful most

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hearted captivating

vibrant

UNIT 7

Adverb

Adverbs are words that modify or describe

verbs, adjectives, or other adverbs. They
provide information about how, when,
where, or to what degree an action is
performed. Here are some types of adverbs
along with examples:

Types Example
Adverb of Time At 3 o’clock, In the
afternoon, etc.
Adverb of Place In the classroom, on the
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table, etc.
Adverb of Slowly, carefully, etc
Manner
Adverb of Always, often, rarely, etc.
Frequency

Example sentences :

She danced gracefully across the stage.

He always arrives early for meetings.
We'll meet again tomorrow.

EXERCISE :

7.1 Fill in the blanks with the appropriate

adverbs!

1. Tina stretches __________ before her daily jog.

2. The team practices soccer drills __________
every afternoon.
3. James lifts weights __________ to build
strength.
4. The yoga instructor speaks __________ during
relaxation exercises.
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5. The kids jump __________ during their class.

6. Sarah breathes __________ after finishing her
aerobics routine.
7. Mark runs on the treadmill __________ to
improve his endurance.
8. The fitness class follows the instructor's
directions __________.

Closely deeply softly enthusias

tically
carefully reguraly steadly slowly

UNIT 8

Preposition : In, At, On.

Preposition are joining words, sometimes

called connectives, which are used to show a
time, place, or ownership relation between
two nouns/pronouns or a noun and a verb.
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TIME PLACE
In Months Cities and
In January countries
In October In Tokyo
Seasons In Japan
In the summer Rooms and
In the spring buildings
Years In the kitchen
In 2004 In the
In 1986 supermarket
Periods of the Closed spaces
day In the car
In the morning In a park
In the evening
(exception: at
night)
On Dates and Transportation
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days On the bus

On Monday On a bike
On February (exception: in a
14th car)
Surfaces
On the table
On the wal
At Times Contexts /
At 6:00 Events
At half past At school
three At work
At noon At a party

There are some another common of

preposition :

About Between Inside

Above By Of
After Down Outside
Along During Since
Among Except Through
Before For Towrd
Belong From Until
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Beside Into Etc.

EXERCISE :

8.1 Fill in the blanks with appropriate

prepositions!

1. We usually meet our friends __________ the

park on Saturdays.
2. The concert will take place __________ the
community center __________ 7 PM.
3. The party is __________ Friday, so make sure to
RSVP by then.
4. Sarah found a cozy spot __________ the library
to study for her exams.
5. The train is scheduled to arrive __________ the
station __________ 3:45 PM.
6. Let's meet __________ the coffee shop __________
10 AM tomorrow.
7. The conference will be held __________ the
hotel __________ two days.
8. My keys are __________ the bag.
9. She is sitting __________the chair.
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10. The book is __________ the shelf.

UNIT 9

Conjunction

Conjunctions are words that connect words,

phrases, or clauses in a sentence. There are
three main types of conjunctions:
coordinating conjunctions, subordinating
conjunctions, and correlative conjunctions.

1. Coordinating Conjunctions:
Connect words, phrases, or independent
clauses of equal grammatical rank.
Examples: and, but, or, nor, for, so, yet.
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I wanted to go to the concert, but I had to

work late.
2. Subordinating Conjunctions:
Introduce dependent clauses and join them
to independent clauses.
Examples: after, although, because, before, if,
since, until, when, while.
She went to the store after she finished her
homework.
3. Correlative Conjunctions:
Come in pairs and connect similar elements
within a sentences.
Examples: either...or, neither...nor, both...and,
not only...but also, whether...or.
Neither the teacher nor the students knew
the answer.

EXERCISE :

8.1 Fill in the blanks with the appropriate

conjunctions!
1. She was tired, __________ she stayed up
to finish her assignment.
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2. I'll go to the store __________ you stay

and watch the kids.
3. He wants to visit the museum, __________
he doesn't have enough time today.
4. They can choose to play soccer
__________ basketball during recess.
5. My friend will either come to the party
__________ send a gift.
6. She is allergic to nuts, __________ she
always checks the ingredients before
eating.
7. The students studied hard, __________
they still didn't do well on the exam.

UNIT 9

Interjection

Interjections are words or phrases that

express strong emotions, surprise, or
sudden reactions. They are often used to
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convey the speaker's feelings and add an

emotional tone to the sentence. Interjections
are usually followed by an exclamation mark
or a comma.

Here are some common interjections:

1. Wow! - Expressing amazement or

surprise.
Wow! That was an incredible
performance!
2. Oh! - Expressing various emotions such
as surprise, realization, or
understanding.
Oh! I forgot to turn off the lights.
3. Yay! - Expressing joy or excitement.
Yay! We won the game!
4. Ouch! - Expressing pain or discomfort.
Ouch! That hurt!
5. Alas! - Expressing sorrow, regret, or
disappointment.
Alas! We missed the last train.
6. Hey! - Getting someone's attention or
expressing surprise.
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Hey! Look who's here!

7. Well! - Expressing hesitation, agreement,
or transition. Well, I suppose we could
give it a try.

Interjections are versatile and can be

used in various contexts to convey the
speaker's emotions and reactions in a more
vivid and expressive manner. They are often
standalone words or phrases, and their
usage can greatly impact the tone and mood
of a sentence.

UNIT 10

Imperative Sentences

Imperatives are sentence structures used to

give commands, make requests, or offer
suggestions. They are commonly used to
convey instructions, advice, or directives.
The imperative mood is typically
characterized by the absence of a subject in
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the sentence, and the verb is in its base form

(bare infinitive). The tone can vary from
authoritative to polite, depending on the
context.

Here are some examples of imperatives:

o Give me the book!

o Close the door quietly!
o Please pass the salt!
o Don't forget to submit your assignment!
o Be quiet during the presentation!
o Let's go for a walk in the park!
o Study for your exams diligently!
o Wait for me at the entrance!

In imperatives, the subject is often

implied and is usually the person or people
being addressed. The tone can be adjusted
using adverbs or additional words to make
the command more polite or less forceful.
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UNIT 11

Verb

Verbs are words show an actions or tasks we

perform, expressing various concepts.

For example :

Write, run, eat, drink, catch, clean, speak,

laugh, weep, are categorized as verbs.

“He is writing a letter”

In the sentence above, the verb 'write'

describes the action/job of the subject (he).
The verb 'write' has a subject, and that verb
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explains what the subject is doing in a

sentence.

Forms of the verb based on use of tense or

time of event.
There are three forms of verbs based on the
use of type tension.
1. Base form (basic verb)
2. Past Simple
3. Past participle

For example : Go—went—gone.

“Go” is the basic verb, “went” is the past verb

simple, and “gone” is a past participle verb.
Third verbs are usually also called verbs
first, second verb, and third or frequent verb
abbreviated V1, V2 and V3.

Formation of past simple verbs and past

participles.
Based on the formation of past simple and
past verbs participle, then the verb can be
divided into two: Regular verb and Irregular
verbs.
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1. Regular verbs
Regular verbs are the past simple form
of verbs
and past participles with the addition of
"-ed" to the word basic work.

For example :

V1 V2 V3
Advise Advised Advised
Allow Allowed Allowed
Rain Rined Rained
Laugh Laughed Laughed
Look Looked Looked

2. Irregular Verb
Meanwhile, the Irregular Verb is formed into
a past simple verb and participle with the
addition of different shapes.
For example :
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V2 V3
Buy Bought Bought
Eat Ate Eaten
Read Red Red

UNIT 12

Active & Passive Voices

Active Voice:

In an active voice sentence, the subject

performs the action directly on the object.

Example: The cat chased the mouse.

"The cat (subject) chased (verb) the mouse

(object)."

Characteristics of active voices :

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1. Direct and straightforward.

2. Emphasizes the doer of the action
(subject).
3. Typically more concise.

Passive Voice

In a passive voice sentence, the subject

receives the action, and the focus is on the
object.

Example: The mouse was chased by the cat.

"The mouse (subject) was chased (verb) by

the cat (agent)."

Characteristics of passive voices :

1. Emphasizes the action or the receiver of

the action.Often used when the doer of
2. the action is unknown or less important.
3. Can lead to more complex and wordy
sentences.
Converting from Active to Passive
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To change a sentence from active to passive

voice, you generally follow this structure:

Active: "Subject + Verb + Object"

Passive: "Object + (to be verb) + Past
Participle + (by + Agent)"

Example :

1. Active: "The chef (subject) cooked (verb)

a delicious meal (object).
Passive: "A delicious meal (subject) was
cooked (verb) by the chef (agent)."
2. Active : The cat chased the mouse.
Passive : The mouse was chased by the
cat.

When to Use Each Voice

 Active Voice:
1. Use when the doer of the action is clear
and important.
2. Conveys a sense of immediacy and
directness.
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 Passive Voice:
1. Use when the focus is on the action or
the recipient of the action.
2. When the doer is unknown or less
important.
3. To vary sentence structure and
emphasize different elements.

EXERCISE :

I. Convert the following active voice sentences

into passive voice:
1. Active :The teacher explains the lesson.
Passive : _____________
2. Active : They built a new house last year.
Passive : _____________
3. Active : People speak English all over the
world.
Passive : _____________
4. Active : The company will launch a new
product soon.
Passive : _____________
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5. Active : The students complete the

assignments.
Passive : _____________

UNIT 13

Present Simple (I do)

Present simple always use Basic Verb (Verb

1).

Use the present simple to talk things in

general.
For example :
The sun set in the west .
Nurses look after patients in hospital.
Use it to say that something happens all
the time or repeatedly.
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For example :
I usually go away at weekends.
They always work together everyday.
Use do/does to make negative and
questions sentences.

For subject : I, (-) Don’t

You, We, They, (?) Do?
or Plural.
Does For subject : (-) Doesn’t
She, He, It, or (?) Does ?
Singular.

We can conclude that the formula of present

simple are :

(+) S + V1
(-) S + don’t/doesn’t + V1
(?) Do/does + S + V1 ?

For example :

(+) I usually get up in the morning.

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(-) I don’t usually get up in the morning.

(?) Do you usually get up in the morning?

EXERCISE :

I. Fill in the blanks with the correct form of the

present simple tense!
1. She __________ (work) as a teacher.
2. We usually __________ (go) to the gym on
Mondays.
3. The sun __________ (rise) in the east.
4. They __________ (live) in London.
5. He __________ (read) a book every evening.
6. Cats __________ (sleep) a lot during the day.
7. My sister __________ (play) the piano very
well.
8. It always __________ (rain) in this season.
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9. My parents __________ (live) in the same

house for 20 years.
10. It always __________ (rain) in this city.

II. Complete the sentences using the correct verb

, sometimes requiring a negative form.

The verbs provided are: play, study,

eat, travel, work.

1. __________ she __________ the guitar every day?

2. They __________ to different countries for
business meetings.
3. We usually __________ lunch together at the
office.
4. __________ he __________ French in the
evenings?
5. Cats __________ a lot during the day, but they
__________ much at night.
6. I __________ soccer on weekends, but__________
basketball during the week.
7. She __________ her homework regularly, but
she __________ video games all night.
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8. __________ you __________ seafood?

UNIT 14

Present Continuous (I am doing)

Use the continuous for something that is

happening at or around the time of
speaking. The action is not finished.
Example :
I am reading a book.
(Saya sedang membaca buku)
She is cooking some foods.
(Dia sedang memasak makanan)
Use the continuous for a temporary
situation.
Example :
I am living with some friends until I find a
flat.
(Saya tinggal bersama beberapa teman
sampai saya menemukan flat)
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Use the present continuous with today/this

week/this year/etc. (periods around now)
Example :
You are working hard today.

We can conclude that the formula of present

continuous are :

(+) S + to be + Ving
(-) S + to be + not + Ving
(?) To be + S + V1 ?

I Am Ving
You/We/They/ Are (Doing,
Plural working,
She/He/It/Singular Is cooking,
etc).
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EXERCISE :

Fill in the blanks with the correct form of the

verbs in the present continuous tense.

1. She __________ (read) a book at the

moment.
2. We __________ (study) for our exams right
now.
3. The children __________ (play) in the park.
4. I __________ (write) an email to my friend.
5. They __________ (watch) a movie on TV.
6. The sun __________ (shine) brightly in the
sky.
7. He __________ (cook) dinner for his family.
8. We __________ (have) a meeting at the
office.
9. The cat __________ (sleep) on the
windowsill.
10. I __________ (learn) Spanish for my
upcoming trip.
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UNIT 15

Present Perfect (I have done)

The present perfect tense is a verb tense

used to express actions that are completed
at the present moment, although the specific
time of completion is not specified. It is
often used to connect the past with the
present.

Use to completed actions with a result in

the present.
Example :
I have learned Spanish. (I can now speak
Spanish.)
Use for unspecified time in the past.
Example :
They have visited several countries. (The
specific times are not mentioned.)
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Use for Actions that started in the past

and continue in the present.
Example :
I have lived in this city for ten years.
Experiences in life.
Example:
I have never ridden a horse.
Have you ever tried sushi?
Multiple actions at different times.
Example :
She has visited Paris, London, and Rome.
They have eaten at that restaurant
several times.
Signal Words:Already, Yet, Just, Ever,
Never, Before.

Formula :

(+) S + has/have + V3
(-) S + has/have + not + V3
(?) have/has + S + V3 ?

*Have (For subject I, you, we, they)

Has (For subject she, he, it)
 48

Example :

(+) I have already eaten breakfast.

(-) I haven’t already eaten breakfast.

(?) Have you already eaten breakfast?

EXERCISE :

Fill in the blanks with the correct form of the

verbs in the present perfect:

1. She __________ (visit) three different

countries.
2. We __________ (not/see) that movie yet.
3. He __________ (live) in this city for ten
years.
4. They __________ (never/try) sushi before.
5. I __________ (already/complete) my
homework.
6. Has she __________ (read) the book?
7. It __________ (rain) since yesterday.
 49

8. We __________ (not/visit) that museum

before.
9. He __________ (work) at the company since
2010.
10. Have you __________ (ever/eat) at that
restaurant?
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UNIT 16

Simple Past (I did)

The simple past tense is a verb tense used to

describe completed actions that took place
at a specific point in the past. It is often used
to narrate events or express actions that
happened and were completed in the past.

Completed actions in the past.

Example :
I graduated from college in 2010.
They bought a new car last week.
Sequential actions.
Example :
First, I woke up; then, I had breakfast.
He arrived, unpacked, and settled into his
new apartment.
Duration in the past.
Example :
I lived in London for two years.
She worked at that company before joining
the new one.
 51

Habits or repeated actions in the past.

Example :
Every weekend, we went hiking.
She always sang in the shower.
Signal Words:
Yesterday
Last week/month/year
In 2010
Two days ago
A week ago

We can conclude that the formula of simple

past are :

(+) S + V2
(-) S + did+ not + V2
(?) Did + S + V2 ?

(+) I visited my grandparents last summer.

(-) I didn’t visited my grandparents last

summer.
 52

(?) Did you visited my grandparents last

summer.

EXERCISE :

Fill in the blanks with the correct form of the

verbs in the simple past:

1. She __________ (visit) New York last year.

2. We __________ (not/eat) at that restaurant
before.
3. He __________ (finish) the project on time.
4. They __________ (go) to the beach on Saturday.
5. I __________ (read) a fascinating book last
night.
6. Did you __________ (see) the new movie?
7. The sun __________ (shine) all day yesterday.
8. We __________ (not/have) class on Monday.
9. She __________ (buy) a new car last month.
10. Did you __________ (hear) the news about the
event?

UNIT 17
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Past Continuous (I was doing)

The past continuous tense is a verb tense

used to describe actions that were ongoing
or in progress at a specific point in the past.
It is formed by combining the past tense of
the verb "to be" (was/were) with the
present participle (verb + ing).

Actions in progress at a specific time in the

past.
I Example :
was cooking dinner at 7 PM.
They were still working when I left the
office.
Interrupted actions.
Example :
She was studying when the power went out.
We were playing a game when the rain
started.
Parallel actions.
Example :
While she was reading, he was watching TV.
 54

They were talking, laughing, and enjoying

the party.
Describing a scene or background action:
Example :
The children were playing in the yard as the
sun was setting.
While I was driving, I saw a beautiful
rainbow.

We can conclude that the formula of past

continuous are :

(+) S + was/were + V2
(-) S + was/were + not + V2
(?) was/were + S + V2 ?

Examples:

(+) I was studying when the phone rang.

(-) I wasn’t studying when the phone rang

(?) Was you studying when the phone rang?

 55

EXERCISE :

Fill in the blanks with the correct form of the

verbs in the past continuous!

1. While I __________ (read) a book, my brother

__________ (play) video games.
2. When the phone __________ (ring), she
__________ (cook) dinner.
3. They __________ (not/listen) to the music
while the teacher __________ (give) the lecture.
4. While we __________ (have) a picnic, it
__________ (start) to rain.
5. What __________ (you/do) when the
earthquake __________ (occur)?
6. While the children __________ (play) in the
garden, their parents __________ (work) in the
yard.
7. She __________ (watch) TV when her friends
__________ (arrive).
8. While I __________ (study) for the exam, the
neighbors __________ (throw) a party.
9. He __________ (not/sleep) when the loud
noise __________ (wake) him up.
 56

10. While they __________ (wait) for the bus, it

__________ (rain) heavily.

UNIT 18

Past Perfect (I had done)

The past perfect tense is a verb tense used to

describe an action that was completed
before another past action or a specific point
in the past. It is formed by combining the
past tense of the verb "to have" (had) with
the past participle of the main verb.

Actions completed before a specific time in

the past.
Example :
- By the time I got there, they had already left.
- She had finished her homework before
going to bed.
Sequential actions in the past.
Example :
- After he had eaten lunch, he went for a walk.
 57

- She had studied all day, so she felt prepared

for the exam.
Expressing regrets or hypothetical
situations.
Example :
- If I had known, I would have come earlier.
- I wish I had taken that job offer.
Signal Words:
Before
After
By the time
Until
Had already

We can conclude that the formula of past

perfect are :

(+) S + had + V3
(-) S + had + not + V3
(?) Had + S + V3 ?
Examples:

(+) I had already finished my work when she

arrived.
 58

(-) I hadn’t already finished my work when

she arrived.

(?) Had you already finished my work when

she arrived.

EXERCISE :

Fill in the blanks with the correct form of the

verbs in the past perfect!

1. By the time we arrived, they __________

(already/leave).
2. She realized that she __________ (forget) her
keys at home.
3. Before the concert started, they __________
(practice) for hours.
4. When I met her, she __________ (not/visit) that
city before.
5. By the time he got home, his family __________
(finish) dinner.
6. They __________ (not/hear) the news until
yesterday.
7. After the movie ended, he told me he
__________ (see) it before.
 59

8. I was surprised because I __________

(never/see) that before.
9. The team was confident because they
__________ (win) the previous matches.
10. When she finally arrived, the meeting
__________ (already/start).

UNIT 19

Simple Future (I will do)

The simple future tense is a verb tense used

to describe actions or events that will
happen in the future. It is often used to make
predictions, express plans or intentions, and
talk about scheduled events.

Predictions.
Example :
- It will rain later this afternoon.
- She thinks they will win the competition.
Spontaneous decisions
Example :
 60

- Oh no, I forgot my umbrella. I will borrow

yours.
- The phone is ringing. I will answer it.
Promises or offers.
Example :
- I will help you with your homework.
- He will buy you a gift for your birthday.
Scheduled events.
Example :
- The concert will start at 7 PM.
- They will arrive at the airport by noon.
Signal Words:
- Tomorrow
- Next week/month/year
- In the future
- Soon
- Will

Formula :

(+) S + will + V1
(-) S + will + not + V1
(?) Will + S + V1 ?
 61

Example :
(+) I will call you later.

(-) I will not call you later.

(?) Will you call me later?

EXERCISE :

Fill in the blanks with the correct form of the

verbs in the simple future!

1. We __________ (go) to the beach next

weekend.
2. She __________ (start) her new job on Monday.
3. By this time next year, I __________ (graduate)
from university.
4. They __________ (not/eat) at that restaurant
again.
5. Will you __________ (come) to the party
tomorrow?
6. I __________ (visit) my grandparents during
the summer vacation.
7. He __________ (buy) a new car next month.
8. We __________ (travel) to Europe in the spring.
 62

9. The concert __________ (begin) at 8 PM.

10. I __________ (not/forget) to bring the
documents tomorrow.

UNIT 20

Future Continuous (I will be doing)

The future continuous tense is a verb tense

used to describe ongoing or continuous
actions that will happen at a specific time in
the future. It is formed by combining the
future tense of the verb "to be" (will be) with
the present participle (verb + ing).

Actions in progress at a specific time in the

future.
Example :
- This time next week, I will be relaxing on the
beach.
- They will be celebrating their anniversary at
the restaurant.
Predictions about ongoing actions.
 63

Example :
- At midnight, we will be welcoming the New
Year.
- He will be watching a movie when you call.
Polite inquiries about future plans.
Example :
- Will you be attending the meeting
tomorrow?
- Will he be joining us for dinner?
Signal Words:
- At this time tomorrow/next week/etc.
- In the future
- Soon
- Tomorrow
- Next week/month/year.

Formula :

(+) S + will + be + Ving

(-) S + will + not + be + Ving
(?) Will + S + be + Ving ?

Example :
 64

(+) I will be working on the project during

the afternoon.

(-) I won’t be working on the project during

the afternoon.

(?) Will you be working on the project

during the afternoon.

EXERCISE :

Fill in the blanks with the correct form of the

verbs in the future continuous!

1. At this time tomorrow, I __________ (study) for

my final exams.
2. They __________ (not/work) on the project
during the weekend.
3. Will you __________ (be/attend) the
conference next month?
4. This time next week, we __________ (travel) to
a tropical island.
5. He __________ (not/be) watching TV when we
visit.
 65

6. At midnight, she __________ (dance) at the

New Year's Eve party.
7. I __________ (be/take) a shower when you
arrive.
8. What __________ (you/be/do) at 3 PM
tomorrow?
9. They __________ (be/preparing) dinner when
we get there.
10. Will he __________ (be/working) late at the
office?

UNIT 21

Future Perfect (I will have done)

The future perfect tense is a verb tense used

to describe an action that will be completed
before a specific point in the future. It is
formed by combining the future tense of the
verb "to have" (will have) with the past
participle of the main verb.
 66

Completed actions before a specific time in

the future.
Example :
- By the time the train departs, we will have
boarded.
- I will have graduated by the time you return.
Predictions about completed actions:\.
Example :
- By next summer, he will have visited all the
major cities in Europe.
- By the end of the month, they will have
renovated the entire house.
Expressing regrets or hypothetical
situations.
Example :
- If I had known, I would have finished my
work earlier.
- I wish I had studied more; then, I would
have passed the exam.
Signal Words: By the time, Before, When, By
next week/month/year, Will have.

Formula :
 67

(+) S + will + have+ V3

(-) S + will + have + V3
(?) Will + S + have + V3?

Example :

(+) She will have completed her project

before the deadline.

(-) She will not have completed her project

before the deadline.

(?) Will she have completed her project

before the deadline.

EXERCISE :

Fill in the blanks with the correct form of the

verbs in the future perfect!

1. By next year, she __________ (complete) her

Ph.D.
2. I __________ (not/eat) anything all day by the
time you arrive.
 68

3. Will you have __________ (finish) the report by

tomorrow?
4. By the end of the week, they __________
(build) a new house.
5. He __________ (not/visit) that country before
the end of the year.
6. By the time the concert starts, the orchestra
__________ (rehearse) for hours.
7. We __________ (not/see) each other for a
decade by our reunion.
8. Will they have __________ (move) to the new
office by next month?
9. By the time he turns 30, he __________ (travel)
to every continent.
10. She __________ (not/write) her novel by the
end of the month.