EARTH SCIENCE

(1ST SEM - MIDTERM)

W1: EARTH SUBSYSTEMS . 5. Giant Body

Origin of the Universe, the Earth and - Stoic philosophers believed
its Subsystems that the sun and stars are
- Humans use religion, traditions, the most important part to
philosophy and science to describe which everything else was
its origin and structure. interconnected.
- The understanding of the universe 6. Geocentric Universe
is built upon previous knowledge - Aristotle and Ptoley
and enhanced by the upgrading proposed that Earth stayed
technologies. motionless in the heavens
1. Book of Genesis and everything was
- God separated light from revolving around it.
darkness, and created sky, 7. Heliocentrism Theory
land, sea, moon, stars, and - In 1543, Nicolaus Copenicus
every living creature in a demonstrated that Earth
span of 6 days. and other planets revolved
2. Rigveda (A Hindu Text) around a star.
- The universe is an - In 1584, Giordano Bruno
oscillating universe and it stated that the solar system
is contained in a cosmic is not the center of the
egg called brahmanda universe.
3. Primordial Universe 8. Infinite Universe
- The universe is made up of - In 1687, Sir Isaac Newton
small fragments and it's stated that matter on a
not entirely uniform. At large scale is uniformly
some point, the mixture distributed, it is
was set in motion by the gravitational balanced but
action of the “nous” or unstable.
mind. The motion sifted 9. Cartesian Vortex Model
and separated the mixture, - Rene Descartes
producing cosmos. - Based on Newton's Infinite
4. Atomic Universe Universe
- Leucippus and Democritus - The universe is a vacuum of
held that the universe was space but it is filled with
composed of tiny, matter that swirled around
indivisible, and in large and small vortices.
indestructible atoms. - Later called as gravitational
effects

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10. Static Universe Biogeochemical Cycle

- Albert Einstein - pathways where chemical
- The universe was static substances move through the
dynamically -stable biotic and abiotic components of
universe and is neither the Earth.
expanding nor - Allows the circulation of life
contracting1929, Edwin Earth Subsystems
Hubble disproved this 1. Atmosphere
theory. - Makes up all the gasses on
The Bigbang Theory Earth that surrounds and
- The universe is expanding, having protects the planet.
originated from an infinitely tiny - Consist of different layers:
dense point. Troposphere, Stratosphere,
- Matter are not present but bute Mesosphere, thermosphere,
energy is compressed in a single and Exosphere.
point called singularity
- 4 Fundamental Forces:
- Gravity
- Attraction between
bodies
- Electromagnetic Force
- Binds atom into
molecule
- Weak Nuclear Force
- Binds proton and
neutron in the
nucleus.
- Strong Nuclear Force
2. Geosphere
- Breaks down an
- Came from the Greek word
atom’s nucleus and
geo which means ground.
produces radioactive
- Includes all the soil, rocks,
decay.
and minerals present in the
Timeline
crust to the core of Earth.
1. Oscillating Universe
- Consist of crust (the
2. Steady State Theory
outermost layer, solid),
3. Multiverse
mantle (middle layer, upper
layer is more fluid than
lower layer), and core

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(innermost layer, outer layer - The atoms in

liquid, inner layer solid) minerals are
3. Hydrosphere organized in a
- Composed of all water on regular, repetitive
Earth in any form: water geometric pattern.
vapor, liquid water, and ice. - Substances that
- Totality of the water fulfill all the
including the cryosphere. requirements but do
- Composed of 97.5% not have an ordered
saltwater and 2.5% internal structure are
freshwater. called
4. Biosphere “MINERALOIDS”
- Includes all organisms on - Composition of Minerals
Earth and their 1. Silicates
interrelations. - silicon-oxygen
- Includes all life forms even tetrahedrons.
the organic matter that has 2. Oxides
not been decomposed. - metal cations
- Divided into biomes – bonded to oxygen
world’s major communities. anions.
- Aquatic, Forest, Dessert, 3. Sulfides
Grassland, and Tundra - metal cation bonded
W2: ROCKS AND MINERALS . to sulfide.
Formation of Rocks and Minerals and 4. Sulfates
its Resources - metal cation bonded
Minerals to the SO4^2- anionic
- A naturally-occuring, inorganic group.
solid with a definite chemical 5. Halides
composition and an ordered - halogen ions such as
internal structure. chlorine and fluorine.
- Characteristics of Minerals 6. Carbonates
1. Naturally-occuring - presence of carbonic
2. Inorganic ion.
3. Solid 7. Native Metals
4. Definite chemical - single metal such as
composition Copper (Cu) and Gold
5. Ordered internal structure (Au).

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Crystal Structure of Minerals - The weight of a mineral is

- Crystal structure is dependent on relative to the weight of an
the chemical composition of the equal volume of water.
mineral. Similar compositions - SPECIFIC GRAVITY is the
often share the same structure and measure of the density of a
generally belong to the same mineral.
crystal system. 5. Cleavage
- The tendency of a mineral to
break along planes of
weakness.
- Excellent: will break into
smooth, flat, parallel
surfaces.
- Good: will result in a small,
Physical Properties of Minerals smooth, steplike flat
1. Crystal form surface.
- Mineral’s definite chemical - Poor: difficult to find the
composition undergoes the weak point.
process of crystallization. - Absent: Will break in an
- The outward appearance of irregular manner.
the mineral's crystal form is Rock
called “HABIT”. - A rock is a naturally-occurring,
2. Luster coherent aggregate of minerals or
- It describes the appearance solid materials.
of light as it is reflected off
its surface.
- Metallic
- Nonmetallic
3. Hardness
- The measurement of
strength of the chemical
bonds in its structural form.
It can be measured by
scratching with another
mineral and by using the ● Crystallization - Igneous Rock
“MOHS SCALE OF ● Weathering & Erosion - Sediments
HARDNESS”. ● Heat and Pressure - Metamorphic
4. Density Rock

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● Cementation and Compaction - Formation of Sedimentary Rock

Sedimentary Rocks - The products of the lithification of
Formation of Igneous Rock particles produced by the
- It is formed from the cooling and weathering of preexisting rocks.
solidification of magma and lava. Other rock, mineral, organic
The word “IGNEOUS” is derived from fragments are the main
the Latin ”igneus”, which means “SEDIMENTS” for this type of rock.
“fiery” or “on fire.” Came from the Latin word
1. Below the surface (slowly sedentarius, which means “sitting.”
cooling) 1. Cementation of sediments
- Formation of crystals over a long period of time.
that are visible. - These rocks are
These rocks form called clastic. It is
underneath the crust differentiated based
are called intrusive on the size of the
or plutonic. (e.g., sediments. (e.g.,
granite, diorite, shale, sandstone,
syenite) and conglomerate)
2. On the surface (rapidly 2. Precipitation of minerals
cooling) from ions in solution.
- Formation of tiny - When it is exposed to
crystals. These rocks oxygen and water, it
are called extrusive can undergo
or volcanic. (e.g., oxidation (rusting)
basalt, andesite, and and hydrolysis. The
rhyolite.) flowing water can
3. On the surface carry materials and
(consolidation of particles form solutions,
erupted by volcano) leading to the
- Formed from a formation of
violently erupted chemical
volcano. Produces sedimentary rock.
tiny or large parts (e.g., limestone,
depending on the dolostone, rock salt)
amount of gas. These
rocks are called
pyroclastic. (e.g.,
ignimbrite)

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3. Compaction and cementation of recrystallization, or

plants and/or animal remains even change in
- These rocks are called mineralogy when
bioclastic. (e.g., coquina, chemically active
organic limestone) fluids are involved.
Formation of Metamorphic Rock - The process is called
- Forms when sedimentary, igneous, “CONTACT
even itself are altered by heat, METAMORPHISM”
pressure, and chemical activity. and can create
This process is called “NONFOLIATED
“METAMORPHISM”, meaning METAMORPHIC
change in form. ROCKS” (e.g. marble,
1. Pressure due to tectonic and quartzite)
activity Ore
- The flat and/or - Naturally-occurring materials that
elongated mineral can be profitably mined.
components react by - Can be mineral, rock or metallic
aligning and nonmetallic.
perpendicular to the Deposit
axis of the pressure. - Potential ore body if its localized
This results in a abundance is greater than its
layered appearance average abundance on the Earth’s
called “FOLIATION.” crust.
These rocks are Locating Ores
called “FOLIATED - Located by recognizing that a
METAMORPHIC geologic process can produce
ROCKS” Came from localized enrichment of ores
the Latin word Hydrothermal Fluid Circulation
folium, which means - The most common type of ore
leaf. This process is mineral deposition.
called “REGIONAL - Formed when groundwater is
METAMORPHISM.” heated by magma.
(e.g., slate, schist, Metamorphic Processes
and gneiss.) - Lead to alteration and
2. Heat due to direct contact of recrystallization of minerals and
rock and magma. aids the formation and localization
- Can undergo change of economically-important
in texture due to materials.

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Action of Currents Uses of Local Ore Materials

- The flowing of water takes the 4. Renowned
sediments along with it. 5. Resources
- “PLACER DEPOSITS” are those 6. Trade
sediments that are left behind. Natural Resource Management
Chemical Weathering 1. Finding environment-friendly
- When rocks are exposed to oxygen alternatives
and water. 2. Recycling and resisting to acquire
- Common in tropical areas. new commodities which are not
Mining Ores necessary
- Process in which useful resources 3. Conservation, protection, and
are withdrawn from any stock of rehabilitation of ecosystems.
renewable resource 4. Management of natural resources
Steps During Mining that affects the quality of life for
1. Prospecting or Exploration both present and future
2. Drilling generations.
3. Modeling
4. Identify and assessing the W3: ENERGY RESOURCES .
potential impacts Renewable Energy
5. Designing and constructing the - Energy that can be replenished or
mine regenerated on a human time scale
6. Ore extraction - Geothermal
7. Milling - Solar
8. Mine site decommissioning - Wind
Extraction Methods - Biomass
1. Sand and gravel extraction - Hydroelectric
- Discarding these types of Non-renewable Energy
deposits since they are not - Energy that cannot be replenished
economically viable or regenerated on a human time
2. Extraction from buried ore bodies scale
- Huge quantities of rock - Fossil Fuels
often need to be revived and - Presently the world’s
discarded so that a primary source of energy. It
relatively small number of provides most of the energy
ore can be recovered. that supports all of the
3. Ore processing various activities.
- Crushing, separating, - Coal
purifying

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- A black combustible rock - The KEROGEN (waxy substance)

made up of elemental made into hydrocarbons through
carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, the process of CATAGENESIS
nitrogen, and varying - If the temperature increases
amounts of sulfur. beyond the oil window, oil is
converted into natural gas in a
process called THERMAL CRACKING.
- Oil window: (50° to 150° C)
Natural Gas
- A hydrocarbon mostly made up of
methane (CH4).
- Simple chemical compound that is
made up of carbon and hydrogen
atoms.
- This gas is lighter than air and is
highly flammable.
Nuclear Energy
- A heat energy that is produced by
nuclear fission or fusion.
- Nuclear Fission: Splitting heavy
atoms into lighter atoms.
Lignite - A soft, dark-brown, low-rank - Nuclear Fusion: combination of two
coal composed of 70% carbon. light atoms.
Sub-bituminous - Dull, black, mid-rank - Uranium-235, Uranium-238,
coal composed of 70% carbon and Thorium-232 are the
Anthracite - Shiny, black, high-rank radioactive elements that
coal composed of 95% carbon. usually decay.
Petroleum and Natural Gas Problems with Nuclear Power Plant
- Latin word petra which means - Temperature of Fuel Rods
“rock”, and oleum which means - Generation of radioactive wastes
“oil.” Geothermal Energy
- Naturally-occurring liquid - Heat energy that is trapped inside
composed of complex the Earth’s surface.
hydrocarbons, and is found in - Geothermal Gradient: rate of
geological formations underneath change in temperature with depth
the Earth’s surface. - Harnessing Geothermal Energy
- By heating the water using
volcanic rocks

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- Regulating the temperature - Processes that allow water

- Converting water into steam to move between reservoir
Hydroelectric energy and subsystems
- The use of natural flow of water to 2. RESERVOIR
generate electricity. - Places where water resides
- Hydropower for varying amounts of time
- power generated by the Fluctuation
energy from the flowing 1. Evaporation
water. - Liquid water changes into
- Weir - diversion structure vapor
that is constructed along 2. Sublimation
the stream to divert water - Ice directly transform into
and allow it to flow through vapor
a canal called “HEADRACE” 3. Transpiration
Tidal Range - Evaporation of water from
- Difference in elevation of the high the leaves and stem of
and low tide. plants
Wind Energy 4. Condensation
- Produced using wind turbine - Vapor changes into water
- Wind farm - collection of individual 5. Precipitation
wind turbines - Water droplets or crystals
Solar Energy became large and heavy
- Energy from the sun. 6. Infiltration
Photovoltaic - Rain or snow that falls into
- Direct conversion of light into the land surface penetrates
electricity at the atomic level. the soil
- Consist of semiconductor EARTH'S WATERS
materials made into thin sheets Earth’s Water Budget
called “WAFER”. - the total amount of water in the
planet
W4: WATER RESOURCES ● Water moves constantly and
Hydrologic Cycle changes form, but neither created
- Also known as water cycle nor destroyed, and it’s cycling for
- Movement of water around the billions of years.
earth's surface and its subsystem ● United Nations World Water
Hydrologic Cycle Development (UNWWD). The largest
1. PATHWAY reservoir is the ocean that contains

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about 97.5%, which mostly saline home of most marine

water animals and plants.
● Freshwater is 2.5% and it is ● Thermocline
composed of glacier (68.7%), - Cold and extends up to 1500
groundwater (30.1%) and meter
permafrost (0.8%), surface and ● Deep Zone
atmospheric water. - The temperature is
Residence Time uniformly low. 80% of the
- The average length of time spent by water in the ocean is here.
water molecules in a reservoir. In a ● Surface of the ocean is affected
large reservoir the residence time of by currents caused by prevailing
water is longer winds. It drags the waterforward,
RESERVOIR AVERAGE creating slow, broad drifts.
RESIDENCE TIME THERMOHALINE CIRCULATION
- It is driven by the density
Glaciers 10 to 10000 years differences, which are controlled by
Soil Moisture 1 weeks to 1 year temperature (thermo) and salinity
(haline). This circulation is
Grandwater: shallow 100 to 200 years
propelled by the sinking of cold,
Groundwater: deep 10000 years salty, and dense water,and rising of
the warm, less salty water of the
Oceans 4000 years
tropics.
Lakes 10 to 100 years FRESHWATER RESERVOIR
- Can be seen in inaccessible areas
Atmosphere 10 days
such as the polar regions.
Rivers 2 weeks to 6 months 1. Glacier
- a permanent body of ice,
Biosphere 1 week
which consists largely of
recrystallized snow.
SALT WATER RESERVOIR 2. Ice sheets
- An ocean is a vast body of saline - a mass of glacial land ice
water. extending more than 50,000
- The saltiness of saltwater is called km². There are currently ice
“SALINITY” sheets covering most of
● Surface Layer Greenland and Antarctica.
- warm, low-density water If the ice sheet in Greenland were to
with 100 m in depth from melt, the water in the world would
the ocean surface. 2% of the rise by 6 meters. If the Antarctic ice
water in the ocean and the

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sheet melted, the world’s water - The land area in which the
would rise about 60 meters. water flows into a particular
3. Permafrost stream.
- A soil, rock, or sediment that 6. Interfluves
is frozen for more than two - The narrow, elongated
consecutive years. landform separating
SURFACE WATER RESERVOIR individual streams.
- The 0.3% of the Earth’s water that 7. Drainage Divide
include the stream, lakes, and - The line that separates
wetlands where water from rainfall, individual drainage basins.
melting snow and ice, and 8. Sheetflow
groundwater flows - It is also called overland
1. Stream flow; it is a process where
- a moving body of surface heavy rain moves downhill.
water that flows downslope - As the rain flows, it will enter
toward sea level due to the channels and become
gravity. STREAMFLOW.
2. Channels Lakes
- where particles and - Large inland bodies of fresh and
dissolved substances are saline water.
transported. - Its upper surface is exposed to the
3. River atmosphere and essentially flat.
- a stream with a Ponds
considerable volume and - Are small and shallow lakes.
well-defined channel. Dams
- Are barriers constructed along
streams to contain the flow of
water.
Wetlands
- are land areas where water covers
the surface for significant periods.
MARSH, SWAMP, and ESTUARY are the
different types of wetlands.
4. TRIBUTARIES - a. Swamp: with lush trees and
- smaller streams. vegetation found in low-lying areas
5. Drainage Basin beside slow-moving rivers.
- It can be called watershed

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- b. Estuary: partly enclosed coastal

body of water where freshwater
from streams meet the saltwater.
Floods
- A natural event in which an area
that is usually dry is submerged
under water.
a. Flash Floods
- Intense, high-velocity
torrent of water that occurs
in an existing river channel Aquifer
with little to no notice - Water-bearing rock layers are akin
b. Fluvial (Riverine Flood) to a “sponge” which holds
- When a stream’s discharge groundwater in tiny cracks,
is greater than the capacity cavities, and pores between grains.
of the channel, causing it to ACTIVITIES AFFECTING THE QUALITY OF
overflow WATER
c. Pluvial (Surface Water Flood) 1. Population growth, particularly in
- When heavy rainfall create a water-short regions
flood event of an overflowing 2. Movement of large number of
stream people from the countryside to
d. Coastal Flooding towns and cities
- When water overwhelms in 3. Demand for greater food security
low-lying areas along the and higher living standards
coast, usually due to severe 4. Increased competitions
weather conditions 5. Pollution
e. Ground Water WATER RESOURCE MANAGEMENT
- A freshwater found in the 1. Presidential Decree (PD) No. 424 of
rock and soil layers beneath 1974 created the National Water
the surface. The largest Resource Council (NWRC)
reservoir of liquid 2. PD No. 1067 (1976) instituted the
freshwater on Earth. Water Code.
Porosity 3. Executive Order No. 222 of 1995
- The total amount of empty pore established the Presidential
space in the rock. Committee on Water Conservation
Permeability and Demand Management.
- The ability of the rock or sediments 4. RA No. 8041 or the National Water
to allow water to pass through. Crisis Act of 1995 addressed the
water problems through an

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integrated management program

and development of new water
resources and conservation of
identified watersheds.
5. The Philippine Clean Water Act of
2004.

W5: SOIL RESOURCES

Pedosphere
Parent Material
- The outermost layer is composed of
- The source material of the soil
soil.
FACTORS THAT AFFECTS SOIL
- PEDON - SOIL
FORMATION
- SFAIRA - SPHERE
Climate
COMPONENTS OF SOIL
- Temperature, rainfall, moisture, and
Minerals
different processes
- Gravel, sand, silt, and clay
Time
Organic Matter
- The continuous process depending
- Humus, roots, decaying organisms
on other factors,
Air and Water
Topography
SOIL FORMATION
- The source material of the soil
- Height of land

SOIL TEXTURE
- The relative proportion of the
particle sizes in soil
Soil
- naturally composed of a mixture of
these particles and the proportion
of which affects other soil
Parent Rock
properties such as porosity and
- Bare rock
water retention.
- Undergoes weathering and erosion
process
Lichens
- Most of the factor to create soil

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Loam Soil 6. Aridisol: Dry, desert conditions

- The ideal soil for agriculture 7. Vertisol: Swelling clay, high base,
dry season
8. Alfisol: Mildly acid, clays, moist
9. Mollisols: Soft, dark, semiarid to
moist, grasslands
10. Ultisols: Strongly acid, clays, wet,
warm, acid silicate and oxides
11. Spodosols: Spodic, cool, wet, sand,
acid, coniferous forest
12. Oxisols: Oxides, wet, tropical, ion
activity, clays, extreme weathering
Global Soil Regions
- In the Philippines, the Bureau of
Soils And Water Management
Soil Profile (BSWM) recognize nine soil orders
- The sequence of soil horizons from which includes alfisol, andisol,
the surface down to bedrock entisol, histosol, inceptisol,
- Most soils have three major mollisol, oxisol, ultisol, and vertisol
horizons – A, B, and Human activities that degrades
Organic O horizon Organic Matter Soil Quality
1. Soil Erosion
Topsoil A horizon Mineral
- The loss of topsoil and
Eluviated E horizon Eluviation/loss nutrients in the soil. It is a
of minerals natural process
Subsoil B horizon Clay and 2. Soil Compaction
nutrients - Reduces the amount of air,
Regolith C horizon Weathered rock water, and space available
to roots and organisms. It is
Bedrock R horizon Bedrock/hard
caused by repeated traffic or
LESS DEVELOPED traveling on wet soil.
1. Entisol: Recent 3. Desertification
2. Histosol: Deep organic matter, wet - Irreversible change of the
conditions land to such a state where it
3. Andisol: Volcanic, mild, weathering can no longer be recovered
4. Gelisol: Permafrost, very cold for its original use. It is
5. Inceptisol: Not much B horizon characterized by droughts
development

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and arid conditions as - Waste produced by humans

result of human activities is known as anthropogenic
4. Intensive Agriculture waste.
- Caused by the intensive use Solid Waste
of machineries, - Made up objects or particles that
deforestation, and clearing accumulate on the site where they
of land for cultivation. are produced.
5. Urbanization Biodegradable
- The increasing population - Wastes are capable of being
caused the conversion of decomposed by microorganisms.
land to urban centers Non Biodegradable
characterized by concrete - Wastes cannot be degraded quickly
structures, roads, and through normal means.
pavements. Municipal Waste
Conversion of Soil Resources - Materials that people no longer
1. Increasing soil organic matter want because they’re broken,
2. Keeping the soil covered and spoiled, or nonfunctional.
vegetated Industrial Waste
3. Avoiding excessive tillage - A variety of materials such as
4. Managing pest and nutrient demolition waste, scraps from
efficiently manufacturing processes and
5. Promoting crop rotation ashes.
6. Reducing erosion and preventing Agricultural Waste
soil compaction - A common form of waste derived
from farming and poultry. It is also
W6: HUMAN ACTIVITY AND THE used for soil-enhancing activities.
ENVIRONMENT Mining Waste
Ecosystem Service - Waste from different mining site
- Refers to the direct and indirect due to milling and crushing of ore
contributions of ecosystems to Liquid Waste
human survival and quality of life. - Appears in the form of liquid
Cause of Waste matter.
1. Natural Domestic Sewage
- Waste that comes from the - From a residential septic tank. This
environment is known as type of waste is created by humans
natural waste. Industrial Waste
2. Anthropogenic - Cannot use the same sewage
management transportation or

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processes as septic or commercial

liquids.
- Requires the inspection and testing Methods of Waste Disposal
of liquid waste before it undergoes Landfill
the disposal process. - Cheapest and the most convenient
Commercial Waste Water method. Constructed above an
- Waste from commercial practices impermeable clay layer that is lined
and products. with an impermeable membrane.
Runoff Waste Incineration
- Comes from runoff and excess - Burning in a controlled manner
stormwater in highly populated using an incinerator. The waste
areas or cities. material being treated is converted
Gas Waste to gas, particles, and heat.
- Any gaseous material due to be Mulch and Compost
discarded. - One of the simplest methods to
Hazardous Waste dispose of waste at homes.
- With properties that make it COMPOSTING is the method of
dangerous or capable of having a allowing the natural process of
harmful effect on human health or decomposition to transform
the environment. organic materials into humus-like
a. Toxic Waste: causing injury or death material called COMPOST.
when inhaled or ingested Source Reduction
b. Corrosive Waste: can burn skin on - Method of designing,
contact and can erode away surface manufacturing, purchasing, using,
of materials and reusing materials so that the
c. Flammable Waste: can easily ignite amount of waste or its toxicity is
and burn rapidly reduced.
d. Reactive Waste: can react with other Recycling
substances to produce toxic vapors - Collecting throwaway materials and
or explosions. turning them into useful products.
Special Waste Effect of Waste to Human and
- Any solid waste or combination of Environment
solid wastes that due to its Soil
quantity, concentration, physical or - Degradation of valuable land
chemical characteristics that have resources for agriculture
biological properties that require Water
special handling and disposal. - Contamination of water leads to
- Clinical wastes & Asbestos bad water quality

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Air - Chemicals or other waste from

- Contribution to greenhouse effect factories which is dumped into the
Mining environment.
- Toxic waste are produced by mines
01. ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT RADIOACTIVE POLLUTION
- Pollution adversely impacts the - Occurs when radioactive metals
environment. release energy in the environment
- Pollution introduces substances Radioactive Contamination
and factors that alter the natural - when radioactive material is
environment. deposited on or in an object or a
SOIL POLLUTION person
- appears when the concentration of AIR POLLUTION
pollutants on the surface becomes - Air pollution and climate change
so high that it harms land are closely linked as all major
biodiversity and endangers health pollutants have an impact on the
Specific pollution climate and most share common
- Accounted for by particular causes, sources with greenhouse gasses.
occurring in small areas, the Carbon monoxide (CO)
reasons for which can be easily - Carbon monoxide is a colorless,
identified. odorless and tasteless toxic gas
Widespread pollution produced by the incomplete
- Covers extensive areas and has combustion of carbonaceous fuels
several causes, the reasons for Particulate matter (PM)
which are difficult to identify. - Common proxy indicator for air
WATER POLLUTION pollution. The major components of
Pollutants PM are sulfates, nitrates, ammonia,
- Include chemicals, trash, bacteria, sodium chloride, black carbon,
and parasites. All forms of pollution mineral dust and water.
eventually make their way to water. THERMAL POLLUTION
Eutrophication - This is caused by a rise in
- Plants and very small animals in environmental temperatures.
lakes and ponds grow so fast that Decrease in dissolved oxygen
they use up all the oxygen in the - Warm water holds less oxygen than
water, causing everything else to cold water.
suffocate. Algal blooms
Effluent - Not all species suffer when water
temperature rises. Organic matter
decomposes faster in warm water.

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02.IMPACTS ON HUMAN DENGUE

ECONOMIC AND AESTHETIC IMPACT - From mosquitoes to people. It is
- Pollution leads to a decline in more common in tropical and
tourists and investors. subtropical climates
AGRICULTURE AND FOOD
MANAGEMENT
- Plastic waste generated from
farming practices can pollute the
soil and waterways and harm
wildlife
Microplastics
- Once eaten by aquatic animals,
they can potentially become part of
the human food chain
HEALTH IMPACT
- The group at risk from the
unscientific disposal of solid waste
include – the population in areas
where there is no proper waste
disposal method
03. DISEASES CAUSED BY
ENVIRONMENTAL WASTE
FOODBORNE
- Poor food hygiene practice leads to
food poisoning
Pagpag
- Leftover food that commonly eaten
by people that live on the slums
Parasitic Infection
- caused by parasites living and
reproducing in your body
WATERBORNE
- swallowing contaminated
recreational or drinking water.
E. Coli
- raw vegetables and undercooked
ground beef
Due to improper waste management

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