WAJA F5 Chemistry 2010 Chapter 5 .

Chemicals For Consumers

1

CHAPTER 5: CHEMICALS FOR CONSUMERS

A : SOAP AND DETERGENT

Learning Outcome:
You should be able to:
O state what soap is
O state what detergent is
O describe soap preparation process
O describe the cleansing action of soap
O describe the cleansing action of detergent
O compare and contrast the effectiveness of the cleansing action of soap and detergent.
O identify the additives in detergent and their respective functions.

Activity 1
Complete the sentences using the following words:

Surface tension, saponification, calcium, sodium, magnesium,potassium,
sodium palmitate, sodium hydroxide, fat/oil ,potassium stearate, RCOONa
+


Soap are...... or ........ salts of long-chain fatty acids

2 General formula of a soap is....... or .......

3 Examples of soap are ......... and .......

4 Soap cannot be used in hard water which contains the salt of....... and

.......

5 The process of the production soap is known as ..........

6 The two materials used to prepare soap are ....... and .......

7 When soap dissolved in water, it reduces the ......... of water


Activity 2 : Preparation of soap


















A 50 cm
3
of distilled water and two spatulas of table salts (sodium chloride) are
added
B 25 cm
3
of concentrated sodium hydroxide solution is added in the same beaker
C The mixture is boiled and stirred for a few minutes
D The mixture is boiled slowly while being stirred with a glass rod for 5 minutes
E The observations are recorded in the table provided
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Rearrange the methods for preparation of soap in the correct sequence Then write your
answers in the spaces provided


(i) 5 cm
3
of palm oil is poured into a beaker

(ii) ..................................

(iii) .................................

(iv) ..................................

(v) ...................................

(vi) ...................................

(vii) ...................................

2 Name another substance that can be used to replace sodium hydroxide,NaOH solution in the
preparation of soap

...................................

3 Why was sodium choride, NaCl used in this activity?

...................................

4 Write a word equation for the reaction between palm oil and sodium hydroxide

..................................

5 Name two other substances that can be used to replace the palm oil in this activity

..................................



F The mixture in the beaker is left to cool down and the resulting white solid is
filtered
G The following tests are carried out on the white solid:
a) Touched using a finger
b) Some of the white solid is shaken together with water in a test tube
c) Tested with a red litmus paper
H 5 cm3 of palm oil is poured into a beaker
The white solid that is produced is washed with a little water and dried with the
filter paper
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Activity 3
Match the questions with the correct answers

State an example of
detergent
White precipitate
2 What is hard water? Biological enzyme
3 Name the additive that
removes organic stain
Sodium perborate
4 What is the advantage of using
detergent as a cleaning agent?
Sodium alkylbenzene
sulphonate
5 Name the three materials used
to prepare detergent
Alkylbenzene,sulphuric
acid and sodium hydroxide
6

State the observations when a
little soap is added to hard
water
Calcium of magnesium
salts of detergent are
soluble
7 An additive that prevents the
fading of color
Works effectively in hard
water
8 An additive that reduces the
formation of foam
Alkyl monoethanolamide
9 Explain why detergent can be
used in hard water
Water that contains
calcium ion or magnesium
ions

Activity 4: CIeansing Action of Soap and Detergent

Complete the sentences by using the words in the box below














Soap /detergent reduces the ......

of water Hence water can wet the cloth
thoroughly

The ........ part of the

soap/detergent anion dissolves in grease

The ...... part of the

soap/detergent is attracted to the

water molecules
hydrophobic , emulsion, hydrophilic,

surface tension, scrubbing small droplets ,
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Activity 5
Complete tables with the correct answers
(Refer to page 82 86 from your text book)

DIFFERENCES BETWEEN SOAP AND DETERGENT
SOAP DETERGENT
DEFNTON .... or potassium salts of long-
chain fatty acids

Sodium salt of... acid
EXAMPLES Sodium laurate
,CH
3
(CH
2
)
0
COONa,

.... palmitate,
CH
3
(CH
2
)
4
COONa+

......,CH
3
(CH
2
)
6
COOK
+
Potassium oleate,
CH
3
(CH
2
)
7
CH=CH(CH
2
)
7
COO
K
+


Sodium alkyl sulphate


Sodium alkyl benzene
sulphonate


PREPARATON
NAME OF
METHOD

MATERALS


CHEMCAL
EQUATON

Saponification


Palm oil, ........


Chemical Equation :
(RCO)
3
(C
3
H
5
O
3
) (s) + 3NaOH)
(aq)
3RCOONA (aq) +
C3H
5
(OH)
3
(aq)

Sulphonation
......

Concentrated sulphuric acid
, long chain alcohol, sodium
hydroxide

Chemical Equation :
CH
3
(CH
2
)
0
CH
2
-O-SO
3
H +
NaOH
CH
3
(CH
2
)
0
CH
2
-0-S-
O
3
Na
+
+ H
2
O


The ....... action helps to

lift off the grease from the cloth
The grease is broken into ...... during
scrubbing These droplets remain suspended
and separated as an

...... due to the repulsion between
the negative charges on the
surface
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SOURCES OF RAW
MATERAL

From..... resources

Animal fats examples cows
and goats, vegetable oils
palm oil, olive oil and coconut
oil

Synthetic resources such as
petroleum


EFFECTVENESS

Soaps are effective cleaners in soft
water

Effective cleaners in both soft and

..... water

FORMATON OF
SCUM N HARD
WATER

Hard water contains calcium
or magnesium ions
These ions react with soap to
form an insoluble precipitate
known as
.........

Detergents do not form
scum with hard water
They form soluble
substances
with calcium or
........ ions

EFFECT TO
ENVRONMENT

Soaps are ....... and do
not cause any pollution

Detergents are ......
Detergents give thick foam that kill
aquatic lives

ACTIVITY 6 : Additives in Detergent And Their Functions
Complete the table below with the correct answer


Type of additive

Example

Function

Biological enzyme

Amylase, protease, cellulases and
lipase




Sodium perborate

To convert stains into colorless
substances

Optical whitener

Fluorescent dyes




Builder


To enhance the cleaning efficiency of
detergent by softening the water



Carboxymethylcellulose (CMC)

To prevent the dirt particles removed
from redepositing onto cleaned fabrics

Filler

Sodium sulphate, sodium silicate


Foam control agent

-

To add fragrance to both the detergent
and fabrics


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Activity 7 : CIeansing Action Of Soap And Detergent
(Refer to page 84 and 85 from your text book to answer the following questions)

The statement below is about soap and detergent

The cleaning action of a detergent is more effective than
soap in hard water

You have two socks stained with oil Describe briefly the experimental procedure, observations
and conclusions to prove the above statement, by using substances such as soap, detergent
and hard water


Procedure of the experiment:

.................................

.................................

.................................

.................................

.................................
Observations:

.................................

.................................
Conclusions:

.................................

.................................

2 The following equation shows a reaction in the preparation of soap in a laboratory
Palm oil + Concentrated sodium hydroxide sodium palmitate(soap) + glycerol

a) What is the name of this reaction?

..............................

b) What is the homologous series of palm oil?

.............................

c) Complete the anion part of the soap particle in the space provided

2
C

2
C

boil
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3 A pupil wants to prepare potassium palmitate soap

What alkali should he use?

....................................

4 Figure 2 shows part of the washing action of detergent particle on grease stained cloth



i) State the part of a detergent particle that is soluble in grease

................................

ii) Based on figure 2 explain the washing action of detergent particles on greasy stains

................................

.................................

.................................

B .FOOD ADDITIVES

Learning Outcomes:
You should be able to
O $tate the types if food additives and their examples.
O $tate the functions of each type of food additives.
O ustify the use of food additives.
O escribe the effects of food additives on health and the environment.


ACTIVITY 8
A food additive is a natural or synthetic substance which is added to food to_________________

or ____________________its appearance, ________________ or ____________________

2 Complete the chart












'ypes of additives
:
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3 Complete the following table

Type of food
additive
State the function Give two examples
To slow down the growth of
microorganisms so that food can be kept
for longer periods of time
Salt, vinegar, benzoic acid
To prevent oxidation that causes rancid
fats and brown fruits
Vitamins C and E
To improve the taste of food and restore
taste loss due to processing

To prevent emulsion from separating out
To thicken food
To add or restore the color in food to
enhance
ts visual appeal


4 What are the advantages and disadvantages of using food additives?

ADVANTAGES DSADVANTAGES







5 Figure 56 shows a part of the label of a tin of baked beans

a) State the food additives present in the food












b) To which type of food additives does each of the ingredients mentioned in (a) belong

Food additives present in baked beans in
tomato sauce
Type of food additives










Baked beans in tomato sauce
ngredients:
Beans, sugar, tomato puree, salt
and spice, permitted modified
starch
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6 Sugar is used as food preservative as well as for sweetening Patients with medical
conditions such as diabetes mellitus or obesity must be wary of their intake of sugar

a) i) Name one artificial sweetener that can replace sugar

.................................

ii) Name one natural sweetener that can replace sugar

.................................

b) Artificial food colorings are used in some processed foods Suggest two reasons for using
food coloring

...................................

...................................

C: MEDICINE

Learning Outcome
You should be able to:
O $tate examples of traditional medicines
O $tate the types of modern medicines and their examples.
O $tate the functions of each type of modern medicines
O escribe the possible side effects of using modern and traditional medicines
O escribe the correct usage of modern and traditional medicines.


ACTIVITY 9
Traditional medicines

Complete the table below using the words in the box




Plant Uses/function
For preventing flu attack or asthma attack
For reducing high blood pressure
For treating stomach pain due to wind in stomach
For supplying heat energy to keep the body warm
For treating itchy skin
For treating burns on the skin
For treating boils or abscesses on the skin
For preventing flu attack
For treating skin diseases
For treating malaria
For preventing muscle cramps
As tonic to improve the overall health of human beings
For increasing energy, endurance and reducing fatigue
Has antibacterial and antifungal properties
For treating coughs

Lemon grass, lemon, garlic, aloe vera , ginseng , tongkat ali, ginger , quinine,
entella asiatica(pegaga), misai kucing, hempedu bumi,selasih,
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As a tonic for after birth and general health
To increase male libido
To treat gout, diabetes and rheumatism
To treat diarrhoe,fever and diabetes
To treat coughs colds and bronchitis

To treat depression and for longevity

Activity 10 : Modern Medicines

Complete the table below for classification of modern medicines and its function
(Please refer to page 98 20 from your text book)

Type of modern drugs Examples Uses


a) Analgesic
O Aspirin
O Paracetamol
O Codeine
To relieve pain

.............

To treat headache and cough


b) ........
O Penicillin

O Streptomycin
To cure bacterial diseases such as
tuberculosis (TB) and pneumonia

.............



Psychotherapeutic
drugs
O Stimulants : examples
amphetamine,
dextroamphetamine
methylphenidate
O Antidepressant :examples
tranquilizers,

O barbiturates

O Antipsychotic

To reduce fatigue and elevate mood




To calm down a person and reduce
tension and anxiety

............

............

Activity 11 : Modern Medicines and Its Side Effects
State one side effect for the following drugs
Type of modern drug Side effect
Aspirin

Paracetamol

Codeine

Penicillin

Streptomycin

Amphetamine

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Activity 12

Answer the following questions

Codeine, insulin, streptomycin and tranquilizer are examples of modern medicine Which of
the examples is used to
a) Treat diabetes mellitus?

...............................
b) Treat pneumonia

...............................
c) Calm down the patient

...............................
d) Relieve headache

...............................

2 Antibiotic is a group of medicine used to kill and prevent the growth of bacteria

a) Name a disease that can be treated by antibiotic

...............................

b) State two examples of antibiotic

...............................

c) Describe a good practice of taking antibiotic

...............................

d) Explain your answer in ( c )

...............................

3 Aspirin is an example of analgesic

a) What is an analgesic?

................................
b) Normally aspirin is not prescribed to two groups of patient Name the groups

................................
c) Explain your answer in (b)

................................

d) Give another example of analgesic

................................


4 What is the use of insulin?

...............................

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5 State two differences between traditional medicines and modern medicines

................................

................................


6 Penicillin and streptomycin are the examples of antibiotics

a) What is the function of an antibiotic?

................................

b) Why are penicillin and streptomycin given by injection and not taken orally?

................................

Activity 13
Psychotherapeutic medicines can be classified into stimulant, antidepressant and
antipsychotic For each group in the classification,

a) State its function
b) Give one example
c) Give one side effect

Psychotherapeutic
medicines
Function Example Side effect
Stimulant





Antidepressant








antipsychotic






2 Suggest one proper way to manage each of the following chemicals

Chemicals Proper management
Detergent


Food additives


Medicines






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3 Figure 3 shows a part of the label of a tin of sardines


Taiping sardines
ngredients: Fish, tomato sauce, salt, xanthan gum
Figure 3
List all the food additives used in the sardines

....................................

....................................

....................................

4 To which type of food additives does each of the ingredients mentioned in (a) belong?

....................................

....................................


Activity 14

a) Diagram shows a ginger plant Ginger can be used as a traditional medicine



i) Which of the parts P, Q, R or S is used as the main source of medicine?
Mark ( ) for your answer in the box provided in Diagram
ii) What illness can be cured by using ginger?

.................................



iii) How is ginger used to treat the illness in (a) (ii)?

.................................








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b) Table shows the functions of three types of medicine


Functions

Type of medicine

Prevents pain

Kills or prevents the reproduction of
bacteria

Changes the emotions and behavior
of the patient

X: ............


Y.............


Z: ............
Table

i) Complete Table to show which medicines have the functions given in the table



ii) What is the side effect of medicine of type X if it is used by a child of less than 2 years?

....................................

iii) A patient treated by medicine of type Y must complete all the supply given by the doctor
in order to make sure all the bacteria are killed

What will happen if not all the bacteria is killed?

......................................

iv) Tranquilizer is an example of medicine of type Z Give one change that might happen to a
patient's emotions when treated using this medicine

......................................
























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Answer

A: SOAP AND DETERGENT
Activity 1

Sodium, potassium
2 RCOO-Na
+
or RCOO-K
+

3 Sodium palmitate, potassium palmitate,potassium stearate,
4 calcium and magnesium
5 saponification
6 sodium hydroxide l
7 surface tension

Activity 2

Procedure: Arrangement in correct sequence: HBCADFGE
2 Potassium hydroxide
3 To reduce the solubility of soap
4 Palm oil + sodium hydroxide soap + glycerol
5 corn oil/coconut oil/ olive oil

Activity 3

Match the questions with the correct answers

State an example of
detergent
scum
2 What is hard water? Biological enzyme
3 Name the additive that
removes organic stain
Optical whitener
4 What is the advantage of
using detergent as a
cleaning agent?
Sodium alkylbenzene
sulphonate
5 Name the three materials
used to prepare detergent
Alkylbenzene,sulphuric
acid and sodium
hydroxide
6

State the observations when
a little soap is dissolved in
hard water
Calcium of magnesium
salts of detergent are
soluble
7 An additive that prevents the
fading of color
Works effectively in hard
water
8 An additive that reduces the
formation of foam
Foam control agent
9 Explain why detergent can
be used in hard water
Water that contains
calcium ion or magnesium
ions

Activity 4
Surface tension
Hydrophobic
Hydrophilic
Scrubbing
Smaller droplets
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Emulsion

Activity 5

Differences between Soap and Detergent

SOAP

DETERGENT
DEFNTON sodium sulphonic
EXAMPLES Sodium potassium
PREPARATON sodium hydroxide and
fat/oil
Sodium alkyl sulphate
SOURCES OF RAW
MATERAL
natural synthetic
EFFECTVENESS

hard
FORMATON OF SCUM N
HARD WATER

scum

magnesium
EFFECT TO ENVRONMENT Biodegradable Non-biodegradable

Activity 6


Type of additive

Example

Function




To remove protein stains such as blood
Whitening agent To convert stains into colorless
substances
To add brightness and whiteness to white
fabrics
Sodium tripolyphosphate To enhance the cleaning efficiency of
detergent by softening the water
Suspension agent
To add to the bulk of the detergent and
enable it to be poured easily
To control foaming in detergent

fragrance

-




Activity 7

Procedure
Two beakers are filled with hard water Soap is added to one of the beaker and
detergent is added to another Dirty cloths are placed into the beakers and
agitated

Observations :

Detergent in hard water Soap in hard water
Cloth is cleaned fast Cloth is cleaned
slowly
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2 No formation of scum 2Scums forms
3 The water turns dirty

3 Water is less dirty

Conclusion :
Detergent cleans stains more effectively compared to soap


2 a) saponification
b) ester
c) COO
-

3 Concentrated potassium hydroxide

4 i) hydrophobic
ii) Hydrophilic 'head' dissolves in water
Hydrophobic 'tail' dissolves in grease
Detergent ions reduce the surface tension of water

Activity 8

prevent spoilage, to improve , taste , texture

2 Types of food additives: Preservative, Antioxidant, Flavoring, Stabilizer, thickener, Dye

3


Types of food
additives

Functions

Examples
Preservatives
Antioxidants
Flavorings Sugar, salt, vinegar, MSG, aspartame
Stabilizers Lecithin, mono and di-glycerides
Thickeners Acacia gum,pectin,gelatin xantha gum
Dyes Tartrazine,brilliant blueFCF,azo dyes



4
ADVANTAGES DSADVANTAGES
Make food stay fresh longer,
look nicer and taste better
2 Make seasonal crops and fruits
available throughout the year

Some food additives are associated with
diseases like cancer, asthma, allergies
and hyperactivity
2 t makes food less nutrititous

5a) sugar, salt, spice, permitted modified starch
b)
Food additives present Type of food additives
sugar Preservative/flavoring
salt Preservative/flavoring
vinegar flavoring
starch modified thickener

6a) i) aspartame ii) honey
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b) i) To add or restore the color in food
ii) to enhance its visual appeal and to match consumer expectation


ACTIVITY 9
Traditional medicines

Complete the table below using the words in the box




Plant Uses/function

garlic
For preventing flu attack or asthma attack
For reducing high blood pressure

ginger
For treating stomach pain due to wing in stomach
For supplying heat energy to keep the body warm
Aloe vera For treating itchy skin
For treating burns on the skin

lemon
For treating boils or abscesses on the skin
For preventing flu attack
For treating skin diseases
quinine For treating malaria
For preventing muscle cramps
ginseng As tonic to improve the overall health of human beings
For increasing energy, endurance and reducing fatigue
Lemon
grass
Has antibacterial and antifungal properties
For treating coughs

Tongkat ali
As a tonic for after birth and general health
To increase male libido

Misai kucing
To treat gout, diabetes and rheumatism
Hempedu
bumi
To treat diarrhoe,fever and diabetes
selasih To treat coughs colds and bronchitis

Activity 10

a ) To relieve mild to moderate pain such as headache,muscle and joint
paint,backache and period pains
b) antibiotic
To treat tuberculosis,whooping cough and some forms of pneumonia
c) Sedate,calm or relax or induce sleep
To treat pschyhiatraic illness such as schizophrenia

Activity 11

Refer to F5 text book page 200 -20

Lemon grass, lemon, garlic, aloe vera , ginseng , tongkat ali, ginger , quinine,
pegaga, misai kucing, hempedu bumi,selasih,
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Activity 12
a insulin
b streptomycin , penicillin
c tranquilizer
d codeine

2 a gonorrhea
b streptomycin, penicillin
c all the antibiotic prescribed by the doctor must be consumed
d to ensure all the bacteria are killed

3 a to relieve pain without causing numbness or affecting conciousness
b gastric patient and children
c to cause brain and liver damage if given to children with flu or chicken pox
d paracetomol
4 A type of hormone used to cure diabetes mellitus
5
Traditional medicine Modern medicine
Usually not processed Processed in laboratory
Derived from plant and animal Synthesized based on substances found in nature

6 a To kill or inhibit the growth of bacteria
b this is because these antibiotic are broken down by the acid in the stomach




Activity 13

Medicine function example Side effects
Stimulant To reduce fatigue metithylphenidate Physical and psychological
dependence
Antidepressant To reduce tension
and anxiety
barbiturate addiction
Antipsychotic To treat psychiatric
illness
chlorpromazine dizziness

2
chemicals Proper management
detergent Use biodegradable detergent
Food additive Avoid consuming to much salt and sugar
medicines No self medication

3 Tomato sauce, salt,xanthan gum
4 falvoring agent:: tomato sauce and salt
Thickener : xanthum gum


Activity 14

a(i) R
a(ii) Stomach pain due to wind in the stomach

a(iii) Extract the juice from the rhizome and drink

b(i) X : Analgesics
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Y : Antibiotics
Z : Psychotherapeutic medicine

(ii) Can cause bleeding in the stomach

(iii) The bacteria will attack the patient with the same disease again
iv) Calm down the patient's emotion