Statics

Statics
Week 1: Introduction to Statics

Mechanical engineering, CAU
Jaehyung Yu
Statics
CHAPTER 1. OUTLINE
1/1 Mechanics
1/2 Basic Concepts
1/3 Scalars and Vectors
1/4 Newton’s Laws
1/5 Units
1/6 Law of Gravitation
1/7 Accuracy, Limits, and Approximations
1/8 Problem Solving in Statics

Mechanics & statics
• Mechanics : deals with the effects of forces on objects.
- the oldest subject of the physical sciences
- Specified into Solid mechanics, Fluid mechanics, and Dynamics
• Statics is a specific subject under mechanics

- In the equilibrium of rigid bodies under the action of forces
- Condition includes : stationary state / constant velocity
Basic concept
• Space
the geometric area(space) occupied by an object
In 3-dimensional space : 3 independent (x,y,z) coordinates are necessary
In 2-dimensional space : 2 independent (x,y) coordinates are necessary
• Time : Not necessary in the statics 3-dimensional space
• Mass
a quantitative measure of inertia(the continuation of an object in its current motion)
Basic concept (2)
• Force
The action of one body on another. Tends to move a body in the direction of its action.
• Particle
A body of negligible dimension (no physical size ~ a point)
• Rigid Body
A body of finite dimension, but no change in the size of the body.
Hard object! (like diamond)
Scalar & Vector
1. Scalar Quantity
A quantity with only a magnitude.
e.g. time, volume, density, speed, energy, and mass
2. Vector Quantity
Quantity with both a magnitude and a direction.
e.g. displacement, velocity, acceleration, force, moment, and momentum.
Vector
Vector Representation
Line Segment with an Arrowhead to Indicate Direction
Written in Bold, Roman Type, e.g., V
Magnitude is Written in Lightface, Italic type, e.g., V or |V|
Always Distinguish between Scalars and Vectors

Vector calculation
• Vector Sum V = V1 + V2
Two Vectors, V1 and V2, may be replaced by their equivalent vector V, which is
the diagonal of the parallelogram formed by V1 and V2.
• Vector Difference V′ = V1 – V2 (Adding a Negative)

Vector representation
• Vector Components
• Axis Orientation
• Rectangular Components (x-y)

Vector representation
• Unit Vector Representation, V = Vn
• A unit vector n has a magnitude of one (unity) and points in the direction of a vector.
• Three-Dimensional Vectors and Direction Cosines

• V = Vxi + Vyj + Vzk
• Vx = V cos θx = Vl where l = cos θx
• Vy = V cos θy = Vm where m = cos θy
• Vz = V cos θz = Vn where n = cos θz
• Pythagorean Theorem (Vector Magnitude)
• V2 = Vx2 + Vy2 + Vz2
• l2 + m2 + n2 = 1
Newton’s lawS
Law I : Law of inertia
A particle remains at rest or continues to move with
uniform velocity (in a straight line with a constant
speed) if there is no unbalanced force acting on it.
Law II : Law of acceleration

The acceleration of a particle is proportional to the
vector sum of forces acting on it and is in the
direction of this vector sum.
Law III : Law of action - reaction

The forces of action and reaction between
interacting bodies are equal in magnitude, opposite
Sir. Isaac Newton in direction, and collinear (they lie on the same line).
(1643-1727)
Why Newton (and ‘s laws) is important?
Introducing Mathematics to physics

: Describing the physical phenomena
with mathematical description
Newton’s apple tree

Trinity college, Cambridge University
Newton’s lawS
Law I : Law of inertia
0 velocity Constant velocity

Law III : Law of action - reaction
0 velocity Constant velocity
Law II : Law of acceleration
Force mass acceleration

Gravitational forces
• Mathematical Expression
F = the mutual force of attraction between two particles

G = a universal constant known as the constant of gravitation
m1, m2 = the masses of the two particles
r = the distance between the centers of the particles
• Constant of Gravitation, G
• SI Units: G = 6.673(10-11) m3/(kg·s2)
• U.S. Units: G = 3.439(10-8) ft4/(lb-sec4)
Gravitational forces
• Apparent Weight, W = mg
Mass m is always in kilograms (kg, almost always provided in the book).

Acceleration of gravity g = 9.81 m/s2 (unless stated otherwise).
Weight W is in newtons (N).
Kilogram (kg) is not a force!
mM e = mg
W =G 2 g = 9.81m/ s 2
r
Me
(g = G 2 ) Here, g is a function of r: depends on the height from the
r center of the earth. Usually, using the constant measured at the
sea level of 45° Latitude
S.I. Units
Fundamental Quantities of Mechanics and their Units
F = ma Þ N = kg × m/sec 2
W ( weight ) = m(kg ) ´ g (m/sec 2 ), g = 9.806m/sec 2 (g : gravitational acceleration)
• Why these units are important?

S.I. Units
Air Canada 143 (1983) Mars Climate Orbiter (1998)
Confusion in kilogram(kg) to pound (lb)

Confusion in kilogram(kg) to pound (lb) (AGAIN!)
• Needed fuel amount : ~20,000 L
• Miscalculate orbit for satellite
• Actual fuel introduced : ~5,000 L
Result : ~ $ 300 million cost for nothing
Result : Emergency landing due to fuel shortage
S.I. Units
Prefix Multiple
n nano 10-9
µ micro 10-6
m milli 10-3
k kilo 103
M mega 106
G giga 109
T tera 1012
Accuracy, effective digits
1. Same dimensions
In the equation, left and right term should have same dimension
W = mg
N kg m/s2
2. Effective digits
The number of effective digits decides the accuracy of the equation
Q) The number of effective digits?
0.00821
23400, 2.34x104 , 2.3400x104
Approximates, small numbers
• Small Angle Approximations (with radians)
• sin θ ≅ tan θ ≅ θ and sin dθ ≅ tan dθ ≅ dθ
• cos θ ≅ 1 and cos dθ ≅ 1
• Sample Calculation
• 1° = 0.017 453 rad, sin 1° = 0.017452, tan 1° = 0.017455, cos 1° = 0.999848
• The percent error for the sine function is only 0.51% at 10°.
• If more accuracy is required, retain the first two terms in the series expansion of the function.
• To convert from degrees to radians, multiply the angle in degrees by π/180°.

Example problem
1. Problem Statement
Use Newton’s law of universal gravitation to calculate the weight of a 70-kg person standing on
the surface of the earth. Then repeat the calculation by using W = mg and compare your two
results.
Example problem
Example problem
2. Problem Statement
For the vectors V1 and V2 shown in the figure,
a) determine the magnitude S of their vector sum S = V1 + V2
b) determine the angle " between S and the positive x-axis
c) write S as a vector in terms of the unit vectors i and j and then write a unit vector n
along the vector sum S
d) determine the vector difference D = V1 − V2
Example Problem
• Part a) – Magnitude of S
• Part b) – Angle Between S and x-axis
• Part c) – Vector Expression for S and n

Article 1/9 – Sample Problem 1/3 (of 3)
• Part d) – Vector Difference

Statics

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Statics

Uploaded by

Document Information

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Statics

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Statics

Week 1: Introduction to Statics

1/2 Basic Concepts

1/3 Scalars and Vectors

1/4 Newton’s Laws

1/6 Law of Gravitation

1/7 Accuracy, Limits, and Approximations

1/8 Problem Solving in Statics

• Statics is a specific subject under mechanics

• Time : Not necessary in the statics 3-dimensional space

Always Distinguish between Scalars and Vectors

• Vector Difference V′ = V1 – V2 (Adding a Negative)

• Rectangular Components (x-y)

• Three-Dimensional Vectors and Direction Cosines

• Vx = V cos θx = Vl where l = cos θx

• Vy = V cos θy = Vm where m = cos θy

• Vz = V cos θz = Vn where n = cos θz

• Pythagorean Theorem (Vector Magnitude)

• V2 = Vx2 + Vy2 + Vz2

Law II : Law of acceleration

Law III : Law of action - reaction

Introducing Mathematics to physics

Newton’s apple tree

0 velocity Constant velocity

0 velocity Constant velocity

Law II : Law of acceleration

Force mass acceleration

F = the mutual force of attraction between two particles

Mass m is always in kilograms (kg, almost always provided in the book).

Fundamental Quantities of Mechanics and their Units

• Why these units are important?

Air Canada 143 (1983) Mars Climate Orbiter (1998)

Confusion in kilogram(kg) to pound (lb)

• sin θ ≅ tan θ ≅ θ and sin dθ ≅ tan dθ ≅ dθ

• cos θ ≅ 1 and cos dθ ≅ 1

• To convert from degrees to radians, multiply the angle in degrees by π/180°.

• Part b) – Angle Between S and x-axis

• Part c) – Vector Expression for S and n

• Part d) – Vector Difference

You might also like