APA Reference Format

REFERENCE FORMAT
Author(s). (Date of Publication). Title of book. Place: Publisher.
Author(s). (Date of Publication). Title of chapter or article. Title of book .

Place: Publisher.
1. Entire book (one author)

Brown, J. D. (1998). Understanding research in second language learning .
Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
2. Book, third edition. Jr. in n ame

Mitchelle, T. R., & Larson, J. R., Jr. (1987). People in organizations: An introduction
to organizational behavior (3rd ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill.
3. Book, group author (government agency) as publisher

Australian Bureau of Statistics. (1991). Estimated resident population by age and sex,
in statistical local areas, New South Wales, June 1990 (No. 3209.1). Canberra,
Australian Capital Territory: Author.
4. Book, no author or editor

Merriam-Webster’s collegiate dictionary (10th ed.). (1993). Springfield, MA:
Merriam-Webster.
5. Edited book
Gibbs, J. T., & Huang, L. N. (Eds.). (1991). Children of color: Psychological
interventions with minority youth . San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.
6. Book, revised edition

Rosenthal, R. (1987). Meta -analytic procedures for social research (Rev. ed.).
Newbury Park, CA: Sage.
16
7. Article or chapter in an edited book, two editors
Bjork, R.A. (1989). Retrieval inhibition as an adaptive mechanism in human memory.
In H.L. Roediger III & F.I.M. Craik (Eds.), Varieties of memory &
consciousness (pp.309-330). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
8. Several volumes in a multivolume edited work, publication over a period

of more than 1 year
Koch, S. (Ed.). (1959-1963). Psycholog y: A study of science (Vols. 1-6). New York:
McGraw-Hill.
9. English translation of a book

Laplace, P. S. (1951). A philosophical essay on probabilities (F. W. Truscott & F. L.
Emory, Trans.). New York: Dover. (Original work published 1814)
10. Encyclopedia or dictionary

Sadie, S. (Ed.). (1980). The new Grove dictionary of music and musicians (6th ed.,
Vols. 1-20). London: Macmillan.
11. Non-English book

Piaget, J., & Inhelder, B. (1951). La genèse de l’ idée de hasard chez l’enfant [The
origin of the idea of chance in the child]. Paris: Presses Universitaires de France.
12. Entry in an encyclopedia

Bergmann, P. G. (1993). Relativity. In The new encyclopedia Britannica (Vol. 26, pp.
501-508). Chicago: Encyclopaedia Britannica.
13. Book, Brochure, corporate author

Research and Training C enter on Independent Living. (1993). Guidelines for
reporting and writing about people with disabilities (4th ed.) [Brochure].
Lawrence, KS: Author.
14. Journal article, one author

Mellers, B. A. (2000). Choice and the relative pleasure of consequences.
Psychological Bulletin, 126, 910-924.
17
15. Journal article, two authors, journal paginated by issue
Klimoski, R., & Palmer, S. (1993). The ADA and the hiring process in organizations.
Consulting Psychology Journal: Practice and Research, 45 (2), 10-36.
16. Journal article, three to six authors

Saywitz, K. J., Mannarino, A. P., Berliner, L., & Cohen, J. A. (2000). Treatment for
sexually abused children and adolescents. American Psychologist, 55, 1040-1049.
17. Journal article, more than six authors

Wolchik, S. A., West, S. G., Sandler, I.N., Tein, J., Coatsworth, D., Lengua, L., et al.
(2000). An experimental evaluation of theory-based mother and mother-child
programs for children of divorce. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology,
68, 843-856.
18. Entire issue or special section of a journal

Barlow, D. H. (Ed.). (1991). Diagnoses, dimensions, and DSM-IV: The science of
classification [Special issue]. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 100 (3).
19. Journal article in press

Zuckerman, M., & Kieffer, S. C. (in press). Race differences in face-ism: Does facial
prominence imply dominance? Journal of Personality and Social Psychology.
20. Magazine article

Kandel, E.R., & Squire, L. R. (2000, November 10). Neuroscience: Breaking down
scientific barriers to the study of brain and mind. Science, 290, 1113-1120.
21. Newsletter article

Brown, L. S. (1993, Spring). Antidomination training as a central component of
diversity in clinical psychology education. The Clinical Psychologist, 46, 83-87.
22. Daily newspaper article, no author

New drug appears to sharply cut risk of death from heart failure. (1993, July 15). The
Washington Post, p. A12.
18
23. Daily newspaper article (discontinuous pages)
Schwartz, J. (1993, September 30). Obesity affects economic, social status. The
Washington Post, pp. A1, A4.
24. Technical and Research Reports

Mazzeo, J., Druesne, B., Raffeld, P.C., Checkettes, K. T., & Muhlstein, A. (1991).
Comparability of computer and paper-and -pencil scores for two CLEP general
examinations (College Board Rep. No. 91-5). Princeton, NJ: Educational Testing
Service.
25. Report from a private organization

Employee Benefit Research Institute. (1992, February). Sources of health insurance
and characteristics of the uninsured (Issue Brief No. 123). Washington, DC:
Author.
26. Report available from the Educational Resources Information Center

(ERIC)
Mead, J. V. (1992). Looking at old photographs: Investigating the teacher tales that
novice teachers bring with them (Report No. NCRTL- RR-92-4). East Lansing,
MI: National Center for Research on Teacher Learning. (ERIC Document
Reproduction Service No. ED346082)
27. Unpublished doctoral dissertation

Wilfley, D.E. (1990). Interpersonal analyses of bulimia: Normal weight and obese.
Unpublished doctoral dissertation, University of Missouri, Columbia.
28. Unpublished master’s thesis, university outside the United States

Almeida, D. M. (1990). Fathers’ participation in family work: Consequences for
fathers’ stress and father-child relations. Unpublished master’s thesis, University
of Victoria, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada.
19
29. Unpublished paper presented at meeting
Lanktree, C., & Briere, J. (1991, January). Early data on the Trauma Symptom
Checklist for Children (TSC-C). Pape r presented at the meeting of the American
Professional Society on the Abuse of Children, San Diego, CA.
30. Unpublished manuscript not submitted for publication

Stinson, C., Milbrath, C., Reidbord, S., & Bucci, W. (1992). Thematic segmentation
of psychotherapy transcripts for convergent analyses. Unpublished manuscript.
31. Review of a book

Schatz, B. R. (2000). Learning by text or context? [Review of the book The social life
of information ]. Science, 290, 1304.
32. Review of a motion picture

Kraus, S. J. (1992). Visions of psychology: A videotext of classic studies [Review of
the motion picture Discovering Psychology]. Contemporary Psychology, 37,
1146-1147.
33. Television broadcast

Crystal, L. (Executive Producer). (1993, October 11). The MacNeil / Lehrer news
hour. [Television Broadcast]. New York and Washington, DC: Public
Broadcasting Service.
34. Computer programme, software, or programming language

Bender report [Computer software]. (1993). Melbourne, FL: Psychometric Software.
Elements of references to on-line information

General Form for Electronic References
35. Online periodical

Author, A. A., Author, B. B., & Author, C. C. (2000). Title of article. Title of
Periodical, xx, xxxxxx. Retrieved month day, year, from source.
20
VandenBos, G., Knapp, S., & Doe, J. (2001). Role of reference elements in the
selection of resources by psychology undergraduates. Journal of Bibliographic
Research, 5, 17-123. Retrieved October 13, 2001, from http://
journals.apa.org/prvention/volume3/pre0030001a.html
36. Online document

Author, A. A. (2000). Title of work. Retrieved month day, year, from source
Hermann, W.A. (1989). Teaching Writing with Peer Response Group:

Encouraging Revision ERIC Digest. Retrieved February 10, 2001, from
http://www.ed.gov/databases/ERIC_Digest/ed307616.html
Online Periodicals
37. Article in an Internet-only journal

Fredrickson, B. L. (2000, March 7). Cultivating positive emotions to optimize
health and well-being. Prevention & Treatment, 3, Article 0001a. Retrieved
November 20, 2000, from
http://journals.apa.org/prevention/volume3/pre0030001a.html
38. Article in an Internet-only newsletter

Glueckauf, R. L., Whitton, J., Baxter, J.,Kain, J., Vogelgesang, S., Hudson, M.,et al.
(1998, July). Videocounseling for families of rural teens with epilepsy - Project
update. Telehealth News, 2(2). Retrieved October 7, 2002, from
http://www.telehealth .net/subscribe/newslettr-4a.html#1
 Use the complete publication date given on the article.

 Note that there are no page numbers.
 In an Internet periodical, volume and issue numbers often are not relevant.
If they are not used, the name of the periodical is all that can be provided
in the reference.
 Whenever possible, the URL should link directly to the article.
21
 Break a URL that goes to another line after a slash or before a period. Do
not insert (or allow your word-processing program to insert) a hyphen at
the break.
Nonperiodical documents on the Internet
39. Stand-alone document, no author identified, no date

If the author of a document is not identified, begin the reference with the title of the
document.
GVU's 8th WWW user survey. (n.d.) Retrieved August 8, 2000, from
http://www.cc.gatech.edu/gvu/user-surveys/survey1997-10/
40. Document available on university program or department Web site
Chou, L., McClintock, R., Moretti, F., & Nix, D. H. (1993). Technology and
education: New wine in new bottles: Choosing pasts and imagining
educational futures. Retrieved August 24, 2000, from Columbia University,
Institute for Learning
Technologies Web site: http://www.ilt.columbia.edu/publications/papers/
newwine1.html
 If a document is contained within a large and complex Web site (such as

that for a university or a government agency), identify the host
organization and the relevant program or department before giving the
URL for the document itself. Precede the URL with a colon.
Technical and Research Reports
41. Report from a private organization, available on organization Web site

Canarie, Inc. (1997, September 27). Towards a Canadian health IWAY: Vision,
opportunities and future steps. Retrieved November 8, 2000, from
http://www.canarie.ca/press/publications/pdf/health/healthvision.doc
22
Other Electronic Sources
42. Electronic copy of a journal article, three to five authors, retrieved from
database
Borman, W. C., Hanson, M. A., Oppler, S. H., Pulakos, E. D., & White, L. A. (1993).
Role of early supervisory experience in supervisor performance. Journal of
Applied Psychology, 78, 443-449. Retrieved October 23, 2000, from
PsycARTICLES database.
23

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REFERENCE FORMAT

Author(s). (Date of Publication). Title of book. Place: Publisher.

Author(s). (Date of Publication). Title of chapter or article. Title of book .

1. Entire book (one author)

2. Book, third edition. Jr. in n ame

3. Book, group author (government agency) as publisher

4. Book, no author or editor

6. Book, revised edition

8. Several volumes in a multivolume edited work, publication over a period

9. English translation of a book

10. Encyclopedia or dictionary

11. Non-English book

12. Entry in an encyclopedia

13. Book, Brochure, corporate author

14. Journal article, one author

16. Journal article, three to six authors

17. Journal article, more than six authors

18. Entire issue or special section of a journal

19. Journal article in press

20. Magazine article

21. Newsletter article

22. Daily newspaper article, no author

24. Technical and Research Reports

25. Report from a private organization

26. Report available from the Educational Resources Information Center

27. Unpublished doctoral dissertation

28. Unpublished master’s thesis, university outside the United States

30. Unpublished manuscript not submitted for publication

31. Review of a book

32. Review of a motion picture

33. Television broadcast

34. Computer programme, software, or programming language

Elements of references to on-line information

35. Online periodical

36. Online document

Hermann, W.A. (1989). Teaching Writing with Peer Response Group:

37. Article in an Internet-only journal

38. Article in an Internet-only newsletter

 Use the complete publication date given on the article.

Nonperiodical documents on the Internet

39. Stand-alone document, no author identified, no date

40. Document available on university program or department Web site

 If a document is contained within a large and complex Web site (such as

Technical and Research Reports

41. Report from a private organization, available on organization Web site

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