Name: _______________________________________________

Cells and cell structure paper 1 and

2

Date:

Time:

Total marks available:

Total marks achieved: ______

Questions
Q1.

Answer the questions with a cross in the box you think is correct . If you change your mind
about an answer, put a line through the box and then mark your new answer with a cross .
The diagram shows a bacterium with structures A, B, C, D and E labelled.

(a) (i) Which structure contains the genetic material used by the bacterium in reproduction?
(1)
A
B
C
D

(ii) Which structure controls the substances entering and leaving the bacterium?
(1)
A
B
D
E

(b) Give three differences between the structure of this bacterium and the structure of a plant cell.
(3)
1 ..........................................................................................................................................
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2 ..........................................................................................................................................
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3 ..........................................................................................................................................
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(Total for question = 5 marks)

(Q01 4SS0/1B, June 2022)

Q2.

The diagram shows a cell found in the lining of the human small intestine.

(a) (i) Which of the labelled structures is a microvillus?

(1)
A
B
C
D

(ii) Which of the labelled structures produces ATP?

(1)
A
B
C
D

(b) These cells form the lining of the small intestine.

Explain how the structure of the small intestine is adapted for absorption.
(4)
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(c) Cells in the human placenta also have microvilli.
Describe the role of the human placenta.
(3)
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(Total for question = 9 marks)

(Q03 4BI1/2BR, June 2022)

Q3.

The diagram shows a single-celled organism called Chlorella that lives in fresh water.
Chlorella has a chloroplast and can photosynthesise.

(a) (i) Which of these groups of organisms contains Chlorella?

(1)
A animals
B bacteria
C plants
D protoctists

(ii) Which of these labelled structures would also be present in an animal cell?
(1)
 A cell membrane and chloroplast
B cell membrane and mitochondrion
C cell wall and chloroplast
D cell wall and mitochondrion

(b) Complete the balanced chemical symbol equation for photosynthesis.

(2)
.............................................................. + ..............................................................
.............................................................. + 6O2
(c) The graph shows the effect of light intensity on gas exchange by Chlorella.

(i) Explain why Chlorella takes in oxygen at light intensities below 10 arbitrary units.
(2)
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(ii) Explain the changes in the volume of oxygen released as the light intensity increases from 10
arbitrary units.
(3)
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(iii) The volume of oxygen released by Chlorella is the difference between the oxygen produced by
photosynthesis and the oxygen taken in.
Use the graph to calculate the volume of oxygen produced in five minutes by photosynthesis at a light
intensity of 50 arbitrary units.
(2)

volume of oxygen = .................................................................. mm3

(d) Describe how hydrogen-carbonate indicator could be used to investigate the effect of light intensity on
carbon dioxide exchange by Chlorella.
(3)
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(Total for question = 14 marks)

(Q03 4BI1/2B, June 2022)

Q4.

The diagram shows the position of some hormone producing glands in the female body.

(a) Which of these structures is the adrenal gland?

 (1)
A W
B X
C Y
D Z

(b) The adrenal gland is an organ that secretes adrenaline.

State what is meant by the term organ.
(1)
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
(c) Adrenaline is released into the blood when there is danger.
The list gives the effects of adrenaline on different parts of the body.

 dilates the pupil in the eye

 increases heart rate
 narrows small arteries in the intestine
 converts glycogen into glucose in the liver
Explain the advantages of these effects to a person in danger.
(5)
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(Total for question = 7 marks)

(Q02 4BI1/1BR, Jan 2021)

Q5.
P. multocida is a bacterium that causes cholera in chickens.
The diagram shows the bacterium.

(a) Give two structures in this bacterium that are also found in all eukaryotic cells.
(2)
1 ..........................................................................................................................................
2 ..........................................................................................................................................
(b) Scientists investigated the survival of chickens injected with normal P. multocida or with weakened P.
multocida.
The table shows the scientists' results.

(i) What is a correct conclusion about P. multocida from these results?

(1)
A they are decomposers
B they are pathogens
C they are microscopic
D they are non-living

(ii) The scientists took the living chickens that had been injected with weakened P. multocida and then
injected them
with normal P. multocida.
The chickens did not die, as they were now immune.
Explain why these chickens did not die.
(4)
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(Total for question = 7 marks)

(Q02 4BI1/2B, June 2021)

Q6.

Blood consists of cells and plasma.

(a) Plasma transports various substances to and from different parts of the body.
Describe the function of plasma in transporting named substances in the body.
(4)
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(b) The diagram shows a white blood cell called a phagocyte.

(i) The magnification of the cell is calculated using this formula.

 The actual diameter of the cell is 0.013 mm.
Calculate the magnification of the cell.
(2)

magnification = ...........................................................
(ii) Name the structure labelled A in the diagram.
(1)
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(iii) Describe the function of this cell in defending the body from infection.
(2)
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(c) Other white blood cells produce proteins called antibodies.
State how you could test a sample of plasma for protein.
(1)
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(Total for question = 10 marks)

(Q10 4BI1/1BR, Jan 2021)

Q7.

As an embryo develops, its cells differentiate.

(a) Explain the importance of cell differentiation in the development of the growing embryo.
(2)
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(b) (i) Which of these is a feature of adult stem cells?
(1)
 A they do not divide
B they divide by meiosis
C they can become all cell types
D they are found in some tissues and organs

(ii) Adult stem cells or embryonic stem cells can be used in medical treatments.
Explain why the choice between these two types of stem cells can cause issues for doctors.
(2)
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(Total for question = 5 marks)

(Q07 4BI1/2B, Nov 2021)

Q8.

The diagram shows a cell.

(a) (i) Which type of cell does the diagram show?

(1)
A an animal
B a bacterium
C a fungus
D a plant

(ii) The statements below describe conditions required for some molecules to move into this cell.
1. a concentration gradient
2. use of ATP
Which of these statements is correct for the process for osmosis?
(1)
A 1 only
B 2 only
C 1 and 2
D neither 1 nor 2
(b) The diagram shows some of the apparatus used to investigate the rate of osmosis.

In the space below draw a labelled diagram to show how you would put this apparatus together to
investigate the rate of osmosis.
(4)

(c) The apparatus is used to find out the effect of different sucrose concentrations on the rate of osmosis.
The graph below shows the results.
Calculate, using information from the graph, the rate of osmosis in mm per minute that would occur for a
sucrose concentration of 2.5%. Show your working.
(2)

rate of osmosis = ........................................................... mm per minute

(Total for question = 8 marks)

(Q04 4BI1/1B, June 0)

Q9.

(a) A student uses a light microscope to look at a human cheek cell.

The student makes this drawing of the cell.

Name the organelle shown in the drawing.

(1)
.............................................................................................................................................
(b) Mitochondria are organelles that are too small to be seen using a light microscope.
The drawing shows a mitochondrion that has been magnified.
 The actual length of this mitochondrion is 6 μm.
[1 μm = 0.001 mm]
Calculate the magnification of this drawing.
(2)

magnification = ...........................................................
(c) The table gives information about mitochondria in different human cells.

(i) What is the mean number of mitochondria per μm3 in a heart muscle cell?
(1)
A 0.33
B 3
C 10 000
D 75 000 000

(ii) Comment on the differences in the data for the sperm and for the egg.
(3)
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(Total for question = 7 marks)

 (Q03 4BI1/1B, Nov 2020)

Q10.

All living organisms have certain characteristics.

(a) Describe what is meant by the following characteristics:
(i) respiration
(2)
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(ii) control of their internal conditions
(2)
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(b) Organisms are organised into different levels.
What is the correct order of the levels?
(1)
A organ, system, tissue, cell, organelle
B organ, tissue, cell, system, organelle
C organelle, cell, tissue, organ, system
D system, cell, organelle, organ, tissue

(c) Yeast is an example of which group of organism?

(1)
A animals
B bacteria
C fungi
D protoctists

(Total for question = 6 marks)

(Q01 4SS0/1B, SAM 0)

Q11.

The diagram shows Chlamydomonas, a single-celled protoctist that is found in water.

(a) Name the structures labelled A and B.
(2)
A ..........................................................................................................................................
B ..........................................................................................................................................
(b) (i) Chlamydomonas has some structures that are normally found in plant cells, but not found in
animal cells.
Name two of these structures.
(2)
1 ..........................................................................................................................................
2 ..........................................................................................................................................
(ii) State why Chlamydomonas is not classified as a plant.
(1)
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(c) Explain how Chlamydomonas obtains energy.
(2)
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(d) Chlamydomonas has flagella.
Suggest a function of these flagella.
(1)
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(e) The magnification of the cell in the diagram is calculated using this formula.

The actual length of the cell is 15 μm.

Calculate the magnification of the diagram.
(2)
 magnification = ...........................................................

(Total for question = 10 marks)

(Q01 4SS0/1B, June 2021)

Q12.

Cholesterol is needed in the diet for making cell membranes.

(a) State the role of the cell membrane.
(1)
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
(b) Too much cholesterol is a health risk because fatty deposits build up in arteries.
The lumen of an artery had a diameter of 4.0 mm before the build-up of a fatty deposit.
The fatty deposit covers 45% of the original area of the lumen.
Calculate the area in mm2 of the lumen that is available for blood flow.
[area of the lumen = πr2]
[π = 3.14]
(2)

area = ........................................................... mm2

(c) A scientist tests the blood cholesterol concentration in a sample of men between 25 and 34 years old.
The scientist groups the men in ranges of blood cholesterol concentration and counts the number of
men in each range.
The table gives the scientist's results.
 (i) Plot a suitable graph on the grid to show these results.
(5)

(ii) Which range of blood cholesterol levels is the mode for this sample?
(1)
A 80 to 119
B 80 to 379
C 160 to 199
D 360 to 399

(iii) A blood cholesterol level greater than 239 mg per 100 cm3 means a person has a higher risk of
heart disease.
Calculate the percentage of men in the sample at a higher risk of heart disease.
(2)

percentage = ........................................................... %
(d) Statins are drugs that reduce blood cholesterol levels.
A scientist investigates the use of one type of statin on the risk of having a heart attack.
He gives the statin to one group of people and gives a control substance to another group of people.
He calculates the percentage of people in each group that have a heart attack during the next four
years.
The table gives the scientist's results.

A conclusion from this data is that statins reduce the risk of heart attacks.
 Discuss this conclusion.
(4)
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(Total for question = 15 marks)

(Q06 4BI1/1B, Nov 2021)

Q13.

Answer the questions with a cross in the boxes you think are correct . If you change your mind
about an answer, put a line through the box and then mark your new answer with a cross .
Plant cells contain organelles.
The diagram shows a plant cell containing some organelles.

(a) (i) What is the total number of organelles shown in the diagram that absorb light?
(1)
A 1
B 6
C 11
D 12

(ii) Name an organelle not shown in the diagram that makes ATP.
(1)
.............................................................................................................................................
(b) The magnification of the cell is calculated using this formula.
 The actual width of the cell is 40 μm.
The magnification of the plant cell is
(1)
A ×0.06
B ×0.6
C ×6
D ×600

(c) (i) Name an organelle found in a plant cell but not found in an animal cell.
(1)
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(ii) The location of the genetic material in a bacterium is different from the
location of the genetic material in a plant cell.
Give a location in a bacterium where genetic material is found.
(1)
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(Total for question = 5 marks)

(Q01 4SS0/1B, June 2019)

Q14.

Plant and animal cells have some features in common and some differences.
(a) (i) Which of these structures is not found in animal cells?
(1)
A cell membrane
B cell wall
C mitochondrion
D nucleus

(ii) Which of these substances is a carbohydrate stored in plant cells?

(1)
A chlorophyll
B glucose
C glycogen
D starch

(b) The diagram shows a leaf palisade mesophyll cell.

 (i) Describe the function of the parts labelled A, B, C and D.
(4)
A ..........................................................................................................................................
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B ..........................................................................................................................................
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C ..........................................................................................................................................
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D ..........................................................................................................................................
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(ii) Explain two ways that the structure of this palisade mesophyll cell is adapted for its function.
(2)
1 ..........................................................................................................................................
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2 ..........................................................................................................................................
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(Total for question = 8 marks)

(Q01 4BI1/1BR, Nov 2020)

Q15.

(a) The diagram shows a plant cell.

 (i) Which part of this cell contains chlorophyll?
(1)
A P
B Q
C R
D S

(ii) Which of these is found in chlorophyll?

(1)
A calcium
B iron
C magnesium
D water

(iii) Describe the role of chlorophyll.

(2)
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(b) Which of these is an example of positive phototropism?
(1)
A a plant root growing away from light
B a plant root growing downwards due to gravity
C a plant stem growing towards light
D a plant stem growing upwards due to gravity

(c) The table lists the roles of some substances found in living organisms.
Complete the table by naming each substance.
The first one has been done for you.
(3)
 (Total for question = 8 marks)

(Q01 4BI1/1BR, Jan 2021)

Q16.

The human heart pumps blood when its muscle tissue contracts.
Diagram 1 shows a human heart and a cross-section through its ventricles.

(a) Which of these statements about the ventricles is correct?

(1)
A the left ventricle wall is thick because it has to pump blood to the body
B the left ventricle wall is thin because it has to pump blood to the lungs
C the right ventricle wall is thin because it has to pump blood to the body
D the right ventricle wall is thick because it has to pump blood to the lungs

(b) Ventricle muscle tissue is damaged if the blood supply is reduced.

Diagram 2 shows the damaged part of a human heart and a cross-section through its ventricles.
 Explain the cause of the change in the appearance of the muscle tissue in diagram 2.
(3)
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(c) Scientists are investigating the use of stem cells to repair damaged hearts.
The stem cells are injected into the ventricle muscle tissue.
(i) Explain why stem cells could repair a damaged heart.
(2)
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(ii) The stem cells are obtained from the person who has the damaged heart.
Explain why using stem cells from the same person is better than using stem cells from a different
person.
(2)
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(Total for question = 8 marks)

 (Q03 4BI1/2B, Jan 2020)

Q17.

The diagram shows a plant cell with some structures labelled.

(a) (i) Which structure is the cell vacuole?

(1)
A P
B R
C S
D T

(ii) Which structure is the site of photosynthesis?

(1)
A P
B Q
C R
D T

(iii) Which structure is the cell wall?

(1)
A P
B Q
C S
D T

(iv) Structure U is the site of protein synthesis in the cell.

What is the name of structure U?
(1)
A chloroplast
B mitochondrion
C ribosome
D starch granule

(b) A cell is shaped like a cube.

 Each side has a length of 0.053 mm.
Calculate the surface area to volume ratio of this cell.
Give your answer in the form n : 1
(3)

surface area to volume ratio = ............................................................ : 1

(c) Animal cells, unlike plant cells, do not have a cell wall.
(i) Explain how this difference affects red blood cells when placed in distilled water.
(3)
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(ii) Explain how this difference affects red blood cells when placed in a concentrated salt solution.
(2)
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(Total for question = 12 marks)

(Q03 4BI1/1B, June 2023)

Q18.

(a) Describe how stem cells are different from other cell types.
 (2)
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(b) Stem cells from a donor can be used for stem cell therapy.
Human blood cells are produced in bone marrow.
Explain how using stem cells from the bone marrow enables doctors to treat a number of different
blood conditions.
(3)
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(c) One type of stem cell transplant uses a patient's own stem cells.
They can be used if the patient is producing enough healthy bone marrow cells.
These cells can be collected, frozen and stored for later use.
Explain the advantage of using the patient's own stem cells rather than using stem cells from a donor.
(2)
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(Total for question = 7 marks)

(Q06 4BI1/2B, Nov 2023)

Q19.

The diagram shows a magnified image of a root hair cell from a young plant.
(a) Give the names of structures labelled W, X, Y and Z.
(4)
W ..........................................................................................................................................
X ..........................................................................................................................................
Y ..........................................................................................................................................
Z ..........................................................................................................................................
(b) The actual length of the cell, along the line between A and B, is 1000 μm.
Calculate the magnification of this drawing.
(2)

magnification = ...........................................................
(c) (i) Explain the role of the root hair cell in absorption of water from the soil.
(3)
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(ii) Sometimes gardeners give their plants too much water. The water fills up the air spaces in the soil
around the plant roots.
Explain how this can lead to plants failing to grow properly.
(3)
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(Total for question = 12 marks)

(Q03 4BI1/2BR, Jan 2022)

Q20.

This is a three-dimensional diagram of a plant cell.

(a) Name the structures labelled A, B, C, and D.

(4)
A ..........................................................................................................................................
B ..........................................................................................................................................
C ..........................................................................................................................................
D ..........................................................................................................................................
(b) Structure E is a chloroplast.
Chloroplasts are not found in animal cells.
(i) Give the letter of another structure shown in the diagram but not found in animal cells.
(1)
.............................................................................................................................................
(ii) Explain why some plant cells contain many chloroplasts, some plant cells contain few chloroplasts
and some plant cells contain no chloroplasts.
(3)
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(c) Ribosomes are found in plant cells and in animal cells.
Name the process that occurs at the ribosomes.
(1)
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(Total for question = 9 marks)

(Q01 4BI1/1B, June 2019)

Q21.

Faeces contain undigested food.

(a) The table shows the percentage of different substances in a dry sample of faeces.

(i) Name a carbohydrate that could be found in faeces.

(1)
.............................................................................................................................................
(ii) Describe how you would test the sample of faeces for fat.
(2)
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(iii) State the five chemical elements that could be present in protein.
(1)
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(b) Grass is eaten by many animals.
Diagram 1 shows a grass cell.
 Diagram 2 shows this grass cell in the faeces of an animal.

Explain the difference in the appearance of these grass cells.

(3)
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(c) The diagram shows a section through a building that has been designed to grow grass indoors.
 This is the method used to grow grass in the building.

 wash and sterilise empty trays

 fill these trays with soil containing grass seeds
 put these trays in the building
 spray mineral ion solution on to the soil in the trays
 provide light and keep the temperature at 20 °C
 collect the grass after a week and feed to animals
1000 kg of grass can be grown every day using this method.
A farmer would need to use several fields to grow this mass of grass every day outdoors.
The farmer decides to grow grass in the building to feed his animals, rather than letting them eat grass
from his fields.
Discuss this decision.
(6)
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(Total for question = 13 marks)

(Q07 4SS0/1B, Nov 2020)

Mark Scheme
Q1.

(Q01 4SS0/1B, June 2022)

Q2.
 (Q03 4BI1/2BR, June 2022)

Q3.
 (Q03 4BI1/2B, June 2022)

Q4.
 (Q02 4BI1/1BR, Jan 2021)

Q5.
 (Q02 4BI1/2B, June 2021)

Q6.
 (Q10 4BI1/1BR, Jan 2021)

Q7.
 (Q07 4BI1/2B, Nov 2021)

Q8.
 (Total for question = 8 marks)

(Q04 4BI1/1B, June 0)

Q9.
 (Q03 4BI1/1B, Nov 2020)

Q10.

(Q01 4SS0/1B, SAM 0)

Q11.
 (Q01 4SS0/1B, June 2021)

Q12.
 (Q06 4BI1/1B, Nov 2021)

Q13.
 (Q01 4SS0/1B, June 2019)

Q14.
 (Q01 4BI1/1BR, Nov 2020)

Q15.
 (Q01 4BI1/1BR, Jan 2021)

Q16.
 (Q03 4BI1/2B, Jan 2020)

Q17.
 Total 12 marks

(Q03 4BI1/1B, June 2023)

Q18.
 (Q06 4BI1/2B, Nov 2023)

Q19.
(Q03 4BI1/2BR, Jan 2022)
Q20.

(Q01 4BI1/1B, June 2019)

Q21.
(Q07 4SS0/1B, Nov 2020)