Project Phase II (401006)

Report

“STUDY & REUSE OF CONSTRUCTION AND

DEMOLITION WASTE FOR VEGETATION”

In the partial fulfilment of the requirement for a Bachelor’s Degree

in Civil Engineering

Submitted By

Anand Pawar (B1911123)

Vaishnavi Punse (B1911096)
Vaibhav Pawbake (B1911120)
Manasi Karlekar (B1911133)
Pratap Salgar (B1911122)

Guided by
Prof. Smita V. Pataskar

i
 DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING
D. Y. PATIL COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING, AKURDI, PUNE
SAVITRIBAI PHULE PUNE UNIVERSITY, PUNE 2022-2023

CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that the following students have satisfactorily carried out the B.E.
project work entitled “Study & Reuse of Construction and Demolition Waste for
Vegetation”
This work is being submitted for the award of the degree of Bachelor of Civil
Engineering. It is submitted in partial fulfilment of the prescribed syllabus of Savitribai Phule
Pune University, Pune for the academic year 2022– 2023.
This project report has not been earlier submitted to any other Institute or University
for the award of any degree or diploma.

Anand Pawar (B1911123)

Vaishnavi Punse (B1911096)
Vaibhav Pawbake (B1911120)
Manasi Karlekar (B1911133)
Pratap Salgar (B1911122)

Prof. Smita V. Pataskar Dr. Ashok More

(Guide) (HOD Civil)

Dr. P. Malathi
(External Examiner) (Principal)

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 D.Y. Patil College of Engineering
Akurdi, Pune-44, India

Examination Approval Sheet

The Project stage II Report entitled

“STUDY & REUSE OF CONSTRUCTION AND DEMOLITION WASTE

FOR VEGETATION”

By

Is approved for the Degree of Bachelor of Civil Engineering under Savitribai

Phule Pune University, Pune

Examiners:
1. Internal Examiner :

2. External Examiner :

3. UG Coordinator :

4. Head of Department :

Date: / /

iii
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

We would like to express our thanks to our guide Prof. Smita V. Pataskar for her technical
guidance, valuable suggestions, and constant inspiration throughout the project work. We are
thankful to Dr. A. B. More, Head of the Civil Engineering Department for his immense support
and advice in our endeavour. We would like to express our greatest appreciation to the Principal
Dr. Mrs. P. Malathi who has been a continuous source of encouragement and cooperation
throughout. We are also grateful to all the faculty and staff members for their constant support
and help in completing our project.

Anand Pawar
Vaishnavi Punse
Vaibhav Pawbake
Pratap Salgar
Manasi Karlekar

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 ABSTRACT

The construction and demolition (C&D) waste is mainly generated from two sources (a)
Construction activity and (b) Demolition activity. It is estimated that C&D waste generation is
about one-third of the municipal solid waste generated in India. [1] This project analyses
information on current practices of C&D building waste management for various construction
activities and generates a solution for the reuse of the waste. Site visits were conducted to study
reduce, reuse and recycle waste materials and to summarise them based on guidelines laid by
regulatory authorities. Attempts were made to suggest improved methods to
reduce/reuse/recycle and dispose of waste materials. Also, efforts were made for plantations
using C&D waste by varying the percentage of soil and waste. The results are encouraging
which may lead to the reuse of the materials on large scale with a reduced carbon footprint.

Keywords: Construction waste, demolition waste, plantation, reduce, reuse, recycle

Reference: [1] CPCB, "Guidelines on Environmental Management of C&D Waste
Management in India," February 2017.

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 LIST OF FIGURES

Fig No. Page No.

Fig No.4.1 Photographs of C & D waste 11

plant, Wagholi (photos by Anand
Pawar)
Fig No.4.2 Photographs of DYPIU site visit 11
(photos by Vaibhav Pawbake)
Fig No.5.1 Benefits of Aloe Vera 12

Fig No.5.2 Benefits of Miracle Leaf Plant 13

Fig No.5.3 Benefits of Mango Tree 13

Fig No.5.4 Benefits of Taro Leaves 14

Fig No.5.5 Benefits of Canna Lily 14

Fig No.5.6 Growth of Aloe Vera Plant 16

(Photos by Vaibhav Pawbake)
Fig No.5.7 Growth of Miracle Leaf Plant 16
(Photos by Anand Pawar)
Fig No.5.8 Growth of Mango Tree (Photos by 17
Vaishnavi Punse)
Fig No.5.9 Growth of Taro Leaves (Photos by 17
Manasi Karlekar)
Fig No.5.10 Growth of Canna Lily (Photos by 18
Pratap Salgar)

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 LIST OF TABLES

Table No. Page No.

Table No.1 Detailed observation about 15

growth of plants

LIST OF ABBREVIATION

C&D : Construction and Demolition

PMC : Pune Municipal Corporation
3R : Reduce, Reuse and Recycle
LEED : Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design

DYPIU : D. Y. Patil International University

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 CONTENTS

Title Page i

Certificate ii

Examination Approval Sheet iii

Acknowledgment iv

Abstract v

Contents

CHAPTER 1: Introduction

1.1 General 1

1.2 Objectives 2

1.3 Research methodology 2

CHAPTER 2: Literature Review

2.1 Literature 1 3

2.2 Literature 2 3

2.3 Literature 3 3

2.4 Literature 4 4

2.5 Literature 5 4

2.6 Literature 6 5

2.7 Literature 7 5

2.8 Literature 8 5

2.9 Literature 9 6

2.10 Literature 10 6

2.11 Literature 11 6

2.12 Literature 12 7

2.13 Literature 13 7

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CHAPTER 3: Guideline by Regulatory Authorities 8

CHAPTER 4: Site Visit 10

CHAPTER 5: Plantation 12

CHAPTER 6: Observations & Conclusion 19

CHAPTER 7: References 20

Status of Journal Paper 21

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 STUDY & REUSE OF CONSTRUCTION AND DEMOLITION WASTE FOR VEGETATION

CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
1.1 General:
India is the second-largest populated nation with over 1.29 billion population
contributing 17.6% of the total population worldwide. In contrast, India is sharing 5% of
the world's total area bookkeeping for 3,185,263 sq. km of which 68% live in the
countryside and 32% live in built-up zones (i.e., cities, towns, etc) To provide housing
facilities to the growing population, large number of construction activities are in
progress. The construction primarily depends on the natural environment for the source
of raw resources like wood, sand, timber, and aggregates and in construction work, which
leads to mass production of debris. According to the Indian Government estimates, India
currently produces about 165170 million tonnes of debris annually, while as per CPCB
report 12-14.7 million tonnes of C & D waste is generated per annum Nearly 50% of
C&D waste is being reused, and recycled, while the remainder is mostly landfilled. At
present, private contractors remove this waste to privately owned, low-lying land for less
price, or more commonly, dump it in unauthorized manners along roads or other public
lands. The common practice for large Construction and Demolition (C&D) projects is to
pile waste along the road, resulting in traffic congestion. Although the responsibility of
removing the waste is primarily of the builder or the owner, it is usually assigned to the
demolition contractor. Items that can't be put to good use are dumped at landfill sites.
Disposal of C&D waste into Municipal Solid Waste landfilling sites degrades the quality
of bio-degradable waste for treatments such as composting or energy recovery. This
paper examines the current practices of C&D waste in India with the special case of
different cities of Maharashtra. It also elaborates on possibilities and methodologies of
recovery of waste materials in new construction along with a study of provisions by
CPCB, MPCB, and PMC regarding the management of materials and C&D waste. Issues
and challenges related to C&D waste management were also discussed. Unique
experimentation on plantations using C&D waste is presented in this paper which may
help in C&D waste management.

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1.2 Objectives of the study:

In order to understand the problems on-site, waste disposal techniques adopted, and to cater
for the environmental issues related to C&D waste, the following objectives were set in the
study.
1. To summarise current practices of management of C&D waste.

2. To study the role of regulatory authorities in C&D waste management.

3. To identify the sources of C & D waste generation.

4. To understand the reduction, reuse, recycling, and disposal of C&D waste.

5. To assess plantation of Aloe vera, Tulsi, Hibiscus, Miracle Leaf Plant, Canna Lily in
the soil media mixed with concrete waste.

1.3 Research Methodology:

Methodology adopted for this study involves the plantation of various saplings of plants,
observe the growth of plantation in soil mixed with different percentage of C & D waste. By
collecting the various samples of C & D waste from the sites of the Pune region and carrying
process of crushing of aggregate, and mixing of this waste with soil for plantation of various
trees.

Methods of Approach for Achieving Objectives

1. Collect literature from internet and journal.
2. Analyse the data collected from literature, site visits to identify trends and patterns in
C&D waste management practices.
3. Gather insights on current practices and challenges in managing construction and
demolition waste
4. Visit a major construction site to study the origin of C & D waste for studying method
of waste disposal adopted by them.
5. Planting of various categories of herbs and shrubs to observe whether they can survive
in soil mixed with C & D waste.

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CHAPTER 2 LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1 Anagal Vaishali, Nagarkar Geeta, and Patel Anish, “Construction and Demolition
waste management – A Case Study of Pune”, Research Gate, Page No. A-18, Oct. 2012.
Construction and demolition (C&D) waste management in India is subject of concern in the
construction market. C&D waste generation is about one-third of the total municipal solid
waste generated in India. This paper examines the present practices of C&D waste in India with
the special case of the city of Pune. It also elaborates on possibilities and methodologies of
recovery of waste materials and their application in new construction. It also studies
institutional, regulatory, and legislative frameworks in India in the field of construction and
demolition waste management. It studies provisions in NBC and BIS regarding recycled
materials and C&D waste. It identifies issues and challenges related to C&D waste
management and also elaborates on the role of key stakeholders. In India nearly 50% of C&D
waste is being reused and recycled, while the remainder is mostly landfilled. In urban India,
there has been little executed in the field of C&D waste management though a policy
framework exists. As discussed in the paper, all the stakeholders have a role to play in this
regard for sustainable development. Presently, there are loopholes in the current legislative and
regulatory framework as discussed in the paper. While strengthening these frameworks, it shall
be clear that legislative and regulatory actions cannot alone resolve the environmental issues.
and some strategies are suggested for the management of waste.

2.2 Mr. A. R. Makegaonkar, Dr. P. S. Dange, Mr. R. B. Waghmode, “Study of

Construction and Demolition waste for reuse and recycle”, IRJET, Volume: 05, July 2018.
The construction industry in India generates about 20-32 million tons of waste annually. So,
this C&D waste should be managed properly. Most of the construction and demolition waste
in India is getting disposed into landfills. This may lead to environmental pollution. The rules
and regulations regarding the landfilling disposal are not implemented properly So this paper
is expected to reduce the landfill disposal of the construction and demolition waste and to
achieve the aim of reusing and recycling that construction and demolition waste. The objective
of this paper is to study the various strategies for reusing and recycling the C&D waste adopted
by different countries. The paper also focuses on the recycling of the aggregate for its
reutilization in the construction activities, so that by using the Recycled aggregate the cost of
the project also gets down. By taking the sample tests in the Pune region the recycling of the
aggregate is done and can be used for pavement designs and other construction purposes. Also,
by recycling the aggregate we can fill the gap between the demand and supply of the
construction material and the recycled aggregate used in the project will also help to reduce the
cost of the project.

2.3 Mohammed Arif, Deepthi Bendi, and Tahsin Toma-Sabbagh, “Construction waste
management in India: an exploratory study”, Emerald Group Publishing Limited, Vol.
12 No. 2, 2012 pp. 133-155. The growth of the Indian economy has brought with its a
significant increase in construction activities. These increased construction activities have
further highlighted the problem of waste generation on construction sites. The purpose of this
paper is to provide important insights and highlight some issues related to the implementation
of effective waste management practices on construction sites in India. This paper presents two
cases and results from semi-structured interviews which shed light on some of the major issues,

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challenges, and drivers associated with the implementation of waste management in

construction in India. Some of the practices being followed, and which are gaining more
popularity, are waste quantification, waste segregation, and the implementation of 3Rs (reduce,
recycle, and reuse). The cases and the interviewees chosen were through the authors' links with
the Indian Green Building Council (IGBC). The cases were LEED registered projects therefore
issues dealing with green construction had been taken into account. The general approach for
this paper has been exploratory. The paper has used elements from the review of the literature
to develop an assessment framework and present findings from the perspective of the available
literature.

2.4 Kambiz Ghafourian, Zainai Mohamed, Syuhaida Ismail, Roya Malakute, and
Maryam Abolghasemi, “Current Status of the Research on Construction and Demolition
Waste Management”, Indian Journal of Science and Technology, Vol 9(35), September
2016. This paper aims to systematically review the current studies related to the field of
construction and demolition waste (CDW) management by examining the main peer-reviewed
journals from the year 2000 to 2015. The review reveals that most data collection was carried
out using the survey and case study method in the field of CDW management and the analyses
are mainly discussed using the descriptive analysis approach. The findings highlight the
growing interest in the research of CDW management over the past few years. There is also
evidence that developing countries including Malaysia are making great attempts the research
CDW management. This research presented some valuable information beneficial to both
academicians and practitioners. This work would assist researchers in understanding the major
trends in the development of research on CDW management. From 2000 to 2015, 172 papers
about CDW management appeared in the chosen journal publications. Even though the total
amount of papers related to CDW management published annually shows increasing research
in this field.

2.5 Avindana John & Dr. Suhil Kumar Mittal, N.K Dhapekar, “Applicability of
Construction and Demolition Waste Concrete in Construction Sector – Review”,
International Journal of Civil Engineering Research, Volume 8, Number 2 (2017), pp.
131138. Construction and Demolition waste (C&D) is a serious concern nowadays. In
construction projects, a lot of waste is generated during the stage of demolition. Approximate
composition of C&D waste is: 40%-50% -Recycled Coarse Aggregates, 22%-25% -Fine
Aggregates 15%20% - plastics, ceramics, glass materials etc. Optimizing the utilization of
demolition waste (coarse and fine recycled aggregates) can reduce environmental impact and
natural reserves can be saved. The research paper highlights the limitations regarding the
effective utilization of C&D waste. The recycling and re account of construction and
annihilation (C&D) ate as an alternative to aggregates for the construction sector. Construction
and Demolition waste administration are advised to advance development for sustainability,
the aegis of ambiance, and optimum use of accustomed resources in this research paper. There
are some renovative stapes for reducing and reuse of construction and demolition waste are
given like waste prevention, precast construction, flexibility in planning, and prevention of
existing buildings. They are some guidelines for effective utilization of construction and
demolition waste (C&D).

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2.6 Sourabh Jain, Shaleen Singhal & Nikunj Kumar Jain, “Construction and demolition
waste (C&DW) in India: generation rate and implications of C&D waste recycling”,
International Journal of Construction Management, Article views: 14, 18 Oct 2018. This
article estimates C&D waste generation from an urban building, rural building, and
nonbuilding sectors in India and calculates material, energy, and emissions savings from C&D
waste recycling. The method used in this study is the top-down up material flow analysis
approach. The results indicate that India generated between 112 and 431 million tonnes of C&D
waste in
2016 depending on the assumptions, which are orders of magnitude higher than official records
indicate. Additionally, it was estimated that formal C&D waste recycling can save up to 2–8%
of natural minerals, such as sand and aggregate in urban areas, and energy and emissions
savings were negative, implying that recycled C&D waste materials are likely to be more
resource and environmentally intensive as compared to natural materials. Despite gaps in data
availability, it can be inferred that rural areas are not behind cities in generating C&D waste
and their role should not be neglected in a closing material loop, but the viability of C&D waste
recycling in rural areas needs further attention. It implies that the projected demand for
construction materials is much greater than the potential supply of recycled materials. Thus,
C&D waste recycling is not going to play a significant source in construction materials in near
future.

2.7 Amirreza Mahpour and Mohammad Mehdi Mortaheb, “Financial-Based

Incentive Plan to Reduce Construction Waste”, ASCE, 2018. This study was conducted to
address a long-standing debate in the area of construction waste reduction: financially
incentivizing or penalizing during construction. a financial-based incentive plan was developed
based on guidelines elicited from comments of the respondents, content analysis, and plugging
gaps in previous incentive-based plans. In this plan, the stakeholders are incentivized to save
money by reducing quantities of purchased materials, wasted materials, landfilled wastes, and
illegally dumped wastes. this paper contributes to the construction engineering and
management, built environment, and sustainable construction global communities by
comparing incentive-based and penaltybased construction waste reduction schemes. This is
accomplished by basing the design of a reward plan on motivating project stakeholders and
developers, which is focused on detailed net benefit calculation applying to construction
projects regardless of their type, geographic location, and kind of construction waste they
generate.

2.8 Snehal Anilkumar Kumbhar, Anilkumar Gupta, Dadaso Balaku Desai,

“Recycling and reuse of construction and demolition waste for sustainable development”,
International Journal of Sustainable Development, ISSN 1923-6662, 2013. The
construction industry produces a large amount of waste throughout the year. Most of the time
construction and demolition waste ends up in landfills disturbing the environmental, economic,
and social life cycle. Construction demolition waste is the waste materials that are produced in
the process of construction, renovation, or demolition of residential or non-residential
structures. Sustainable development is a development that meets the needs of the present.
Sustainable development in construction will help a lot to reduce the problems related to the
environment and natural resources as the construction industry is a major user of the world's
resources. Recycling Construction and demolition waste have many benefits such as a
reduction in transportation costs, it keeps the environment clean, and reducing natural resource

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exploitation. To promote recycling and reuse of waste, awareness about its effects and benefits
should be communicated to people, contractors, engineers, and architects. this paper is focused
on different recycling techniques and the reuse of construction and demolition waste. This
study has developed concepts for the utilization of construction materials, including waste
debris, utilizing recycling into other components that are useful in construction. A successful
construction waste management plan involves all the principal parties of a project: owner,
architect, engineer, contractor, and subcontractor.

2.9 Aneetha Vilventhan, VG Ram and S Sugumaran, “Value stream mapping for
identification and assessment of material waste in construction: A case study”, Waste
Management & Research, 2019. Construction sites are plagued with numerous problems,
such as improper planning and management, high amounts of waste generation, and low
awareness of waste reduction. Construction and demolition waste literature provide several
best practices and prescriptive strategies that help minimize waste during construction. As
eliminating waste is one of the key lean principles, this article discusses the need and
importance of integrating lean construction with construction and demolition waste
management. This article aims to estimate and assess the causes of waste generation in a
highrise building construction through a case study in Chennai city (India) using value stream
mapping, a key lean construction tool. Onsite monitoring and measurement were performed to
quantify the amount of waste generated.
A waste generation rate of 66.26 kgm−2 was identified, of which concrete, cement mortar, and
brick waste represented almost 90% of the total construction waste. Direct observation and
interviews of site personnel were conducted to understand the causes of waste generation this
article contributes to lean/waste management research in two ways.

2.10 Mayur Shirish Jain, “A mini-review on generation, handling, and initiatives to tackle
construction and demolition waste in India”, Science Direct, March 2021. Construction,
India's second-largest sector, has undergone massive growth in recent decades. Quantifying the
C&D waste generation and its handling is considered to be important for effective waste
management. Various approaches have been used in the literature to measure C&D waste
generation at both regional and project levels. This study represents the review of the current
status of generation, handling, and important steps undertaken to manage C&D waste in India.
This study also aims to examine the reasons for the waste management problem in the
construction sector. The study reveals that the contractor, manufacturer, supplier, and designer
are some of the major contributors to C&D waste generation. To ensure the coordinated
collection, storage, transport, treatment/processing, and disposal of C&D waste in India, the
C&D Waste Management Rules were implemented in 2016. This research is relevant to
policymakers, regulatory authorities, industry, and academics who research or handle the waste
and its recycling in construction and demolition. Government rules and regulations should be
updated to promote and make the management of C&D waste compulsory for all building
activities of this nature.

2.11 Ali Turkyilmaz, Mert Guney, Ferhat Karaca, Zhanar Bagdatkyzy, Aiganym
Sandybayeva and Gulzat Sirenova, “A Comprehensive Construction and Demolition
Waste Management Model using PESTEL and 3R for Construction Companies
Operating in Central Asia”, MDPI, 2019, 11, 1593. The construction industry in Central Asia
has shown rapid growth in the last decade due to an economic boom, leading to high

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construction & demolition waste generation accompanied by waste management operations

falling behind worldwide best practices. the present study presents a comprehensive C&D
waste management assessment approach while discussing the lessons learned from existing
construction waste management practices in one of the leading construction companies
operating in Central Asia. There were also internal problems caused by the absence of a
common waste management approach/model, a lack of expertise and best practices, and some
reluctance from the employees and the organizational structure. In the long term, the benefits
of strategically implementing solutions based on the 3R strategy to the C&DW management
issues of the Central Asian construction sector will bring significant tangible and intangible
benefits. The analysis shows that there is an "official" vision in Kazakhstan for establishing
waste management guidelines. Concrete was the main material for reuse as it can serve as
aggregate to produce new concrete. As the Company already has the crushing equipment.

2.12 A. A. Dania, J. O. Kehinde and K. Bala, “A study of construction material waste

management practices by construction firms in Nigeria”, 2005. The management of
Construction processes to reduce, reuse, recycle and effectively dispose of wastes has a serious
bearing on the final cost, quality, time, and impact of the project on the environment. This
research studied the practice of Construction Material Waste Management by firms in Nigeria
by the use of structured questionnaires to senior construction-professional personnel of
construction firms. The study found out that specific Government legislation on waste from
construction sites was non-existent and that the respondents considered other project goals of
timely project delivery, quality, and cost as more important than the impact of the project on
the environment. Most respondents displayed a poor understanding of waste management and
most companies did not have a policy on Material Waste Management. The paper recommends
that the Nigerian Government puts in place legislation regarding construction site waste
management. The survey results show that the general practice of Solid Construction Waste
Management and site waste management as a whole is very poor and has room for a lot of
improvement.

2.13 Mrs. Smita Pataskar, Ms. Ayushi Kshirsagar, Ms. Snehal Meshram, Ms. Saloni Sule,
Mr. Pankaj Waje”, ,[2022], Reduce, Reuse and Recycle of Construction & Demolition
Waste Management”, Vol:09 Issue:04,pp.1-4.This paper focuses on the management of
construction and demolition (C&D) waste and finding solutions for the reuse of such waste
materials. C&D waste is indeed a significant portion of the overall municipal solid waste
generated in India. Analysing the current practices of C&D waste management for different
construction activities is an essential step in understanding the existing challenges and
opportunities. By implementing the identified solutions on a larger scale, you can contribute to
a more sustainable and environmentally friendly construction industry in India.

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CHAPTER 3
GUIDELINES BY REGULATORY
AUTHORITIES

Study of Guidelines and Recommendations for Effective C & D Waste

Management
effective C&D waste management is a collaborative effort that requires
commitment from all parties involved, including project owners, contractors,
workers, and waste management professionals. By adopting these guidelines
and recommendations, one can contribute to a more sustainable construction
industry.
1. Develop a Waste Management Plan- The plan should include waste reduction
goals, waste segregation practices, recycling and reuse initiatives, and proper
disposal methods.
2. Prioritize Waste Reduction- Implement measures to minimize waste
generation at the source. Encourage the use of efficient design and
construction techniques that reduce material waste.
3. Segregation and Sorting- Establish designated areas on-site for the separation
and sorting of different types of waste materials
4. Promote Recycling and Reuse- Encourage the recycling and reuse of C&D
waste materials. Identify local recycling facilities and ensure easy access to
them.
5. Engage with Waste Management Contractors- Collaborate with waste
management contractors who have expertise in C&D waste disposal and
recycling.
6. Educate and Train Construction Crews- Provide training to construction crews
and workers on effective waste management practices.
7. Monitor and Track Waste Generation- Implement a system to monitor and
track the amount and type of waste generated on construction sites.
8. Collaborate with Local Authorities and Stakeholders- Engage with local
authorities, waste management agencies, and relevant stakeholders to
understand and comply with local regulations and guidelines.
9. Explore Innovative Solutions- Stay updated on emerging technologies and
innovative solutions for C&D waste management.

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10. Continuously Improve- Regularly review and assess your waste management
practices and performance. Identify areas for improvement and implement
corrective measures. Seek feedback from project stakeholders and incorporate
lessons learned into future projects.

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CHAPTER 4
SITE VISIT

Two site visits were conducted on the following sites to study the C & D waste
management approach.

a. Construction and demolition waste plant Wagholi

b. DYPIU construction Site
The detail visit report and observations based on it are given as under
4.1 Construction and demolition waste plant Wagholi, Pune: To gather information on
recycled and reused materials & to gain understanding of the plant's operations, waste
management practices, this site visit was conducted which is in Wagholi. The plant is
responsible for the management and disposal of construction and demolition (C&D)
waste generated in the nearby region. Spreading over an area around 2-3 acres, this
plant is equipped with modern machinery for the segregation and recycling of waste
materials. The plant has a capacity to process up to 2500 MT/D, which includes
concrete, bricks, tiles, wood, metals, and other materials. The waste is brought in by
trucks and unloaded at the designated area. Daily 650-700 Tonnes of C & D waste is
brought to plant, out of this 70-80% is reused and 10-20% is rejected. The details of
various processes are as under
I. Waste Segregation and Processing- Once the waste is unloaded, it is segregated into
different categories based on its type and size as shown in Fig. 3.1 (a). The larger
materials are broken down using hydraulic hammers and crushers, and the smaller
materials are screened and sorted using various machinery. The segregated materials are
then processed further to remove any contaminants and impurities, such as nails,
screws, and other metals. Once the material is processed, concrete blocks are made as
shown in Fig 3.1(b) and used on some of the construction sites. The plant produces
recycled aggregates, concrete bricks, etc which have superior quality which are sold for
further construction.
II. Environmental Impact- The plant has a significant impact on reducing the amount of
waste that ends up in landfills, thus reducing the environmental burden of waste
disposal. The recycling of waste materials also reduces the need for virgin materials,
which reduces the extraction of natural resources. The plant also takes measures to
control dust and noise pollution, which can be detrimental to the environment and
human health.
III. Overall, this visit to the demolition waste management plant was insightful, and it
highlights the importance of responsible demolished waste management practices. The
plant's operations demonstrated the potential of waste to be a valuable resource, which
can be recycled and reused. The plant's efforts to reduce the environmental impact of
waste disposal and the efficient use of resources are commendable.

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(a) Waste material (b) Concrete blocks

Fig. 4.1 Photographs of C & D waste plant, Wagholi (photos by Anand Pawar)

4.2 DYPIU construction Site: A site visit was conducted on the construction site of Dr.
D. Y. Patil International University at Akurdi, Pune. To get the basic knowledge about C
& D waste management practices and to collect the samples of C & D waste, this visit
was conducted. The various samples of C & D waste were collected in order to mix it
with soil in various proportions. This visit also helped to know the percentage of material
sent for recycling process and to demolition plant. In contest to this site visit it was
decided to have visit at demolition plant to gather more detailed information about C &
D waste management practices.

(a) Waste concrete blocks (b) Concrete waste (c) Steel & concrete waste.
Fig. 4.2 Photographs of DYPIU site visit (photos by Vaibhav Pawbake)

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CHAPTER 5
PLANTATION
To study the possibility of growth of plants, saplings were selected based on climate required
for the them. The plants like mango, aloe vera, Taro, Miracle leaf and canna lily can survive in
climatic conditions of Maharashtra. As all these plants are medicinal herbs, have been
discovered and used in traditional medicine practices since prehistoric times, proved to be
advantageous. The procedure adopted is as follows:
I. To get the optimum quantity of C & D waste that can be mixed with soil various,
proportions were decided. Plantation was done in following proportions:
a. 50% natural soil + 50% C & D waste
b. 40% natural soil + 60% C & D waste
c. 30% natural soil + 70% C & D waste
d. 20% natural soil + 80% C & D waste
e. 10% natural soil + 90% C & D waste
II. These plants were kept in the college where they could get proper sunlight and the
watering was done every third day. Observations were conducted between November
2022 to May 2023.

HAS ANTIOXIDENT
PROPERTIES

HEALS BURNS

LOWERS BLOOD
SUGAR IN DIABETICS

PREVENTS
CAVITIES

REDUCE
WRINKLES

GOOD FOR
HAIR & SKIN

Fig.5.1 Benefits of Aloe Vera

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HELPS TO
PREVENT
CANCER

LIVER
PROTECTION

HERBAL TONIC

INSECTICIDAL
ACTIVITY

TREATS KIDNEY
STONES

TREAT
EAR PAIN

Fig.5.2 Benefits of Miracle Leaf Plant

MANAGE BLOOD
PRESSURE

HELP WITH
WEIGHT LOSS

SUPPORT
EYE HEALTH

PACKED WITH
NUTRIENTS

REMEDY FOR
EAR ACHES

CURES RESPIRATORY
PROBLEMS

Fig.5.3 Benefits of Mango Tree

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PREVENTS
CANCER

BOOSTS UP
YOUR IMMUNE

KEEPS YOUR
EYES HEALTHY

LOWERING
BLOOD PRESSURE

HELPS IN
WEIGHT LOSS

MINIMIZES
CHOLESTEROL
LEVELS

Fig.5.4 Benefits of Taro Leaves

TREAT MENSTRUAL
PAINS

FLOWERS USE
AS MEDICINE FOR
MALARIA.

RELIEF OF FEVER

LOWERING
BLOOD PRESSURE

NATURAL
PRESERVATIVE

ANTIOXIDANTS

Fig.5.5 Benefits of Canna Lily

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Table 1: Detailed observation about growth of plants

Aloe Vera Miracle Leaf Mango Tree Taro Leaves Canna Lily

Figure No. Fig 3.3 Fig 3.4 Fig 3.5 Fig 3.6 Fig 3.7

Method of Proportion40% Proportion10% Proportion50%

Proportion30%
Plantation soil and 60% Proportion20% soil and 90% soil and 50%
concrete. soil and 70% concrete. concrete.
soil and 80%
concrete.
Date of concrete. Date of
Date of
plantation Date of plantation plantation
Date of plantation
28/2/23 plantation 28/11/22
28/11/22 28/11/22
28/11/22

Number of The plant has Number of

November
leaves3 only 2 leaves leaves3

Number of leaves There is little There is proper

increased and all growth in plant growth in
December the leaves are but number of plant. Plant is
healthy. leaves remains survived
the same.
The growth is One of the leave Number of
constant is growing but leaves increased
January other seems to in this month.
be unhealthy Steam has
grown Strong
Number of Number of leaves Number of Growth is All leaves are
leaves3 increased and leaves: 3. observed but lush green and
February
steam is healthy both the leaves have grown
are unhealthy strong

The plant More leaves The plant looks No growth is More than 10
survived and started growing healthy and observed and healthy and lush
March green leaves are
it looks there is growth both the leaves
healthy in plant are drying observed

Number of Constant growth Number of All leaves are Constant

leaves observed leaves increased fallen and only growth is
April increased and and the steam is steam is observed
all the leaves also healthy remained
are healthy

Constant Constant growth Constant growth Plant is dead Constant

May growth observed observed growth is
observed observed

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Name of Plant: Aloe Vera

February (No. of days: 30) March (No. of days: 60) April (No. of days: 90)
Fig 5.6: Growth of Aloe Vera Plant (Photos by Vaibhav Pawbake)

Name of Plant: Miracle Leaf Plant

November (No. of days: 30) December (No. of days: 60) January (No. of days: 90)

February (No. of days: 120) March (No. of days: 150) April (No. of days: 180)
Fig 5.7: Growth of Miracle Leaf Plant (Photos by Anand Pawar)

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Name of Plant: Mango Tree

February (No. of days: 30) March (No. of days: 60) April (No. of days: 90)
Fig 5.8: Growth of Mango Tree (Photos by Vaishnavi Punse)
Name of Plant: Taro Leaves

November (No. of days: 30) December (No. of days: 60) January (No. of days: 90)

February (No. of days: 120) March (No. of days: 150) April (No. of days: 180)
Fig 5.9: Growth of Taro Leaves (Photos by Manasi Karlekar)

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Name of Plant Canna Lily

November (No. of days: 30) December (No. of days: 60) January (No. of days: 90)

February (No. of days: 120) March (No. of days: 150) April (No. of days: 180)
Fig 5.10: Growth of Canna Lily (Photos by Pratap Salgar)

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CHAPTER 6
OBSERVATIONS & CONCLUSIONS

As country grows infrastructure projects like construction of roads, flyovers and metros
generate large quantity of C & D waste. This C & D waste is reused and its remaining part is
dumped in low lying areas. So, rather than illegal dumping scientific processing is a better
approach which leads to healthy and green environment.
1. By adopting Guidelines and Recommendations for Effective C & D Waste Management
one can contribute to a more sustainable construction industry.
2. The method of C & D waste segregation involves breaking down of larger material,
screening of smaller ones and sorting using machinery which is one of the major practices
of demolition waste plant.
3. Observations of plantation of following five Plants- Aloe Vera, Canna Lily, Mango Tree,
Taro, Miracle Leaf in various proportion of soil and demolition waste concluded that
these plants can survive even when soil is mixed with various demolition waste. Overall,
it was observed that plant having 10% of soil and 90% concrete could not survive and
Miracle leaf plant can survive in 20% soil and 80% C&D waste. Two more plants were
planted, Aloe Vera and Mongo tree, and both survived.
4. C & D waste when mixed with soil can be reused for vegetation which is one of the
potential uses of C & D waste.
5. Since the growth of plants in soil mixed with different proportion of C & D waste is
observed, it is concluded that C & D waste when mixed with soil leads to sustainability.
It is observed that plant like Miracle leaf can also survive in 20% soil and 80% C&D waste.

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CHAPTER 7
REFERENCES

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waste management – A Case Study of Pune”, Research Gate, pp. A-18.
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Construction and Demolition waste for reuse and recycle”, IRJET, Volume:05
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STATUS OF JOURNAL PAPER

The paper was submitted to the UGC-CARE approved journal, ‘Journal of Basic Science’
on 30th May 2023.

Abstract Submitted: 29/05/2023

Abstract Accepted: 30/05/2023
Full-Length Paper Submitted: 31/05/2023
Notification of Acceptance: 31/05/2023

Both the journal papers were submitted by:

i Anand Pawar
ii Vaishnavi Punse
iii Vaibhav Pawbake
iv Pratap Salgar
v Manasi Karlekar

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