C/C++ Programming Techniques
Statements & Expressions
Thanh-Hai Tran
Electronics and Computer Engineering
School of Electronics and Telecommunications
Hanoi University of Science and Technology
1 Dai Co Viet - Hanoi - Vietnam
Concepts
The statement is used to perform a task in a program:
assign, calculate, read / write data, call a function, ...
Classify:
Single command
printf ("Hello!");
x = PI * R * R;
Block of statements in {...}
Branch statements and conditions: for, if, while,
switch, ...
Special: blank statement, expression statement,
create label, return,
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Statements
Selection statements
if
switch
Iteration statements
while
do
for
Jump statements
break
continue
goto
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Selection statements
if, switch
Electronics and Computer Engineering
School of Electronics and Telecommunications
Hanoi University of Science and Technology
1 Dai Co Viet - Hanoi - Vietnam
if statement
Branching according to the conditions
Syntax: if (<condition>) <statement>
[else <statement>]
For example:
if (x! = 0.)
printf ("Tool =% f", 1 / x);
else printf ("No value available");
if (score> current_record)
NewRecord (score);
Don’t confuse == (equality) with =
(assignment)
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Cascaded If
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Condition expression
Condition operator:
Examples
Conditional expression make the program shorter but
harder to understand so it’s probably best to avoid
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Conditional expression
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switch statement
When we need to compare an expression against a
series of values to see if one it currently matches.
A cascaded if could be used for this purpose
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switch
Common form of switch statement
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Controlling expression
The word switch must be followed by an integer
expression in parentheses
Characters are treated as integers in C and thus can be
tested in switch statement
Floating point numbers and strings don’t qualify
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Case label
Each case begins with a label of the form
Constant expression is a ordinary expression except
it cannot contain variables or function call
Examples
5 is a constant expression
5+10 is a constant expression
n+10 is not a constant expression (unless n is a macro that
represents a constant)
The constant expression in a case label must evaluate
to an integer or character
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Case label
Duplicate case labels are not allowed
The order of case labels doesn’t matter
The default case does not need to come last
Several case labels may precede the same group of
statements
Thee are no way to write a case label that specifies a
range of values
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The role of break statement
Switch is as a computed jump
A case label is a marker indicating the position within
the switch
Without break, control will flow from one case into the
next case
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Loops
while, for, do
Electronics and Computer Engineering
School of Electronics and Telecommunications
Hanoi University of Science and Technology
1 Dai Co Viet - Hanoi - Vietnam
while
While is the simplest and most fundamental C statement
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while
Compound statement
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Infinite loop
A while statement won’t terminate if the controlling
expression always has a nonzero value
Example:
This will execute forever unless its body contains a
statement that transfer control out of the loop (break, goto,
return)
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do statement
Syntax:
The do statement is quite similar to while statement
When the do statement is executed, the loop body is
executed first, then the controlling expression is evaluated
If the value of expression is nonzero, the loop body is
executed gain then the expression is evaluated once more
If not, the state will terminate
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Example
Calculating the number of digits in an integer
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for statement
Syntax:
Without some special cases: the closed while
statement
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For statement idioms
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Jump statement
break; continue; goto
Electronics and Computer Engineering
School of Electronics and Telecommunications
Hanoi University of Science and Technology
1 Dai Co Viet - Hanoi - Vietnam
Break statement
A break can transfer
control out of a
switch statement
Break can be used
to jump out of a
while, do, for loop
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break statement
Example: check if the number n is a prime
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break statement
Break is useful for writing loop in which the exit point
is in the middle of the body than at the beginning or
the end
Break transfer control out of the innermost enclosing
while/do/for/switch statement
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continue statement
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goto statement
A goto statement in C
programming provides an
unconditional jump from the
'goto' to a labeled statement
in the same function
Use of goto statement is
highly discouraged in any
programming language
because it makes difficult to
trace the control flow of a
program, making the goto label;
program hard to understand ..
and hard to modify .
label: statement;
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goto statement
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Examples
Label: used to mark a place in source code
The goto statement: jumps to the position of the label and
continues
printf ("Enter now:");
scanf ("% d", & now);
if (now <1 || now> 31) goto error;
printf ("Enter ladder:");
scanf ("% d", & thang);
if (scale <1 || thang> 12) goto error;
/ * ... * /
error:
printf ("Error inputting data!");
There must be at least one statement after the label (empty
statements can be used if needed).
The goto statement breaks the structure, so it should be used
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Null statement
Nothing, just use ";" to finish
The empty statement does nothing, has no effect, and
does not take up machine runtime
Sometimes it is necessary to use to validly terminate a
statement: loops, conditions, labels, ...
For example:
for (i=0; i<N; a[i]=b[i++]) ;
for (i=0; i<10; printf("%d ",i++)) ;
if (x==y) ;
else x=y;
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Expressions
Arithmetic operators
Assignment operator
Increment and decrement operator
Expression evaluation
Expression statement
Electronics and Computer Engineering
School of Electronics and Telecommunications
Hanoi University of Science and Technology
1 Dai Co Viet - Hanoi - Vietnam
Arithmetic operators
The operation between 2 integers => results in an integer
Math operation with at least 1 real number => results in
real numbers
Operator % requires integer operands
C uses operator precedence rules: 2+3*4-1
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Assignment operators
Simple operator: a = b
Compound assignment:
Assignment Similar Assignment Similar
a += b a = a + b a &= b a = a & b
a -= b a = a – b a |= b a = a | b
a *= b a = a * b a ^= b a = a ^ b
a /= b a = a / b a <<= b a = a << b
a %= b a = a % b a >>= b a = a >> b
Some examples:
x = y = 15;
if ((c = getchar()) == 'y' || c == 'n') { … }
if (a = b) { … } /* vẫn dịch được dù viết nhầm */
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Increment and decrement operator
Increase or decrease 1 unit : a++ a-- ++a --a
The operand must be a variable of type integer
a ++ and a-- perform calculations with the value of a and then
increase / decrease the value of a, while ++ a and --a do the
opposite
a++ * 2;
++a * 2;
a++ + a++;
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Logic and comparison operators
Logic:
and: A && B
or: A || B
not: !A
Comparison:
x == y
x != y
x > y
x < y
x >= y
x <= y
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Bit operators
Include:
and: a & b
or: a | b
xor: a ^ b
not: ~a
Dịch trái, phải: a<<b a>>b
Apply only to integer operands
Attention: do not confuse to logic operators
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Other operators
Unary addition / subtraction: +a, -a
sizeof(): size of type/variable/constant
Operator (): (a+b)*c
Operator “,”: do nothing, regardless the result
x++, y = x*2;
for (i=2, j=3, x=1; i<10; i+=2, j+=3, x++) {…}
Access to element of an array: a[4]
Pointer: *a
Address: &a
Take an attribute: sv.ten, b->tuoi
Type casting: (int)a
Function call (): sin(x), pow(x, 3)
Condition: <condition> ? <expression 1> : <expression 2>
biggest = a > b ? a : b;
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References
C Programming, A modern approach, chapter 5,
chapter 6
Slide, C/C++ programming technique, Nguyen Thanh
Binh
Slide, C/C++ programming technique, Dao Trung Kien
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