ch#3

PHARMACOGN
OSY
Chapter # 3
Terminologies
1. Acaulescent: stem less
2. Acerose: needle-shaped
3. Acicular: needle-shaped, as applied to some
kinds of foliage
4. Acute: tapering to a sharp-pointed apex
with more or less straight sides along the
tip
5. Angular: having sharp angles or corners,
generally used in reference to structures
such as stems to contrast them with
rounded stems
6. Axis: the main stem
7. Basal: at or near the base, often
describing leaves and where they attach
8. Basifixed: attached by the base (compare
dorsifixed, versatile)
9. Capillary: very slender and hair like
10. Deltoid: broadly triangular in shape
11. Dense: congested, describing the disposition of
flowers
12. Dentate: with sharp, outward-pointing
teeth on the margin
13. Exudate: a substance exuded or secreted from a
plant
14. Gall: an abnormal growth on a plant that is caused
by insects
15. Glabrous: smooth, without hairs
16. Gland: a depression or protuberance that exists for
the purpose of secreting
17. Glandular: producing tiny globules
of sticky or oily substance
18. Glans: a dry dehiscent fruit born in
a cupule, such as acorn
19. Habit: the overall appearance of a
plant
20. Leaflet: one segment of a
compound leaf
21. Ovary: the basal portion of a pistil where
female germ cells develop into seeds after
germination
22. Rhizome: an underground stem capable
of producing new stems or plants at its nodes
23. Vaginate: provided with or
surrounded by a sheath
24. Xylem: the water-conducting tissue
of vascular plants
25. Leaves: Flattened structures of a higher
plant, typically green and blade-like, that
are attached to a stem are called leaves
26. Stems:
► Stems do many things.
► Support the upper parts of plants, they act like the
plant's plumbing system, conducting water and
nutrients from the roots and food in the form of
glucose from the leaves to other plant parts.
► The leaves and flowers are on the stems.
27. Flower:
► A flower is the
reproductive structure
found in plants.
► The flowers of plants have
always been popular in
traditional medicine.
► Examples include clove and
chamomile flowers
28. Fruits:
► The seed-bearing part of a plant

► Fruits have been heavily used for medicinal
purposes.
► Dried whole fruits or portions of fruits can be
used.
► Many members of the carrot family have fruits
that are used in medicine including fennel fruit
and anise
29. Pulp: The soft, juicy, edible part of
a fruit is called pulp.
30. Seeds:
► A seed is a small embryonic plant enclosed in a covering called the seed coat,
usually with some stored food.
► The seeds of many plants are used for their medicinal properties.
► Seeds may be contained within a fruit or are sometimes used on their own.
31. Roots:
► The part of a plant which attaches it to the ground or to a support, typically
underground, conveying water and nourishment to the rest of the plant via
numerous branches and fibers.
► The fleshy or woody roots are used for medicinal purposes.
► Roots may be solid (ginseng), fibrous (stinging nettle), or fleshy (devil’s claw)
32. Bark:
► The protective outer layer of a tree trunk that is formed by layers of
living cells above the wood.
► Active ingredients are often found in higher concentrations in the
bark.
► Examples of bark used for medicinal properties are quinine bark, oak
bark
33. Wood:
► The hard-fibrous material that forms the main substance of the plant is
called wood.
► Thick stems or the wood of trees or shrubs are used for medicinal properties
34. Bulb:
► A bulb is defined as a fleshy structure comprised of numerous layers
of leaf bases otherwise known as bulb scales.
► Onion species and garlic bulbs are popular for medicinal uses.
35. Rhizome:
► A rhizome is defined as a fleshy or woody elongated stem that usually
grows horizontally below the ground.
► Rhizomes often produce leaves above the ground and roots into the
ground.
► Several medicinal plants are used primarily for their rhizomes
including: ginger, wild columbine, and bloodroot.
36. Herb:
► Herb, in botany, is a plant that does not form a woody stem,
and in temperate climates usually dies, either completely
(annual herb) or back to the roots (perennial herb) by the end
of the growing season
37. Gums:
► Gums are solids that are mixtures of polysaccharides (sugars).
They are water-soluble and are in part digestible by humans
38. Resins:
► Resins are a mixture of essential oils and terpenes that
are usually not soluble in water.
► They are excreted by specialized cells or in ducts of
plants.
► Examples include frankincense, myrrh, and mastic

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PHARMACOGN

► The seed-bearing part of a plant

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