Certificate and Acknowledgement

Physics ACADEMIC
YEAR
2024-25
PROJECT
XII - Science
Name: Shourya Patel
Board Roll No.

Certificate
This is to certify that Shourya. A. Patel of class 12th Science
of Divine Child International School, Adalaj has completed
his project file during the academic year 2024-25, under my
supervision. He has taken proper care and shown utmost
sincerity in completion of this project.
I certify that this project is up to my expectations and as per

guidelines issued by the CBSE.
Internal Examiner External Examiner

Mr. Mohit Nain
Mr. Pratap Bisht
_______________ _______________
Principal
Mr. Shaji V. Mathew
_______________
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I would like to convey my heartfelt thanks to my Chemistry
Teachers Mr. Mohit Nain and Mr. Pratap Bisht who always
gave valuable suggestions and guidance during the
compilation of this project.
He has been a great source of inspiration during the
completion of my project work. He helped me to understand
and remember important details of the project that I would
have otherwise lost. My project has been a success only
because of her guidance.
I would also like to thank our Principal, Mr. Shaji V.
Mathew Sir for providing us with the opportunity to explore
and learn perfectly well.
Name: Pratham D. Kapadia

Roll No. Allotted by CBSE:
INTRODUCTION
INTERNAL RESISTANCE (r) : It is the resistance offered by the electrolyte of a cell

to the flow of current through it
E – V = Ir
POTENTIOMETER AND IT’S PRINCIPLE:

Potentiometer is an instrument for measuring the potential or voltage
across a portion of a circuit. Before the introduction of moving coil and
digital voltmeters, voltage was measured using potentiometer. This method
was described by Johann Christian Poggendorff around 1841 and has
since then become a standard laboratory technique.
If a steady current is passed using a battery of emf, E through a wire of

uniform area of cross-section, the potential difference across the length of
wire is directly proportional to its length, i.e.,
V∝I
V/l = k (constant)
Where k is the potential drop per unit length of the wire or the potential
gradient. S.I. unit of potential gradient is Vm-1
Internal resistance of a given primary cell, r = R (l1 – l2) / l2
Where,
R = Resistance connected in parallel to the cell in the circuit
L1 = Balancing length for the cell of emf, E in the open circuit
L2 = Balancing length for the cell of emf, E when resistance R is connected
in parallel to a cell.
The internal resistance of a cell depends on:

i. Distance between the electrodes,
ii. Common area of the electrodes immersed in the electrolytes, and
iii. Concentration of the electrolytes.
SYSTEMATIC STEPS TO PERFORM THE EXPERIMENT:
1. Prepare voltaic cell with an electrolyte of given concentration
2. Arrange the apparatus to determine the internal resistance of a primary
cell as shown in Fig.
3. Determine the internal resistance of voltaic cell

i. SEPERATION BETWEEN THE PLATES
Determine the internal resistance of the cell for different
separations between the plates with the same electrolyte. During
the observations keep the same area of the plates immersed in the
electrolyte. Record the observations in the table (A).
ii. EFFECTS ON INTERNAL RESISTANCE OF THE CELL
WHEN AREA OF PLATES IMMERESED IN THE
ELECTROLYTE IS CHANGED
Determine the internal resistance of the cell by equally changing
the depth of both the plates in the electrolyte. Record the
observations in table (B).
iii. EFFECT OF CONCENTRATION OF THE ELECTROLYTE
ON THE INTERNAL RESISTANCE OF THE CELL
Determine the internal resistance of the cell by filling it with
electrolyte of given concentration and maintaining a constant
distance between the two plates for the same area immersed in the
electrolyte. Repeat the experiment with electrolytes of varying
concentration and record the observation in table (C).
OBSERVATION
(A) Table of internal resistance
S.NO Ammeter With R(I2) Without R Shunt r=

reading (A) Resistance ( (l1-
R(Ὠ) l2)/l1)R
1 0.3 660.5 35.5 1 0.94
2 0.3 660.5 77.2 2 1.77
3 0.3 660.5 108.3 3 2.51
(B) Table for the effect on internal resistance of separation

between electrodes
S.NO Separation Balancing Balancing r= r/d

between length (cm) Length (cm) ( (l1-
electrodes-d (l1) (l2) l2)/l1)R
(cm)
1 1.2 326.6 276.9 0.456 0.38
2 2.5 320.7 219.1 0.95 0.38
3 3.7 660.5 350.9 1.406 0.38
(C) Table for the effect of temperature of electrolyte on the

internal resistance
S.NO Temperature L1 L2 Resistance r= Tr

(T) 0C R(Ὠ) ( (l1l2)/ (Ὠk)
l1)R
1 40 325 12 1 0.96 301.44
2 32 552 23.6 1 0.95 291.96
3 27 660.5 35.5 1 0.94 283.87
RESULT
Internal resistance of the cell
I. Increases with increase in distance between the electrodes
II. Increases with decreases in common area of plates immersed in the
electrolyte
III. Decreases with increase in concentration of the electrolyte
PRECAUTIONS
I. Making all connections neat, clean and tight.

II. Electromotive force of battery, E should be greater than emf of cell, E1
III. Do not pass current for a long time so as to avoid heating of wire
SOURCE OF ERROR
I. Potentiometer wire may be of non- uniform area of cross-section
throughout its length
II. There may be an error due to contact resistance
Bibliography
https://byjus.com/
https://knowledgecycle.in/
https://testbook.com/

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Physics ACADEMIC

Name: Shourya Patel

Board Roll No.

I certify that this project is up to my expectations and as per

Internal Examiner External Examiner

Name: Pratham D. Kapadia

INTERNAL RESISTANCE (r) : It is the resistance offered by the electrolyte of a cell

POTENTIOMETER AND IT’S PRINCIPLE:

If a steady current is passed using a battery of emf, E through a wire of

Internal resistance of a given primary cell, r = R (l1 – l2) / l2

The internal resistance of a cell depends on:

3. Determine the internal resistance of voltaic cell

S.NO Ammeter With R(I2) Without R Shunt r=

(B) Table for the effect on internal resistance of separation

S.NO Separation Balancing Balancing r= r/d

(C) Table for the effect of temperature of electrolyte on the

S.NO Temperature L1 L2 Resistance r= Tr

I. Making all connections neat, clean and tight.

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