Distance Meter Physics Project

Under The Guidance of: Submitted by:
Ms.Vasudha Name: Nishant Srivastava

Ronak Ahuja
Class: XII-B
Roll No.: 19 , 22
CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that Nishant Srivastava and Ronak Ahuja of

Grade XII-B
Roll No. 19 &22 has successfully completed his/her Physics

project under my guidance, during the academic year 2024-25.
He/she has shown utmost sincerity in completing this project.
I certify that this project is up to my expectations and as per

the guidelines issued by Central Board of Secondary Education
for subject code 042
Ms.Vasudha
Physics Teacher
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
It is a great pleasure for me to undertake this
project. I feel highly privileged to do the project
entitled "DISTANCE METER”.
l am grateful to my project guide, Ms.Vasudha
for support. without their enormous help and
worthy experience.
Whenever I was in need, they were there behind
me.
Although this report has been prepared with
utmost care and deep interest, I accept that
there may be some imperfections.
NAME- Nishant Srivastava & Ronak Ahuja

CLASS-XII-B
AIM
The aim of this project is to
Design and build a DISTANCE
METER that uses an
Ultrasonic sensor to measure the
distance to an object
and displays this on an LCD
screen.
MATERIALS REQUIRED
1) Arduino UNO
2) Breadboard
3) DC Adapter to Power the Arduino
4) Jumper Wires
5) USB cable for uploading code into
Arduino UNO
6) HC SR04 Ultrasonic Sensor
7) 16X2 LCD Display
8) I2C LCD Module
THEORY
The HC-SR04 ultrasonic sensor uses sound waves

to measure distance. It emits a sound pulse and
measures the time it takes for the pulse to return
after reflecting off an object. The distance is
calculated using the speed of sound.
Distance Calculation Formula

Distance=(Speed of Sound ×Time)/2
Since the sound wave travels to the object and

back, we divide the total time by 2.
DIAGRAM/PICTURES
ULTRASONIC SENSOR
LCD SCREEN
PROCEDURE
Setup the Circuit:
 Connect the Ultrasonic Sensor:
o VCC to 5V on the Arduino.
o GND to GND on the Arduino.
o Trig to digital pin 9 on the Arduino.
  Connect the LCD Display:

o VSS to GND.
o VDD to 5V.
o V0 to the middle pin of the potentiometer.
o RS to digital pin 12 on the Arduino.
o RW to GND.
o E to digital pin 11 on the Arduino.
o D4 to digital pin 5 on the Arduino.
o A (Anode) to 5V through a 220Ω resistor.
o K (Cathode) to GND.
WIRING
1. Hardware Setup*: We connected the ultrasonic distance sensor to
Arduino Uno and ensured proper communication between components.
2. *Sensor Calibration*: We calibrated the sensor to ensure accurate

distance measurements, considering factors like speed of sound and
environmental conditions.
3. *Programming Logic*: The Arduino code was developed to read

sensor data, calculate distances, and format the output for display on the
LCD screen.
4. *Display Implementation*: Utilizing the I2C protocol, we interfaced

with the LCD screen, displaying distance readings clearly and
efficiently.
5. *Testing and Validation*: Through testing, we confirmed the

reliability of distance measurements across various distances and
conditions.
6. *Challenges and Solutions*: Challenges such as noise interference
and calibration adjustments were addressed systematically to improve
accuracy.
7. *Future Enhancements*: Potential enhancements include integrating

data logging capabilities, improving display aesthetics, or adding
functionality like alarms based on distance thresholds.
ARDUINO CODE:
OBSERVATION
WE NOTED FEW OBSERVATION BY MEASURING
DISTANCE OF A BATTERY CELL,ALSO SCALE IS BEING
PLACED TO CHECK THE ACCURACY:
DISTANCE OF CELL(7cm):
DISTANCE OF CELL(5Cm):
DISTANCE OF CELL(4cm):
CONCLUSION
This project demonstrates how to use an
ultrasonic sensor and an Arduino to measure
distance. You can extend this project by adding
features such as buzzer alerts for specific
distance ranges or integrating with other
sensors for more complex measurement.
In conclusion, the Arduino Uno distance meter
project using an I2C LCD display has proven to
be a successful integration of basic electronics
components with programming logic. By
combining the Arduino Uno microcontroller
with an ultrasonic sensor and an I2C LCD, we
were able to accurately measure distances and
display them in real-time on the LCD screen.
Throughout the project, we encountered
challenges such as sensor calibration and code
optimization which we sorted through regular
testing.
LIMITATIONS
1. *Limited I/O Pins*: Arduino Uno has a limited number
of I/O pins, which can restrict the number of sensors or
additional components you can interface directly without
using multiplexers or other complex solutions.
2. *Processing Power*: The Arduino Uno has a relatively

modest processing power and memory. If your distance
meter project involves complex calculations or frequent
updates to the LCD display, the Uno might struggle to
keep up, leading to delays or inaccurate readings.
3. *Limited LCD Display Size*: Most I2C LCD displays

compatible with Arduino Uno are relatively small
(typically 16x2 or 20x4 characters). This limits the amount
of information you can display simultaneously, which may
be insufficient depending on your application.
4. *Communication Speed*: I2C communication, while
convenient for connecting peripherals like an LCD display,
operates at a relatively modest speed compared to other
interfaces. This might affect the responsiveness of your
distance meter, especially if you're interfacing multiple
sensors or devices.
5. *Power Consumption*: Depending on your project's

power requirements and the sensors used, powering
everything from the Arduino Uno might be inefficient or
impractical for battery-operated setups. Managing power
consumption becomes crucial for prolonged operation.
6. *Accuracy of Distance Measurement*: The accuracy of

your distance measurements heavily relies on the sensors
you choose and their integration with the Arduino. Some
sensors may have limited precision or might be affected by
environmental factors like ambient light or temperature
FURTHER SCOPE OF
IMPROVEMENT
1.Enhanced Accuracy
 Temperature Compensation: The speed of sound varies
with temperature. Use a temperature sensor (e.g., DHT11
or DS18B20) to measure the ambient temperature and
adjust the speed of sound in the distance calculation
accordingly.
 Averaging Measurements: Take multiple readings and
average them to reduce noise and improve accuracy.
2. Data Logging
 SD Card Module: Integrate an SD card module to log
distance data over time. This can be useful for tracking
changes or conducting experiments.
 Real-Time Clock (RTC): Add an RTC module to timestamp
the logged data.
3. Wireless Communication
 Bluetooth Module (HC-05/HC-06): Send distance data to a
smartphone or computer wirelessly.
 Wi-Fi Module (ESP8266/ESP32): Upload data to a server or
cloud platform for remote monitoring and analysis.
4. User Interface Enhancements
 Graphical Display: Replace the 16x2 LCD with an OLED or
TFT display to show graphical data, such as distance over
time.
 Buttons/Controls: Add buttons to allow the user to
calibrate the sensor, reset data, or change display modes.
5. Power Management
 Battery Power: Make the device portable by adding a
battery and a charging circuit.
 Power Saving Modes: Implement power-saving features in
the code to extend battery life.
6. Advanced Processing
 Microcontroller Upgrade: Use a more powerful
microcontroller (e.g., ESP32) for additional processing
power and built-in wireless capabilities.
 Signal Filtering: Implement digital filtering techniques to
reduce noise in the sensor readings.
7. Integration with Other Sensors
 Proximity Sensors: Combine the ultrasonic sensor with
infrared or laser distance sensors for more accurate or
complementary measurements.
 Environmental Sensors: Include sensors for humidity, light,
or other environmental factors to correlate with distance
measurements.
BIBILIOGRAPHY
1) https://techatronic.com/ultrasonic-range-
finder-using-arduino-lcd/
2) https://projecthub.arduino.cc/
3) www.amazon.com
4) www.robocraze.com

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Under The Guidance of: Submitted by:

Ms.Vasudha Name: Nishant Srivastava

This is to certify that Nishant Srivastava and Ronak Ahuja of

Roll No. 19 &22 has successfully completed his/her Physics

I certify that this project is up to my expectations and as per

NAME- Nishant Srivastava & Ronak Ahuja

The HC-SR04 ultrasonic sensor uses sound waves

Distance Calculation Formula

Since the sound wave travels to the object and

o GND to GND on the Arduino.

o Trig to digital pin 9 on the Arduino.

  Connect the LCD Display:

o V0 to the middle pin of the potentiometer.

o RS to digital pin 12 on the Arduino.

o E to digital pin 11 on the Arduino.

o D4 to digital pin 5 on the Arduino.

o D5 to digital pin 4 on the Arduino.

o D6 to digital pin 3 on the Arduino.

o D7 to digital pin 2 on the Arduino.

o A (Anode) to 5V through a 220Ω resistor.

2. *Sensor Calibration*: We calibrated the sensor to ensure accurate

3. *Programming Logic*: The Arduino code was developed to read

4. *Display Implementation*: Utilizing the I2C protocol, we interfaced

5. *Testing and Validation*: Through testing, we confirmed the

7. *Future Enhancements*: Potential enhancements include integrating

2. *Processing Power*: The Arduino Uno has a relatively

3. *Limited LCD Display Size*: Most I2C LCD displays

5. *Power Consumption*: Depending on your project's

6. *Accuracy of Distance Measurement*: The accuracy of

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2. Sensor Calibration: We calibrated the sensor to ensure accurate

3. Programming Logic: The Arduino code was developed to read

4. Display Implementation: Utilizing the I2C protocol, we interfaced

5. Testing and Validation: Through testing, we confirmed the

7. Future Enhancements: Potential enhancements include integrating

2. Processing Power: The Arduino Uno has a relatively

3. Limited LCD Display Size: Most I2C LCD displays

5. Power Consumption: Depending on your project's

6. Accuracy of Distance Measurement: The accuracy of