Review of Basic Chemical Principles

State and Classification of
Matter
State and Classification of Matter
What is Chemistry ?
Medicines that cure diseases, fibers that go into your
clothing, even the complex substances that make up your
body—all are chemicals.
Chemistry is the study of substances such as these, in
fact, chemistry is the study of all substances and the changes
that they can undergo.
The Central Science

Chemistry plays a role in many fields. Chemistry has
been called the central science because it overlaps so many
sciences. Whether your career intersects are in science,
engineering, public service, or some other occupation,
chances are good that you will need a knowledge of
chemistry.
Why Study Chemistry ?

Chemistry is fun! Chemistry will help you to understand
what makes leaves change color in the fall, why icebergs float,
and how the food you eat turns muscle (and sometime fat)
in your body. Chemistry can help you look at the world in
ways you may never have imagined. I hope that by the time
you finish this course, you will see why chemistry can and
should play an important role in your life.
MATTER is anything that occupies space and has mass.

Classification of Matter
Pure Substance
ELEMENTS COMPOUNDS
Elements are the simplest pure Compounds are pure substances that are
substances. made of more than one element bound
Examples: together.
•O-Oxygen Examples:
•H- Hydrogen •H2O and CO2
•Na- Sodium
•C- Carbon A molecule is formed when two or more
•Fe- Iron atoms chemically combine.
•Pb- Lead
The smallest particle of an element that
has the properties of that element is an
atom.
Mixtures
HETEROGENOUS MIXTURES HOMOGENOUS MIXTURES

All components of the mixture are visible Homogeneous mixtures
because they do not mix together Components cannot be distinguished from
Particles not distributed evenly each other, appear as one substance
Particles distributed evenly throughout
EX: sand and water
vegetable soup EX: air, salt water, 10 karat gold
oil and water
*SOLUTIONS
WHAT MAKES
MATTER SOLID,
LIQUID, OR GAS?
MICROSCOPIC MACROSCOPIC
Particles are tightly Has definite shape
SOLID packed and volume
Particles are far from Has indefinite shape

LIQUID each other and has definite
volume
Particles are very far Has no fixed shape
GAS from each other and volume
Properties of Matter
HOW CAN YOU

SAY THAT ONE
SUBSTANCE IS
DIFFERENT FROM
ANOTHER?
Extensive and Intensive

Physical Property
-measurable and observable

Intensive/ Intrinsic Extensive/ Extrinsic
-Do not depend on the -Depends on the amount of
amount of matter present matter present
-color, boiling point, melting -mass, volume, length, and

point, solubility, conductivity, shape
malleability, luster, and
viscosity
Chemical Property
-ability to react with other substances
• Combustibility
• Reactivity
• Flammability
INTENSIVE EXTENSIVE
Boiling Point Hardness Volume
Density Luster Mass
State of Matter Odor Size
Melting Point Color Weight
Temperature Ductility Length
Refractive Index Malleability
Physical or Chemical Property?
The ability of a nail to rust.
Chemical
Property
The shape of a leaf.
Physical
Property
The ability of wood to burn.
Chemical
Property
The hardness of a diamond.
Physical
Property
The volume of your coke.
Physical
Property
Separating Mixtures
Separating Mixtures
•What is a mixture?
• When two or more materials or
substances are mixed together but do not
chemically combine.
• This means they retain their original
properties.
• This means they can be separated by
physical means.
Separating Mixtures
What are the different ways of separating mixtures?

• Filtration
• Sedimentation
• Decantation
• Evaporation
• Distillation
• Magnetic separation
Separating Mixtures
Filtration is a process used to separate solids from liquids
Residue is the
substance which
remains in the strainer
Filtrate is the liquid that
passes through the
strainer
Separating Mixtures
• Sedimentation is the process by which insoluble heavy particles in
a liquid are allowed to settle down.
• Decantation in this process, the solid particles are allowed to settle
first at the bottom and later, the liquid which is called supernatant is
poured into another container leaving behind the solid particle.
Separating Mixtures
Evaporation is the process of a substance in a liquid state

changing to a gaseous state
Separating Mixtures
• Distillation is the process of separating components of a
mixture based on different boiling points.
Separating Mixtures
• Using a magnet / Magnetic Separation is the process of

separating elemental metals from other particles in a mixture.
Separating Mixtures
Chromatography
is another method of separating complex mixtures. It has various
techniques that can be used to separate mixtures, such as paper
chromatography, which uses an adsorbent (filter paper or chromatogram
paper). The separation depends upon the solubility of each component in
the solvent.

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State and Classification of

The Central Science

Why Study Chemistry ?

MATTER is anything that occupies space and has mass.

HETEROGENOUS MIXTURES HOMOGENOUS MIXTURES

Particles are far from Has indefinite shape

HOW CAN YOU

Extensive and Intensive

-measurable and observable

-color, boiling point, melting -mass, volume, length, and

-ability to react with other substances

Physical or Chemical Property?

The ability of a nail to rust.

Physical or Chemical Property?

The shape of a leaf.

Physical or Chemical Property?

The ability of wood to burn.

Physical or Chemical Property?

The hardness of a diamond.

Physical or Chemical Property?

The volume of your coke.

What are the different ways of separating mixtures?

Evaporation is the process of a substance in a liquid state

• Using a magnet / Magnetic Separation is the process of

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