Lab 2 Report

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BOHOL ISLAND STATE UNIVERSITY MAIN CAMPUS

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND ARCHITECTURE
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EE 211 Electrical Circuits 1

Laboratory Exercise No. 2
Design of a Resistor Voltage Divider Circuit
Group Leader: Philip Gabriel R. Cuñado
Group Members:
Vezie Buynay
Joelie Anne Genita
Alfredo Sotto III
Jamesly Ugay
Program, Year & Section: BSEE 2 – C Date Performed: 10 – 04 – 2024
Course In-Charge: Engr. Dave J. Pojadas Date Submitted: 10 – 04 – 2024
Rating: Comments:
Abstract.
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This laboratory experiment investigates the design principles and considerations of a

resistor voltage divider circuit, which serves to proportionally reduce input voltages. The voltage
divider comprises two or more resistors arranged in series, with the input voltage applied across
the full resistor network and the output voltage taken from across one or more of these resistors.
By utilizing Ohm’s Law and the voltage division rule, this circuit facilitates precise control over the
output voltage as a fraction of the input voltage.
A specific load is designated for the design, and calculations are performed to satisfy the
particular ratings of resistors and output voltage requirements, ensuring the circuit functions
within specified conditions. Voltage divider circuits are commonly utilized in numerous practical
applications where precision and stability are essential. Despite their straightforward nature,
optimizing a voltage divider for real-world scenarios necessitates careful consideration of factors
such as tolerance, power dissipation, and the temperature coefficients of resistors. This
laboratory offers a comprehensive analysis of how these elements impact the performance and
reliability of voltage divider circuits, highlighting their vital role in both low-power and high-
performance electronic systems.
Introduction
This laboratory experiment offers learners the chance to consolidate their understanding
of fundamental electrical principles, such as Ohm’s law and Kirchhoff’s laws. Additionally,
designing a voltage divider using resistors will deepen students’ comprehension of how
voltage is distributed across components in a series circuit, along with how different resistors
can influence the output voltage.
Furthermore, this experiment allows students to revisit and refine the practical skills
gained in earlier labs, particularly in handling electrical equipment. Participants will be tasked
with using instruments like voltmeters to measure voltage, current, and resistance to verify
that the constructed voltage divider operates within the parameters of the design
calculations. This method not only enhances theoretical knowledge but also emphasizes the
practical aspects of circuit analysis and troubleshooting, which are crucial for preparing for
advanced studies in electronics and circuit design.
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1. Materials and Equipment

a. Resistors - Passive components that impede the flow of electric current. In a voltage
divider circuit, they are utilized to lower the voltage to a specified level based on their
resistance values, in accordance with Ohm’s Law.
b. Lamps - Devices that transform electrical energy into illumination. They act as loads
within the circuit, allowing students to see how variations in voltage and current influence
the brightness of the lamps.
c. Multimeter - A versatile measuring device used to assess voltage, current, and

resistance in a circuit. It is crucial for diagnosing issues and ensuring the circuit functions
as intended.
d. Wiring Board - A platform created for organizing and connecting electrical components
in a circuit. It facilitates straightforward setup and modification of circuits during
experimentation.
e. Connecting Wires - Insulated conductive cables used to establish electrical connections

between components in the circuit, enabling the flow of current.
f. Variable Power Supply - An apparatus that delivers a controlled and adjustable source
of electrical power, ensuring that the circuit receives a consistent voltage within a defined
range.
g. Switches - Mechanisms employed to open or close the circuit, allowing students to

manage when the circuit is powered on or off and to easily experiment with different
configurations.
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2. Design
d
Figure 1
Calculations:
Given:
Vs = 12V, Lamp 1 = 3.8V: 0.3A, Lamp 2 = 7.2V: 0.54A
- Current in each resistor:

I1, assume the bleeder current of 9% of total load currents:
I 1=( 0.3 A +0.54 A ) ∙ 0.09=0.075 A
I2, use KCL @ node 1:
I 2=I 1+ I L1=0.075 A+0.3 A=0.375 A
I3, use KCL @node 2:
I 3=I 2+ I L2=0.375 A+ 0.54 A=0.915 A
- Resistance in each current:

V L1 3.8V
R1 : R= = =50.67 Ω
I 1 0.075 A
V L2 −V L 1 3.8 V −0.375 A
R2 : R= = =9.067 Ω
I2 0.375 A
V s−V L2 12V −7.2V
R3 : R= = =5.24 Ω
I3 0.915 A
Voltage Drop of R2 Voltage Drop of R3

VdR2= (0.375A) (9.067Ω VdR3= (12V-7.2V)
VdR2= 3.4 V VdR3= 4.8 V
- Power rating:
PR1 = (VL1) (I1) = (3.8V) (0.8A) = 0.3W
PR2 = (VL2 – VL1) (I2) = (7.2V – 3.8V) (0.375A) = 1.275W
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PR3 = (VS – VL2) (I3) = (12V – 7.2V) (0.915A) = 4.392W
- Open Circuit Behavior (Not loaded); this Circuit will be a Series Circuit.
We Used Voltage Division Theorem to find voltage in R1 , R 2∧R3
R1
V 1= V
R1 + R2 + R3 total
R1 :
R1 50 Ω
V R 1= V total = ( 12 V )=9.23 V
R 1+ R 2+ R 3 50 Ω+10 Ω+5 Ω
R2 :
R2 10 Ω
V R 2= V = ( 12 V )=1.846 V
R 1+ R 2+ R 3 total 50 Ω+10 Ω+5 Ω
R3 :
R3 5Ω
V R 3= V total= ( 12 V )=0.923 V
R 1+ R 2+ R 3 50 Ω+10 Ω+5 Ω
- Current when not loaded:
V V V
I R 1= I R 2= I R 1=
R R R
9.23 V 1.846 V 0.923 V
I R 1= I R 2= I R3=
50 Ω 10Ω 5Ω
I R 1=0.1846 A I R 2=0.1846 A I R 3 =0.1846 A
Hence:
R1 should be 1W, 50Ω
R2 should be 2W, 9Ω
R3 should be 4 or 5W, 5Ω
3. Results
In this section, we present a table of results obtained from the laboratory testing
performed. The anticipated calculations and actual measurements are detailed below. A
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digital multimeter is utilized to measure the voltage and current in both loaded and
unloaded configurations, ensuring enhanced accuracy and precision.
Note: Each resistor (R) contains two resistors to get the desired resistance and measurements each resistor is included in the table.
Table 1: Ratings of each Resistor and Lamps

Resistor Nominal Value Tolerance Range Rating
1 50Ω 45Ω – 55Ω 2 watts 49.9Ω
2 10Ω 5Ω – 15Ω 2 watts 9.8Ω
3 5Ω 1Ω – 10Ω 5 watts 5.1Ω
Lamp Voltage Ampere

1 3.8V 0.3 A
2 7.2V 0.54 A
Table 2: Calculated voltage and current of each resistor with no load
Digital Reading
Resistor Resistance Voltage Ampere
Voltage Ampere
5
1 9.23V 0.18461A 9.07V 0.18A
0Ω
1
2 0Ω 1.84V 0.18461A 1.82V 0.18A
3 0.923V 0.18461A 0.935V 0.18A

5Ω
Lamp
1
2
Table 3: Calculated voltage and current of each resistor and lamp
Digital Reading
Resistor Resistance Voltage Ampere
Voltage Ampere
1 3.8V 0.075A 3.53V 0.071A

50 Ω
2 3.4V 0.375A 3.44V 0.343A
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10 Ω
3 4.8V 0.915A 4.52V 0.887A

5Ω
Lamp
1 3.8V 0.3A 3.64V 0.28A
2 7.2V 0.54A 7.05VV 0.53A
4. Discussion
In this section, we present our findings and examine potential factors that may
have affected the outcomes observed in our laboratory tests. We also conduct a critical
analysis to identify possible contributors to these results.
Below are some factors concluded by the group after the test:
a. Resistor Tolerance - Resistor values are not always precise and are typically
specified with a tolerance (e.g., ±1%, ±5%). This can result in variations in the anticipated
output voltage.
b. Power Supply - Fluctuations in the input voltage (from the power supply)
directly influence the output voltage of the divider, as the divider's output is a fraction of
the input.
c. Connections - Poor connections between components and wires can introduce

additional resistance or lead to intermittent performance, potentially resulting in
inaccurate calculations and measurements.
d. Human Error - Mistakes in interpreting schematics, performing calculations, or

assumptions regarding initial conditions can affect the accuracy of circuit analysis or
outcomes.
e. Probe Placement: Incorrect placement or grounding of probes can lead to
inaccurate readings.
f. Temperature Effects - Changes in temperature can affect resistor values and the
performance of other components, potentially leading to discrepancies in voltage
measurements.
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g. Load Variability - The type and characteristics of the load connected to the
voltage divider can influence the output voltage, particularly if the load changes during
the experiment.
h. Instrument Calibration - If the measuring instruments, such as the multimeter,
are not properly calibrated, it can result in erroneous readings that misrepresent the
actual circuit behavior.
5. Conclusions
In reflecting on our laboratory session, we encountered some key difficulties,

particularly regarding the total voltage drop and the current measurements for lamp 2.
Despite these challenges, our calculations matched closely with the actual readings,
showing only minor variations. We have gained a clear understanding of the voltage
division principle, which explains how the voltage drop across a resistor in a series circuit
relates to its resistance. Through hands-on circuit design and the application of the
voltage divider formula, we have enhanced our comprehension of how resistor values
impact output voltage. Ultimately, we view our lab work as a success and are pleased
with the results. These goals have not only deepened our conceptual understanding but
also enhanced our practical engineering abilities, which are essential in the areas of
circuitry and power systems.
Moreover, the insights gained during this experiment will undoubtedly aid us in
future projects, reinforcing our understanding of circuit behavior and improving our
troubleshooting capabilities. This experience has also emphasized the importance of
meticulous measurement and accurate component selection, which are vital for effective
circuit design. Overall, the knowledge and skills acquired will serve as a strong foundation
for our continued studies and professional growth in the engineering discipline.
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References:
Hamamd, M. (2020). Voltage Division Rule Explanation, Formula Derivation. SCRIBD.
Tenny, K. M. (2023). Ohm's law. National institute of Health.
Lobontiu, N. (2018). KIRCHOFF LAW. ScienceDirect.
Zhirnov, V. & Cavin III, R. (2015). Electrical Measurement. Science Direct.
Reed, T. (2020). Multimeter Measurement Explained. ElectronicDesign.
Enginerdmath. (2023, December 20). Voltage Divider Rule. YouTube.com.
Organic Chemistry. (2017, December 14). KIRCHOFF'S LAW. YouTube.
https://youtu.be/oHszlKhNX54?si=e_QkIQooYSJ0HgAm.
https://youtu.be/1aJzZCpq81M?si=msWYmbUy9xiJmEFJ
https://youtu.be/2Zu3ppq3n8I?si=vyJuKgn2XGUM91sX.
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Appendix
Appendix 1. Construction of
the circuit connections on a
Appendix 2. A picture of the outcome.
customized board.
Appendix 3. Group doing

Appendix 4. Pre-testing
calculations
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Appendix 5. Conducting Testing Appendix 6. Success Testing Lab 2
Appendix 5. Conducting Appendix 4.

testing
Appendix 5. Conducting
testing (2)

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Republic of the Philippines

BOHOL ISLAND STATE UNIVERSITY MAIN CAMPUS

EE 211 Electrical Circuits 1

Group Leader: Philip Gabriel R. Cuñado

Program, Year & Section: BSEE 2 – C Date Performed: 10 – 04 – 2024

Course In-Charge: Engr. Dave J. Pojadas Date Submitted: 10 – 04 – 2024

This laboratory experiment investigates the design principles and considerations of a

1. Materials and Equipment

c. Multimeter - A versatile measuring device used to assess voltage, current, and

e. Connecting Wires - Insulated conductive cables used to establish electrical connections

g. Switches - Mechanisms employed to open or close the circuit, allowing students to

- Current in each resistor:

- Resistance in each current:

Voltage Drop of R2 Voltage Drop of R3

PR3 = (VS – VL2) (I3) = (12V – 7.2V) (0.915A) = 4.392W

- Current when not loaded:

Table 1: Ratings of each Resistor and Lamps

Lamp Voltage Ampere

Table 2: Calculated voltage and current of each resistor with no load

3 0.923V 0.18461A 0.935V 0.18A

Table 3: Calculated voltage and current of each resistor and lamp

1 3.8V 0.075A 3.53V 0.071A

3 4.8V 0.915A 4.52V 0.887A

c. Connections - Poor connections between components and wires can introduce

d. Human Error - Mistakes in interpreting schematics, performing calculations, or

In reflecting on our laboratory session, we encountered some key difficulties,

Hamamd, M. (2020). Voltage Division Rule Explanation, Formula Derivation. SCRIBD.

Tenny, K. M. (2023). Ohm's law. National institute of Health.

Lobontiu, N. (2018). KIRCHOFF LAW. ScienceDirect.

Zhirnov, V. & Cavin III, R. (2015). Electrical Measurement. Science Direct.

Reed, T. (2020). Multimeter Measurement Explained. ElectronicDesign.

Enginerdmath. (2023, December 20). Voltage Divider Rule. YouTube.com.

Organic Chemistry. (2017, December 14). KIRCHOFF'S LAW. YouTube.

Appendix 3. Group doing

Appendix 5. Conducting Testing Appendix 6. Success Testing Lab 2

Appendix 5. Conducting Appendix 4.

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