CDRMMMod lWhat this module is about…

This module is about fire hazards. Every year, more than 100 Filipinos
die in home fires. Thousand more suffer with the loss of houses and valuables
while hundreds are disfigured by fire.

If a fire occurs in your home, your chances of survival will depend on

how quickly and safely you are able to get out. This includes all types of live
flames, causes of sparks, hot objects, and chemicals that are potential for
ignition, or that can aggravate a fire to become large and uncontrolled. Fire
hazards also include all types of potential threats to fire prevention practices,
firefighting, built-in fire safety systems and situations that restrict the escape of
people from an affected building or area in the event of a fire.

As you go over this material, you will develop an emergency

preparedness plan to guide them on what to do before, during, and after a fire
incident. This further demonstrates understanding of fire hazards and related
concepts like Fire Triangle, Causes of Fires, and Phases of a Fire emergency.

This module consists of the following parts:

 Objectives, list of concepts that are expected to learn;
 Pre-test to evaluate how much do you know about fire hazards;
 Answer key to the pre-test:
 Learning activities, contains the detailed discussion of the lesson with
examples followed by exercises (try this out);
 Reflection, a part where you can reflect and think what you had
learned and identify the part of the lesson that you find difficult and
confusing;
 Post test, to assess how much did you learn ; and
 Answer key to the pre-test, posttest and exercises.

What you are expected to learn…

This module is designed for you to:

1. Recognize elements of the fire triangle in different situations;

2. Analyze the different causes of fires;
3. Observe precautionary measures and proper procedures in
addressing a fire incident;
4. Apply basic response procedures during a fire incident; and
5. Follow the emergency and evacuation plan

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 Pretest…

A. Identify each sentence as True or False. Write True if the statement is correct
and False if it is wrong.

1. For a fire fighter, it is very important to understand the different

classifications of fuel.

2. Every fire extinguisher works to all forms of fire.

B. Multiple Choice. There are four choices given after each statement. Choose
the letter of the correct answer.

3. Which of the following served as components of fire?

A. Heat, Fuel & Water C. Fuel, Oxygen & Extinguishers
B. Oxygen, Water & Fuel D. Oxygen, Heat & Fuel

4. Below are the common causes of fire except,

A. Electrical faults and misuse of wirings
B. Unattended cooking
C. Use of flashlights during brownouts
D. Unattended lighted candles

5. Practice stop, drop, and _______ in case your clothes catched on fire.
A. Call C. ball
B. fall D. roll

6. Which one of the following statements doesnot help prevent fire?

A. Regularly check your electrical connections.
B. Keep matches and lighters away from reach of children.
C. Do not overload electrical circuits.
D. Unattended cooking.

7. One should determine and prepare on what to do in case fire starts in a

particular building, area or structure. What specific phase of fire is the
statement above?
A. Size – up C. Rescue
B. Pre – planning D. Salvage

8. A certain phase of fire which means putting out the main body of the fire.
A. Confinement C. Overhaul
B. Ventilation D. Extinguishment

9. This refers to a rapid oxidation of a material in the chemical process of

combustion, releasing heat, light and various reaction products.
A. Earthquake C. Tsunami
B. Fire D. Flood

10. Connections where several electrical appliances are connected to one outlet,
resulting in power overload and other electrical faults as the main cause of
fires.
A. Octopus Connections C. Connections from fuse
B. Proper connections D. Legal connections

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 Lesson 1: Fire Triangle

In order to understand how fire extinguishers work, you first need to know a
little bit about fire.
Elements of Fire
Enough oxygen to sustain combustion,
Enough heat to raise the material to its ignition temperature, and
Some sort of fuel or combustible materials

Take a look at the following diagram, called the "Fire Triangle"

OXYGEN SOURCE HEAT SOURCES

Approx. 16% Required To Reach Ignition Temperature

Normal air contains 21% of oxygen Open Flame, the Sun,Hot Surface,
Some Fuels contains its own Sparks & Arcs, Friction, Chemical
oxygen supply reaction, Energy & Gas Compression.

Classification of Fuels

Not all fuels are the same, and if you use the wrong type of fire extinguisher
on the wrong type of fuel, you can, in fact, make matters worse. It is therefore
very important to understand the four different classifications of fuel.

Class A - Wood, paper, cloth, trash, plastics

Solid combustible materials that are not metals.

Class B - Flammable liquids: gasoline, oil, grease, acetone

Any non-metal in a liquid state, on fire.

Class C - Electrical: energized electrical equipment

As long as it's "plugged in," it would be considered a class C fire.

D Class D - Metals: potassium, sodium, aluminum, magnesium

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 What you will do…

Activity 1.1 Who Is In?

Divide the class into 5 groups. Fill in the table below by listing down any objects
that would represent as fuel classifications A, B and C. An example per classification
has been given already.

Classification of Fuels
A B C
1. curtain 1. varnish 1. ceiling fan
2 2 2
3 3 3
4 4 4
5 5 5
6 6 6
7 7 7
8 8 8
9 9 9
10 10 10

FIRE EXTINGUISHERS

Next, we'll look at the different types of fire extinguishers and the class of fire
each is designed to extinguish.

Portable fire extinguisher is an appliance designated to be carried and operated

by hand containing an extinguisher medium which can be expelled by the action of
internal pressure and be directed on to a fire.

It is also important to know whether the said fire extinguisher is still functional or
not by noting its expiration date. It is found in the label of a tank.

Below is a tabular presentation on the different kinds of fire extinguishers, color,

compositions, designs and how it extinguish fires.

Kinds of Fire Color Composition Designed for Extinguish by

Extinguisher
 Air Pressure silver pressurized water with class A displacing
Water (APW) normal air. HEAT
 Carbon Dioxide red non-flammable carbon class B & C displacing
(CO2) dioxide gas under extreme OXYGEN
pressures.
 Dry Chemical red fine yellow powder class ABC coating the
(DC) FUEL with a
thin layer dust,
separating the
fuel from the
Oxygen.

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 Sample images of the different kinds of fire extinguishers.

Rules for Fighting Fires

Fires can be very dangerous and you should always be certain that you will not
endanger yourself or others in attempting to put out a fire. For this reason, when a fire
is discovered:

Sound the alarm – If you discover or suspect a fire, sound the building
fire alarm. If there is no alarm in the building, warn the other
occupants by knocking on doors and shouting as you leave.

Leave the building – try to rescue others only if you can do so safely.
Move away from the building and out of the way of the fire
department. Don’t go back into the building until the fire department
says it is safe to do so.

 Call the City Fire Department – dial 0926 752 0623 or to CDRRMC
Hotline 857 – 4144 . Give as much information as possible to the
emergency dispatcher.

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How to Use a Fire Extinguisher?

It's easy to remember how to use a fire extinguisher if you can remember the
acronym PASS, which stands for Pull, Aim, Squeeze, and Sweep.

Pull the pin.

This will allow you to discharge the extinguisher.

Aim at the base of the fire.

If you aim at the flames (which is frequently the temptation),
the extinguishing agent will fly right through and do no good.
You want to hit the fuel.

Squeeze the top handle or lever.

This depresses a button that releases the pressurized
extinguishing agent in the extinguisher.

Sweep from side to side until the fire is

completely out. Start using the extinguisher from a safe
distance
away, then move forward. Once the fire is out, keep an eye on
the
area in case it re-ignites.

Activity 1.2 Let us practice!

Coordinate with the fire department. Invite any personnel to give lecture and
demonstrate on the proper handling of fire extinguisher.

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 Lesson 2: Causes of Fires

Activity 2.1 Come, Let us Discuss!

Divide the class into 5 groups. For 10 minutes ask them to list 3 common
causes of fires, its prevention and the possible response to fight it. Have their group
outputs written in a manila paper for reporting.

How can you prevent

Common causes of fire this? How will you fight it?

After the activity, the class will go back to its big group and let each group
report their output.

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Common Causes of Fires, its definition, tips to prevent fire and some suggested
remedies in case of fires.

Common Causes of Definition Tips to Prevent Fire Remedy if a Fire

Fire Extinguisher in not
available
1. Electrical Fires
a) Overloading Use of one or more Don’t overload If there is still
electrical sockets or chance and you are
appliances which extension blocks safe, turn off the
consume electrical safety switch or the
current beyond the power source.
designed capacity
of the existing
electrical system.
b. Over heating
Loose-fitting plugs, Regularly check If there is still
loose connections plugs for sign of chance and you are
which can over burning or loose safe, turn off the
heat and lead to connections. safety switch or the
fire. power source.
.
c. Electrical
Wiring Result from faulty Make sure any If there is still
electrical outlets wiring is out of chance and you are
and old wirings harm's way safe, turn off the
safety switch or the
power source.

2. Unattended Cooking while Never leave the Cover the pan with
Cooking doing other cooking unattended its lid or use wet
household chores cloth to suppress
at the same time or the fire
leaving cooking
unattended.
.
3. Unattended The use of lighted Place the candle If there is still
lighted candles candle with less away from curtain chance and you are
precautionary and put it off when safe, use water to
measures. not in use extinguish fire

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TO SURVIVE A BUILDING/HOUSE FIRE…

Here are some tips in case you are in a fire situation. Instead of panicking, have
the presence of mind in order to save you and others if possible;

 If the fire start in your home, yell “FIRE!” several times and go outside right
away
 Get out as safely and quickly as you can.
 If your escape route is filled with smoke, use your second way out.
 Practice crawling low if you must escape through smoke.
 If you are escaping in a closed door, feel the door, cracks and doorknob with
the back of your hand.
 Close door behind you as you escape to delay the spread of fire.
 Practice stop, drop and roll in case your clothes catch on fire.
 Once you are outside go to your meeting place and send one person to call the
fire department.
 Once you are out, stay out , do not go back to the fire scene.

“TODAY IS YOUR REWARD FOR YESTERDAY’S SAFETY”

 It takes only one minute to write a safety rule,

 It takes one hour to hold a safety meeting,
 It takes one week to plan programs,
 It takes one month to put into practice,
 It takes one year to win a safety award,
It takes a whole life to have safety worker,

REMEMBER THIS

IT TAKES ONLY A SECOND TO DESTROY EVERYTHING BECAUSE OF

ONE ACCIDENT. (http://www.tiny.ca/Pages/Fire-Safety-Tips.aspx)

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 Lesson 3: Phases of a Fire Emergency
Activity 3.1 Form Me Please?

Find the words below and encircle them. You may encircle them horizontally,
vertically, diagonally and backwardly. Be guided by the words in the word box.

C E R T I F I C A T E R S P O
L O V E R H A U L S Z W F O S
N Q N P I C A R S W P L M S B
O G P F B M S W A Q T P R T E
I R G N I N N A L P E R P F X
T O L M M N Y Y V A Q O W I T
A U E U C S E R A L X P T R I
L N 0 K Y U A M G Y S E H E N
I D 0 D I V I N E C Q R V Y G
T E W A E R A S S N R T O Y U
N D D A N G E L O R T I O O I
E X T I N G U I S H M E N T S
V Y E T A N A L Y S I S P P H
Z Z Q M A N A G E M E N T S H
Q W S I Z E U P H M I T C I V

EXTINGUISHMENTS, EXTINGUISH, CONFINEMENT, RESCUE, SALVAGE,

VENTILATION, SIZE UP, PRE PLANNING, OVERHAUL, POST FIRE,
ANALYSIS, VICTIM, PROPERTIES, GROUND, AREA

Disaster preparedness played a great role in preventing from any hazards

especially fire, may it be man-made or not. Each family nowadays is encouraged to
educate every member in case of fire and that everyone must know what to do even
in the middle of fire.

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Phases of Fire
1. PRE-PLANNING- Know and prepare on what to do in case fire starts in a
particular building, structure or area.

2. SIZE-UP- Estimate the situation at the fire ground

3. COVER EXPOSURE- Prevent the fire from extending to other uninvolved and
exposed building./structure.

4. CONFINEMENT - Prevent the fire from extending to other uninvolved and exposed
portions of the burning building orstructure.

5. RESCUE- Remove the victims from endangered area and bringing them to a safety
place.

6. VENTILATION- Displace smoke, hot vapors, toxic and poisonous gases from a
contaminated area & replace them with fresh air from outside

7. EXTINGUISHMENT- Put out the main body of the fire

8. SALVAGE- Protect properties of value from preventable damages due to sources

other than the fire, like water.

9. OVERHAUL- Prevent the fire from rekindling

10. POST FIRE ANALYSIS- Critique the operations done at the fire grounds.

Activity 3.2 Be an Architect

The teacher will divide the class into 5 groups. Each group should sketch a fire
safety plan based on the following:

Group 1 - School Building

Group 2 - House
Group 3 - Hospital
Group 4 - Mall
Group 5 - Office in the 3rd floor

 Output will be drawn in a manila paper and will be reported before the class.

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 Let us summarize…

1. ) In order to understand how fire extinguishers work, one must need to know
first the elements of fire. These are oxygen, heat and fuel, and be aware
further that with the absence of any of these elements, fire is already
considered under control.

It has been learned that fuels were classified as follows: class A (wood,
paper, cloth, trash, plastics and any solid combustible materials that are not
metals); class B (flammable liquids, gasoline, oil, grease, acetone and any
non-metal in a liquid state on fire); class C (electrical, energized electrical
equipment and any plugged in equipment); and class D (metals, potassium,
sodium, aluminum and magnesium).

Portable fire extinguisher is an appliance designated to be carried and

operated by hand containing an extinguisher medium and is designed as
follows: air pressured water is for class A; carbon dioxide is for classes A and
B; and dry chemical is for classes A, B and C. Among the three kinds of fire
extinguishers mentioned above, dry chemical fire extinguisher is widely used
and is visible in most places. The word PASS served as the acronym in using
a fire extinguisher. This means, Pull, Aim, Squeeze and Sweep.

2. ) Common causes of fires include electrical fire (overloading, over heating

and electrical wiring), unattended cooking and unattended lighted candles.
Definitions, tips to prevent fire and remedies were presented in tabular
manner. The very best thing to do when fire is detected is to yell “fire” so that
everyone would know. In the event that you are in a fire scenario, do not
panic instead keep your mind alert, know the way out as much and as safe
as possible. Once you are out, do not go back inside the building or a house
until the firemen told you to do so.

3.) The phases of fire operations are pre-planning, size-up, cover exposure,
confinement, rescue, ventilation, extinguishment, salvage, overhaul and post
fire analysis. Every step of the phases brings enough information and
awareness to our learners. Also, in this lesson, the learners were given the
chance to design their own fire safety given the different scenario.

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 Posttest …

Matching Type
Match Column A with Column Band write the letters of the correct answer.

Column A Column B

1. Oxygen, Heat & Fuel A. Keep cooking area clean

2. Primary cause of fire B. Fire extinguisher
3. Tips when dress in fire C. Fire triangle
4. Last phase of a fire operation D. Post Fire Analysis
5. One way to prevent fire E. Stop, Drop and Roll
F. Electrical fire

Multiple Choice
Read each statement carefully and choose the letter of the correct answer.

6. In a fire accident while the firemen tried so hard to control the fire, one of
them noticed an unconscious child lying on the floor. That fireman quickly
brought the child to an open field where first aid staff positioned themselves.
The fireman’s act was an example of what phase?

A. rescue C. extinguishment
B. size-up D. pre-planning

7. Our neighbor’s house has been burned so badly one afternoon. To our
surprise, an unburned house next to it has been sprinkled with water by
firemen instead of that burning house. What specific phase of fire is this?
A. pre-planning C. salvage
B. size-up D. cover exposure

8. Which practice is best when you are escaping through smoke?

A. crawling low and fast C. crawling slow and fast

B. walking low and fast D. walking slow and fast

9. Which of the following are ideal ways in order to survive from a fire?
I. Get out as safely and quickly as you can.
II. If a fire starts at your house, yell “fire” to alarm everyone.
III. If your escape route is filled with smoke, use your second way out.
IV. After going out from fire, you must go back to save more lives.

A. I, II & III only C. II & III only

B. I & IV only D. I, II & IV only

10. Air pressurized water extinguish fire by taking away the ________.
A. heat C. oxygen
B. fuel D. all of these

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 References

Republic Act No. 9514 (Approved by PGMA on December 19, 2008)

An act establishing a comprehensive Fire Code of the
Philippines, repealing Presidential Decree No. 1185 and for other
purposes.

Republic Act 6975 Responsible for the Prevention and Suppression of all
destructive fires.

Republic Act No. 10121 Philippine Disaster Risk Reduction and Management
Act, 2010

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