Sustainability 16 03346 v2

sustainability
Article
Enhancing Green University Practices through Effective Waste
Management Strategies
Julalak Phrophayak 1 , Rapeepat Techarungruengsakul 1 , Mathinee Khotdee 2 , Sattawat Thuangchon 1 ,
Ratsuda Ngamsert 1 , Haris Prasanchum 3 , Ounla Sivanpheng 4 and Anongrit Kangrang 1, *
1 Faculty of Engineering, Mahasarakham University, Kantharawichai District, Maha Sarakham 44150, Thailand;
julalakjui03@gmail.com (J.P.); rapeepat.tec@msu.ac.th (R.T.); sattawat.t@msu.ac.th (S.T.);
ratsuda.n@msu.ac.th (R.N.)
2 Faculty of Architecture, Urban Design & Creative Arts, Mahasarakham University, Kantharawichai District,
Maha Sarakham 44150, Thailand; mathinee.k@msu.ac.th
3 Faculty of Engineering, Rajamangala University of Technology, Isan Khon Kaen Campus, Muang,
Khon Kaen 40000, Thailand; haris.pr@rmuti.ac.th
4 Faculty of Water Resources, National University of Laos, Vientiane 01020, Laos; o.sivanpheng@nuol.edu.la
* Correspondence: anongrit.k@msu.ac.th
Abstract: The continuity of activities and projects is important for sustainably developing organi-
zations, especially universities. The purpose of this study is to establish university development
guidelines regarding waste management according to the green university ranking criteria for sus-
tainable development by studying and collecting the data for Mahasarakham University covering
the last five years (2019–2023). We also analyzed and synthesized lessons learned from the details of
the operations and the factors involved in the university’s successes while comparing and providing
suggestions for its operations in the coming year. This study found that effective waste manage-
ment led to continuous improvements that achieved the goals of Mahasarakham University. These
consisted of five guidelines, as follows: (1) making green university policies and using them as a
KPI (key performance index) of the administrative divisions and also announcing the university’s
Citation: Phrophayak, J.; waste management policies by applying the principles of 3R (Reuse, Reduce, Recycle); (2) allocating
Techarungruengsakul, R.; Khotdee, budgets supporting the projects’ activities according to the evaluation criteria; (3) driving operations
M.; Thuangchon, S.; Ngamsert, R.;
through student and personnel participation as well as the mechanisms used by the committees
Prasanchum, H.; Sivanpheng, O.;
from various administrative divisions, such as the Student Council, the Student Association and
Kangrang, A. Enhancing Green
clubs; (4) identifying the main responsible individuals and committees for the green university who
University Practices through Effective
communicate and drive the operations while collecting, analyzing and preparing the data; and
Waste Management Strategies.
Sustainability 2024, 16, 3346. (5) performing follow-ups and evaluations of the project’s activities with the Plan-Do-Check-Act
https://doi.org/10.3390/su16083346 (PDCA) processes, facilitating continuous and sustainable developments and improvements leading
to a green university. With the above operations, Mahasarakham University’s waste management
Academic Editor: Ioannis
scores for the six indices during the period 2019–2023 increased annually as follows: 900, 900, 1050,
Vardopoulos
1275 and 1350.
Received: 27 February 2024
Revised: 12 April 2024 Keywords: green university; sustainability; waste management; UI Green Metric; sustainable
Accepted: 14 April 2024 waste treatment
Published: 16 April 2024
1. Significance and Background

Copyright: © 2024 by the authors.
Globally, the principle of sustainable development was officially implemented in
Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland.
This article is an open access article
2015 in order to meet the current and future demands of humans in the form of the Global
distributed under the terms and
Development Agenda for the next 15 years (2016–2030) based on economic sustainability [1].
conditions of the Creative Commons
The Global Development Agenda considered management, job creation and support for
Attribution (CC BY) license (https:// tourists and also social sustainability, considering infrastructure development and local
creativecommons.org/licenses/by/ cultural conservation. It also addressed environmental sustainability, considering the
4.0/). effects of human actions resulting in waste and environmental pollution [2,3]. In 2017,
Sustainability 2024, 16, 3346. https://doi.org/10.3390/su16083346 https://www.mdpi.com/journal/sustainability

Sustainability 2024, 16, 3346 2 of 24
Thailand set out its sustainable development goals in its 20-Year National Strategy and
formulated the 12th National Economic and Social Development Plan for preparing and
creating the foundations for transforming Thailand into a developed, secure, prosperous
and sustainable country. The philosophy of sufficiency economy [4] was employed as
the main principle for the national and organizational development in 2021 in order to
improve educational institutes and universities according to the sustainable development
guidelines. Mahasarakham University prepared Mahasarakham University’s Education
Plan No. 13 (B.E. 2017–2026) for organizational management as a means to become a smart
university. One of the sustainable development goals is green university development
through improving the safety, appearance and environmentally friendly properties of the
university’s campus, as well as facilitating education, creation, research studies, innovation
and academic services [5] as important parts of the improvement of the university according
to sustainable development [6,7].
Universities efforts to achieve sustainability can be measured using the green univer-
sity ranking system, which was started in 2010 by the University of Indonesia. It was then
known as the UI Green Metric, focusing on three foundations, namely the social foundation,
economic foundation and environmental foundation, in order to achieve a balance [8–10].
Socially, the involvement of people and quality of life improvements are emphasized. There
is a long-term economic focus on people’s mutual benefits. Environmentally, resource
efficiency is mainly established by considering the environmental effects [11,12]. The green
university ranking is a mechanism supporting universities’ efforts to maintain a widely
accepted environment. To measure a university’s efforts to achieve sufficiency, online
surveys were conducted in order to present performance data on the university’s projects
and policies regarding sustainability according to the frameworks relating to environments,
cost efficiency and fairness [13–15]. These surveys used six criteria with a total combined
score of 10,000. These were Setting and Infrastructure (SI), Energy and Climate Change
(EC), Waste Management (WS), Water Usage (WR), Transportation (TR) and Education
(ED) (University of Indonesia, UI Green Metric World University Ranking) [16–18].
The evaluation of universities’ sustainability efforts, as exemplified by the UI Green
Metric ranking system, encompasses various facets, notably waste management [19,20].
Institutions like the German Jordanian University (GJU) have undertaken waste audits to
pinpoint waste streams, thereby bolstering waste reduction, recycling, and composting
initiatives [21]. Additionally, the Green Metric Index, devised by Indonesia University,
scrutinizes sustainability performance across six key criteria, prominently featuring waste
management [22]. Noteworthy strides toward sustainability have been taken by the Uni-
versity of Florence (UniFi), particularly in augmenting waste management strategies and
conserving water resources [23]. Moreover, Brazilian universities engaged in the UI Green
Metric ranking system evince a mounting inclination towards sustainable practices, in-
clusive of waste management, mirroring broader societal commitments to sustainability.
Undoubtedly, waste management stands as a pivotal component within universities’ sus-
tainability agendas, underscoring their endeavors to cultivate eco-friendly campuses and
foster a sustainable future.
Past efforts at Mahasarakham University to align with the UI Green Metric framework
have encountered challenges rooted in the university’s administrative structure, character-
ized by periodic changes in leadership every four years, engendering a lack of operational
continuity and disparate developmental trajectories under each administration. Presently,
the PDCA (Plan-Do-Check-Act) system has been adopted to oversee UI Green Metric
initiatives, facilitating systematic advancement.
The PDCA (Plan-Do-Check-Act) cycle serves as a systematic approach to continuous
improvement, proven effective across various industries. Research underscores its efficacy
in augmenting quality, efficiency, and overall performance, with applications spanning
manufacturing, healthcare, and retail sectors. Notable instances include its implementa-
tion in optimizing assembly processes, resulting in a significant reduction in defects and
enhanced management efficacy [24], as well as its role in boosting operational efficiency
within the soap manufacturing industry [25]. Furthermore, the PDCA cycle has been
instrumental in refining healthcare training programs, fostering soft skill competencies
and communication among future healthcare professionals, thereby enriching training
modules and participant satisfaction [26]. These illustrations underscore the adaptability
and advantages of integrating the PDCA cycle for continuous improvement across diverse
contexts. Notably, the application of PDCA methodology to enhance and refine the UI
Green Metric framework represents a novel approach aimed at systematic development,
leveraging the existing merits of PDCA for this purpose.
Mahasarakham University is focusing on environmentally friendly management and
sustainable development to become a green university and to create environments facilitat-
ing education, as well as being safe and environmentally friendly in the community [27–31].
The activities of students and other personnel produce many forms of waste [32–34]. These
factors were considered as indicators of the evaluation criteria for management and sus-
tainable environments to assess the reuse of wastes and treatment of organic and inorganic
wastes and wastewater and measure the implementation of the paper and plastic reduction
policies on campus [35,36]. As a result, the goals were achieved and the scores increased
continuously over time [37]. However, issues and suggestions arose each year that required
consideration for planning and continuous developmental improvements [38]. There were
also additional details of the evaluation which demonstrated the developments clearly.
Mahasarakham University treated the wastes according to the indicators. If analyses and
syntheses are conducted, the planning of the budget management guidelines, activities or
projects will be influenced and be truly consistent with the evaluation criteria [39–41].
In essence, this research endeavors to carve a path towards a more sustainable future,
not only for Mahasarakham University but for the broader landscape of higher education.
By elucidating the nexus between waste management practices and sustainable develop-
ment objectives, it aspires to inspire transformative change and catalyze a paradigm shift
towards greener, more resilient universities.
Therefore, this study includes data about waste management (WS) for the last five
years, from 2019 to 2023. Details of the evaluation criteria ae studied. Years with increased
scores are used to identify the factors of the successes of this green university regarding its
waste management leading to sustainable development and to obtain suggestions for the
university’s operations in the coming year.
2. Methodology
2.1. Research Areas
This research study was conducted in two areas inside Mahasarakham University: the
Kham Riang Campus, Sub-District Kham Riang, Kantharawichai District, Mahasarakham
Province and the City Campus in Mueang District, Mahasarakham Province, as shown
in Figures 1 and 2. It can be seen from the figures that the two areas of Mahasarakham
University are about seven kilometers from each other. The first area is in an urban location
covering about 0.58 square kilometers. This is where four faculties are situated—the Faculty
of Medicine, the Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, the Faculty of Tourism and Hospitality
and the Faculty of Education. There is also Sutthawet Hospital, which is included under
the Faculty of Medicine. Kham Riang Area covers about 2.08 square meters (km2 ). It is
where the President’s Office and over 16 faculties/units are situated.
Sustainability
Sustainability 2024,
Sustainability 2024, 16,
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3346 44 of
of4 25
25
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Figure1.
Figure
Figure 1. MahasarakhamUniversity,
1.Mahasarakham
Mahasarakham University,the
University, theCity
the CityCampus.
City Campus.
Campus.

Figure 2.
Figure2.
Figure Mahasarakham University,
MahasarakhamUniversity,
2.Mahasarakham the
University,the Kham
theKham Riang
KhamRiang Campus.
RiangCampus.
Campus.
2.2. The Green University Ranking Criteria Regarding Waste Management

The maximum possible score for the six aspects of the UI Green Metric World Uni-
versity Ranking is 10,000 (University of Indonesia, UI Green Metric World University
Ranking). This score was used as a criterion for evaluating the university’s development.
However, this study used it only for the consideration of waste management, and the waste
management evaluation criteria comprised six indicators. Each indicator had a maximum
score of 300. So, the total maximum score was 1800. All evaluation criteria were weighted
at 18%. The details are presented in Table 1. Initially, the details for each indicator over the
last five years (2019–2023) were studied, and these were used for the analysis and planning
efficient operations and continuous improvements.
Table 1. The waste management evaluation criteria during the period 2019–2023.
No Criteria Point
Recycling program for
WS1 300
university’s waste
Program to reduce the use of
WS2 300
paper and plastic on campus
WS3 Organic waste treatment 300
WS4 Inorganic waste treatment 300
WS5 Toxic waste treatment 300
WS6 Sewage disposal 300
Total (Weighting 18%) 1800
2.3. The Waste Management Operations

Mahasarakham University’s waste management operations enacted principles for
making plans, implementing practices, performing follow-ups and fostering improvements
by using the Plan-Do-Check-Act (PDCA) processes [42] as the guidelines for the operations
in order to continuously and sustainably develop the university. The details of each process
are as follows.
2.3.1. Plan
To develop Mahasarakham University into a green university, the university has
clearly set strategies leading to practices aligned with the goals of progressive strategies
for developing the university into a green university and for conserving environments.
These include goals for sustainable development and act as KPIs for the organization [31],
steering the operations of the green university committee by providing clearly assigned
responsibilities. Waste management committees were also appointed to represent the ad-
ministrative departments according to the concept of involvement, with clubs supporting
students’ activities and budget allocations for the organization and students and personnel
conducting the project’s activities according to the evaluation. Committees and stakehold-
ers met in order to plan the operations while driving the project towards achieving its
objectives. The amount of each type of produced waste was analyzed in order to plan the
project and waste management guidelines. The following features were considered:
1. A recycling program for the university’s wastes (WS1): The types of reusable wastes
were surveyed, and suitable containers were prepared with clearly visible signs.
2. A program to reduce the use of paper and plastics on the campuses (WS2): The
activities using paper and plastic were analyzed in order to conduct activities and use
management systems.
3. Organic waste management (WS3): The sources of organic waste were surveyed, and
suitable containers were provided with appropriate signage during the preparation of
areas and during management.
4. Inorganic waste treatment (WS4): Disposal or collection points appropriate for the
actual amounts of waste were prepared, as well as appropriate routes and times
being identified.
5. Toxic waste management (WS5): The sources of toxic waste were analyzed. Practical
guidelines were prepared among the organizations in order to manage and provide
containers for separating other types of wastes. Clear signage was essential because
possibly hazardous toxins were involved. Collection and treatment schedules were set.
6. Sewage disposal (WS6): The sources of wastewater were surveyed and the treat-
ment systems were designed in order to treat the wastewater. Committee meetings
were held every month in order to follow the progress of operations according to
the indicators.
2.3.2. Do
The university complies with the UI Green Metric criteria for ranking green universi-
ties regarding waste management by conducting activities and projects according to the
standard evaluation criteria of efficient resource management and waste management
using six indicators. The operations that complied with the operational plans in order to
become a green university included the following:
1. A recycling program for the university’s wastes (WS1) that considered recyclable
wastes such as water bottles, plastic glasses, aluminum cans, paper boxes and white
paper. The students and personnel were encouraged to conduct activities or projects
that separated recyclable wastes in order to add value or benefit to them. Budgets
were allocated for supporting the project’s activities and public relations through
channels such as Facebook, Line, pages, LED screens, posters and brochures. These
measures facilitated the development of appropriate perceptions and awareness about
the preparation and placing of waste bins for the purposes of separating recyclable
wastes in various locations. Adding value to or using the wastes was encouraged
while recording statistical data to summarize the results of the project.
2. A program to reduce the use of paper and plastics on the campuses (WS2). The
policies about paper and plastic reduction were formulated and announced to all
departments in the university for them to follow. Technologies were also used for
documentation management in order to reduce the amount of paper so that it was also
used efficiently. Students and personnel were encouraged to reduce waste by using
reusable products instead of single-use products while conducting their activities
and projects.
3. Organic waste treatment (WS3) refers to the management of decomposable wastes
such as foods and garden wastes. This type of waste can be managed by providing
containers for separation and collections in order to reduce the waste at source.
4. Inorganic waste treatment (WS4) refers to the management of undecomposable wastes
such as soft plastics, hard plastics, electronic waste and construction materials which
must be appropriately managed, used, collected at collection points, discarded accord-
ing to schedules and treated correctly.
5. Toxic waste management (WS5) refers to the management of wastes with hazardous
components or residues that may be toxic or dangerous to life, property or the en-
vironment and that must be managed appropriately. These are classified into three
categories: (1) laboratory hazardous wastes; (2) office hazardous wastes such as bulbs,
batteries and electronic wastes; and (3) hospital hazardous wastes, referring to wastes
contaminated by pathogenic secretions such as used syringes, scalpels, gauzes or
cotton wool. Appropriate containers must be provided. Places for separating the
other types of wastes must be prepared. The wastes must be treated correctly.
6. Sewage disposal (WS6) refers to the disposal of wastewater from activities. To handle
these wastes, the university created a treatment system, collected and treated the
wastewater, and checked the quality of the treated water before it was released into
the environment or used otherwise. The quality of each type of waste was identified
and its components were analyzed, providing representative values for calculating
the total quantity of waste compared to the specified criteria.
7. For the investigation into the overall quantity of waste produced at Mahasarakham
University, the study was conducted in two parts: a waste quantity study and a
waste composition study. Data collection on waste quantity was carried out through
weighing using weighing scales. This process was divided into three parts, as follows:
- The first part involved the daily generated waste, including general and recyclable
waste. Analysis was conducted to identify a sample of waste generated over
5 days to determine the average daily waste generation rate (kg/day) for each
day, in order to calculate the annual waste generation quantity.
- The second part focused on organic waste, primarily generated from food estab-
lishments. Surveys were conducted to determine the quantity of waste produced
per day per establishment, multiplied by the total number of food establishments,
to ascertain the average daily waste generation rate (kg/day) for each day and
subsequently calculate the annual waste generation quantity.
- The third part addressed hazardous waste, which is not regularly produced by
every unit, and is mainly produced by faculties with laboratories and hospitals.
Data collection was conducted through periodic surveys to determine the quan-
tity of waste generated annually and weighed for disposal. The annual surveyed
quantity was then extrapolated. Furthermore, the data obtained from all three
parts were utilized to calculate waste density and record the composition of waste
types, presented as percentages.
2.3.3. Check
In this study, the data for the last five years (2019–2023) were collected and used
to analyze the statistical and qualitative data of the operations leading to the develop-
ment of a green university regarding waste management. The following six indicators
were monitored.
1. The recycling program for the university’s wastes (WS1). The ratio of the activities or
projects related to recycling in the university.
2. The program to reduce the use of paper and plastics on the campuses (WS2). The uni-
versity had clear and comprehensive policies that provided guidelines to departments
regarding systems to be used for managing operations efficiently, conveniently and
quickly while saving energy.
3. Organic waste management focused on utilizing organic wastes as much as possible
during the development leading to the production of energy.
4. Inorganic waste management focused on upstream management instead of down-
stream management. Inorganic wastes must be utilized and promoted by devel-
oping them into fuels or other products in order to encourage inorganic waste
management. Nevertheless, everything should be based on the available resources.
The application of management technologies should consider the worthiness of the
operations performed.
5. Toxic waste management considered all hazardous wastes at all levels, not just the
downstream treatments. The important principles of the green university emphasized
internal management that utilized hazardous wastes in order to reduce their quantity.
6. There was a wastewater treatment system for managing the wastewater during sewage
disposal. Devices were installed in order to improve the efficiency of wastewater
treatment. Importantly, the treated wastewater was rotated in order to use and
maximize the benefits from the resources. Nonetheless, the wastewater management
needed to be completed within the university without being confined to specific areas
because all areas had to be treated and managed efficiently and safely for the students,
personnel and environment.

2.3.4. Act
Improvements were made possible after studying and analyzing the activities’ and
2.3.4. Act data regarding waste management development during the last five years
projects’
(2019–2023).
Improvements Committee
were made meetings generated
possible after studying suggestions
and analyzing for the
improving
activities’the
andoperations
in the following
projects’ year.waste
data regarding By studying
management the development
data in the last five the
during years, the follow-ups
last five years (2019– and evalu-
2023).
ationsCommittee meetings generated
of the activities suggestions
and projects accordingfor improving the operations
to the policies of eachinindicator
the fol- showed
lowing year. Byand
(i) changes studying the data
(ii) waste in the last fivedevelopment
management years, the follow-ups
insideand theevaluations
university. of This was
the activitiesby
achieved andconducting
projects according
various to activities
the policiesaccording
of each indicator
to eachshowed
indicator(i) changes
and covering all
and (ii) wastewithin
locations management development
the university andinside the university.
with the involvement Thisof
wastheachieved
students by and
con- personnel
ducting various activities according to each indicator and covering all locations within the
of the university, making the projects successful. Instead of prioritizing upstream waste
university and with the involvement of the students and personnel of the university, mak-
management, attention was refocused instead on downstream waste management. As
ing the projects successful. Instead of prioritizing upstream waste management, attention
a result,
was theinstead
refocused development score was
on downstream wasteincreased.
management. For Asthea aspects
result, thewith scores that did not
development
score was increased. For the aspects with scores that did not change, there was room for activities
change, there was room for improvement by planning budgets for conducting
and projects
improvement byaccording to the indicators
planning budgets for conductingemployed
activitiesin
and the successful
projects waste
according management
to the
indicators employed in the successful waste management guidelines of universities orin order to
guidelines of universities or other organizations. This enabled linking projects
establish
other better development
organizations. guidelines
This enabled linking forinthe
projects ordernext year. However,
to establish the green university
better development
guidelines for the next
ranking criteria were year. However,
adjusted andthe green
had moreuniversity ranking
detail. The criteria were
evaluation adjusted
criteria and operations
and had more detail. The evaluation criteria and operations must
must be applied, and the Plan-Do-Check-Act processes must be implemented be applied, and the Plan-
when check-
Do-Check-Act
ing and making processes
plans,must be implemented
setting clear goalswhenand checking
following andupmaking plans,insetting
on results order to obtain
clear goals andimprovements.
continuous following up on results in order to obtain continuous improvements.
2.4. Data
2.4. Preparation
Data and Input
Preparation and Input
2.4.1. Data
2.4.1. Preparation
Data Preparation
The data
The were
data collected
were and presented
collected as graphs
and presented and tables
as graphs andastables
required
as by the main
required by the main
evaluation guidelines according to the UI Green Metric World University Ranking form
evaluation guidelines according to the UI Green Metric World University Ranking form of
of the University of Indonesia, as means and percentages. The credit abilities of the oper-
the University of Indonesia, as means and percentages. The credit abilities of the operations
ations for the following considerations are shown in Figure 3.
for the following considerations are shown in Figure 3.
Figure
Figure 3. Flowchart
3. Flowchart ofUI
of the theGreen
UI Green
MetricMetric workflow
workflow at Mahasarakham
at Mahasarakham University.
University.
As illustrated in Figure 3, a crucial step in the UI Green Metric assessment process

entails the collection of pertinent data. Particularly concerning waste management, scoring
primarily relies on the quantity of specific waste categories. For instance, universities are
evaluated based on their ability to manage a notable percentage of recyclable waste, which
correlates with achieving higher scores. Therefore, the meticulous collection of raw data to
substantiate these claims assumes paramount importance.
To ensure effective data collection, it is imperative to design disposal and waste
collection points that facilitate the clear separation of each waste type. This involves
implementing methods such as weighing or volume calculation, depending on the nature
of the waste. Notably, certain waste types that incur disposal fees are typically measured by
weight. In our endeavor, we structured the PDCA framework to enable the segregation of
waste types and enhance the clarity of data collection processes. This refined approach was
instrumental in accurately measuring the quantity of each waste type, thereby influencing
the scores attributed to universities based on the UI Green Metric’s predefined criteria for
waste management, as outlined in the preceding section.
2.4.2. Inputs
The data were prepared according to the UI Green Metric World University Ranking’s
form and categorized according to each indicator. The files were recorded in PDF format.
The data were inputted into the system by the October of each year. The data were inputted
into the system one week before the system was closed each year in order to have time to
verify or amend the data. Once the system was closed, documents could not be amended
or added.
3. Results
3.1. Results with Indicators
Mahasarakham University continuously operates and makes improvements leading
to the development of a sustainable green university according to the indicators of the UI
Green Metric World University Ranking criteria. One of the indicators used was waste
management, which must be appropriate and focus on sustainable environmental manage-
ment, facilitating education safety and being environmentally friendly. The operations of a
green university must involve cooperation across all sectors, set clear policies and allocate
budgets for development and improvement. Waste management inside the university must
focus on upstream management starting from the separation process. Waste collection
and management apply the principles of 3R (Reuse, Reduce, Recycle), which emphasize
reducing and utilizing wastes. By collecting and analyzing the data for 2019–2023, activities
and projects were evaluated for each year, reflecting the changes and successes of the
waste management practices over time. Continuous developments were recorded for the
six indicators, and their scores are shown in Figure 4, in which it can be seen that the
maximum possible score was 1800. Mahasarakham University’s score was 900 during the
period 2019–2020, and this gradually increased to 1350 in 2023. However, this score was
Sustainability 2024, 16, 3346 not the maximum possible score of 1800, with a further increase of 450 required
10 of 25 to reach
the maximum. The details of the results for each indicator are presented below.
Figure 4. The waste management ranking results during the period 2019–2023.
Figure 4. The waste management ranking results during the period 2019–2023.
3.1.1. The Recycling Program for the University’s Wastes
The university supported and encouraged students and personnel to separate and
add value to or utilize recyclable wastes. Initially, waste separation bins were provided
and distributed in order to generate income. Then, the students were encouraged to sep-
arate recyclable wastes by engaging in a recycling contest. However, this contest only had
3.1.1. The Recycling Program for the University’s Wastes

The university supported and encouraged students and personnel to separate and
add value to or utilize recyclable wastes. Initially, waste separation bins were provided
and distributed in order to generate income. Then, the students were encouraged to
separate recyclable wastes by engaging in a recycling contest. However, this contest only
had a short duration. To promote long-term recyclable waste separation, the university
developed other projects, including a seemingly successful project involving a recycling
bank and a facility to exchange recyclable wastes for eggs. There were problems with the
limitations of the university’s regulations, which caused many to withdraw and resulted in
delays. Consequently, the number of participants decreased, after which the projects were
cancelled. However, the university tried to adjust these activities in order to encourage
students and personnel to participate in their operations and to achieve sustainability by
conducting voluntary point collection activities with recyclable wastes under the green
dormitory project run by the student clubs. Voluntary point collection motivated the
students to participate in waste separation in order to collect voluntary points that were
issued according to the university’s programs, such as the Student Loan Fund (SLF) and
fund selection. The point collection criteria were set clearly. As a result, the students were
very interested in this project. The waste recycling project was innovatively improved
by adding value to the wastes and the project was implemented only in the students’
dormitories. To create a network for conducting the project and generalizing the results
to other faculties and departments in the university, cooperation with the private sector
was implemented in order to actually enter the recycling processes. The project entitled
‘Green University Leaves a Turn for the World to Remember with GC YOU Turn’ was
implemented through the students’ organizations and clubs. The application of this project
clearly showed students’ participation. The project was implemented continuously. The
results of the waste recycling project in the university are presented in Table 2.
Table 2. The results of the waste recycling project during the period 2019–2023.
Year Score Project Results Project Details

2019 150 Project 1, 2 1. Waste sorting bins to create value
2020 150 Project 1, 2, 3 2. Organize a contest from recycled waste
3. Conduct “Recycle Waste Bank Project
2021 225 Project 1, 4, 5 4. Offer “Egg Exchange Waste Recycling Project”
2022 225 Project 1, 5, 6 5. Green Dormitory (recycled waste collects volunteer points)
6. Recycle waste to create inventions
2023 225 Project 1, 5, 6, 7 7. Green University Leaves a Turn for the World to Remember with GC YOU Turn.
According to Table 2, the score increased because of the increased number of projects
and was not affected by the evaluations. The form was changed to cover more areas and
there was increased participation and increased amounts of recycled and managed wastes
in the projects. As a result, the evaluation results were improved. The amounts of waste
affected the evaluation criteria. The activities with the greatest effects on the evaluations
should be considered in order to continue the operations according to the evaluation criteria
and improve the operations. Nonetheless, this indicator could be improved by further
studying the details of the amended evaluation criteria and with support for budgets
covering the whole university. This would enable continuity, sustained operations and the
reviewing of project results, which had the most significant effects on the evaluations in
order to generalize the results to cover and comply with the evaluation frameworks accord-
ing to the factors of the successes of green universities presented by Issaree Rodthatsana
(2015). Factors indicative of these successes, including the integration of environmental
projects and activities according to the missions of each university regarding each aspect,
must involve education, research, academic services, student development, student and
internal personnel participation and the areas surrounding educational institutions.
3.1.2. The Program to Reduce the Use of Paper and Plastics on the Campuses
To reduce paper and plastic use, the university encouraged students and personnel to
use their own cups by cooperating with the shop owners who joined the project. If they
brought their own cups, they would receive discounts. They were also encouraged to use
fabric bags in order to reduce their use of plastic bags. Initially, only two activities were
implemented in order to comply with the evaluation criteria as consistently as possible.
The university implemented and announced these paper and plastic reduction policies
for all departments by encouraging them to use reusable products instead of single-use
products. Fabric bags replaced plastic bags and refillable cups were promoted continuously.
Technology was used in the form of a documentation management system, an electronic
document delivery system, an online repair appointment system, an online document
submission system and other systems. Conscientious use of paper was also promoted
by using both sides of each sheet. This showed the appropriate use of resources during
the activities of the projects. Meetings and seminars in the university also implemented
waste minimization policies for foods and drinks. For example, foods in pots or trays were
ordered. Lunch boxes were ordered in order to reduce waste. A plastic bag reduction
project was also implemented are shown in Table 3.
Table 3. The results of the projects.
Year Score Project Results Project Details

2019 150 Total of 3 Projects 1. Ecolife program
2020 150 Total of 3 Projects 2. Say no to plastic program
3. Order refills for food and beverages
2021 225 Total of 5 Projects 4. Electronic Document System
2022 300 Total of 8 Projects 5. E-services system
6. Online document submission system
2023 300 Total of 11 Projects 7. Two-sided paper policy
8. Use environmentally friendly products.
9. Project to reduce receiving, reduce giving, reduce use of plastic bags (MSU No Plastic)
10. Say no to plastic bags project
11. Green Meeting
According to Figure 5, the scores for the criteria increased throughout the study period,
and in later years, a full score of 300 was achieved according to the ranking criteria because
the number of projects increased. As a result, the indicators’ score was the highest possible
score. To continue some projects, they must be conducted continuously according to the
evaluation criteria and affect the university’s development, especially using management
technologies for the purpose of facilitation and efficiency, as well as reducing wasted
resources. However, some projects might be halted if their number meets the required
level; this is in order to effectively use the budget for managing and developing other
things. Nevertheless, other universities’ guidelines for conducting projects were also
studied and applied to continuously develop Mahasarakham University and to improve
the management systems, since the number of competitor institutions is increasing. Some
projects such as the waste management and waste reduction projects in the university and
the ‘No Single-Use Plastic’ project could be conducted immediately without budgets. The
plastic reduction frameworks were as follows: (1) reject plastic bags from shops; (2) use
food carriers and fabric bags; (3) carry cups or mugs; (4) reuse plastic bags; and (5) ask
shop owners to change their traditional single-use notes to the coated notes from Kasetsart
University, which was ranked nationally as the second best university regarding waste
management in 2022 [43].
3.1.3. Organic Waste Treatment

The university separated and managed organic wastes from gardens, including gras
and leaves, in order to gain benefits by composting them to form fertilizers. The sources
were managed by fermenting the fertilizers. Organic wastes were also used to improve
the soil qualities and growth of ornamental plants in the university to reduce chemical
usage and residues in the environment. These organic wastes were mostly from gardens.
possible score. To continue some projects, they must be conducted continuously according
The university surveyed the sources of organic wastes, finding that some of the organic
to the evaluation criteria and affect the university’s development, especially using man-
wastes were produced on a daily basis by the canteen and contained high amounts of food
agement technologies for the purpose of facilitation and efficiency, as well as reducing
scraps. These wastes needed to be managed appropriately. The university implemented
wasted resources. However, some projects might be halted if their number meets the re-
an earthworm fermented fertilizer project in order to treat food scraps produced by the
quired level; this is in order to effectively use the budget for managing and developing
canteen. This project was able to reduce the amounts of waste requiring disposal, and the
other things. Nevertheless, other universities’ guidelines for conducting projects were also
products were used for nourishing ornamental plants and also generated income for the
studied and applied to continuously develop Mahasarakham University and to improve
university. In addition to the canteen, each faculty also produces waste from its internal
the management systems, since the number of competitor institutions is increasing. Some
activities. The Public Duties Certification (PDC) committees set these faculties a KPI. This
projects such as the waste management and waste reduction projects in the university and
was an indicator
the ‘No Single-Use that required
Plastic’ waste
project management
could be conductedand all other operations
immediately to reduce
without budgets. Theand
separate the produced wastes at the source. Environmental conservation bins were
plastic reduction frameworks were as follows: (1) reject plastic bags from shops; (2) use installed
in order
food to treat
carriers andthe produced
fabric food
bags; (3) scraps.
carry cups Organic
or mugs;waste management
(4) reuse was
plastic bags; also
and (5)a ask
source
of learning management, with wastes being utilized by students, personnel and
shop owners to change their traditional single-use notes to the coated notes from Kasetsart external
organizations.
University, which Thewas
results of the
ranked organic as
nationally waste management
the second projects regarding
best university are summarized
waste in
Table 4.
management in 2022 [43].
Figure 5. Conducting the projects and the evaluation results.

Figure 5. Conducting the projects and the evaluation results.
3.1.3. Organic Waste Treatment

Table 4. Summary of the results of the organic waste management projects.
The university separated and managed organic wastes from gardens, including gras
Year Score and leaves, in order to gain benefits by composting
Project Results them to form fertilizers. The sources
Project Details
2019 150 Projectwere
1 managed by fermenting
1. Bio-fermented waterthe fertilizers.
production Organic
project (EM) wastes were also used to improve
2020 150 the
Project 1, 2, 3 soil 2. Compost
qualities and production
growth ofproject
ornamental plants in the university to reduce chemical
3. Vermicompost production project
2021 150 usage
Project 1, 2, 3 and residues in the environment. These organic
4. Environmentally Friendly Fermentation Tank project
wastes were mostly from gardens.
2022 225 The
Project 2, 3, 4, 5university
5. surveyed
Pork Rice the
Bucket sources
Project of organic wastes, finding that some of the organic
wastes were6.produced
Project to produce compost
on a daily basisinbybeautiful gardens
the canteen and contained high amounts of food
2023 225 Project 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 7. Wood fuel production project (Charcoal)
scraps. These wastes needed to be managed appropriately. The university implemented
an earthworm fermented fertilizer project in order to treat food scraps produced by the
It can
canteen. be project
This seen inwas
Table 4 that
able the scores
to reduce were obviously
the amounts higher due
of waste requiring to the application
disposal, and the
of the organic waste management projects. However, the number
products were used for nourishing ornamental plants and also generated income of projects didfor
notthe
affect
the evaluation. The projects were still necessary for continuing the organic
university. In addition to the canteen, each faculty also produces waste from its internal waste manage-
ment at the
activities. sources,
The Public the reduction
Duties in the(PDC)
Certification amount of wasteset
committees forthese
disposal andamanagement
faculties KPI. This
budget reductionthat
was an indicator forrequired
improvements. Moreover,and
waste management thisall
indicator could betoimproved.
other operations reduce andThe
guidelines
separate the were studied,
produced and budgets
wastes were Environmental
at the source. provided in order to make plans
conservation and in-
bins were adjust
the projects according to the evaluation criteria, encouraging sustainable
stalled in order to treat the produced food scraps. Organic waste management was also a management.
The conversion
source of learningof the wastes intowith
management, energy wasbeing
wastes considered
utilizedinby
order to obtain
students, guidelines
personnel and for
completely managing all of the organic wastes in the university according
external organizations. The results of the organic waste management projects are summa- to the guidelines
of Mahidol
rized University
in Table 4. and Kasetsart University (which was ranked nationally as the second
best university in 2022 regarding waste management). Producing fertilizers and biogas
represents another way to effectively manage food scraps. These activities were concrete
and appropriate guidelines and forms for improving the projects in the coming year.
3.1.4. Inorganic Waste Treatment

It was found that the amount of inorganic waste in the university was the highest
compared to all other types of waste, especially soft and stretched plastic waste (plastic
bags). The university also had many restaurants, and the number of students was increased
during the study period. The university handled these situations by providing containers,
black bags or waste bags for collecting the waste, with these bags being tied and placed at
the collection points before being collected to help order and enhance the convenience of
waste collection. The university provided waste collection points with doors to prevent
dogs accessing the bags. The waste disposal schedules were set clearly in order to collect
the wastes before the designated times for the central collection of the combined wastes
at the university. The university used two compactor garbage trucks for collecting and
transporting the waste, with local organizations burying the waste every day in order
to reduce residual waste, flies and bad smells. The wastes were disposed of by local
organizations who were given monthly payments. Plastic management included hard
plastics, especially containers that had contained chemicals from the laboratories, which
were included in order to reduce the number of purchased or degraded containers. The
waste collection routes and points are shown in Figure 6, in which it can be seen that the
garbage trucks started from the parking area of the university to the first point near the
waste separation station (the waste disposal point from Talad Noi Market’s canteen to the
students’ dormitories), the parking area of the Faculty of Sciences, the area behind the
Faculty of Arts and Culture, the second personnel condo, the third personnel condo, the area
behind the President’s Office, the Secondary Education Department of the Demonstration
Sustainability 2024, 16, 3346
School and the ambulance parking area. After collecting the wastes at all points, 14
theofwastes
25
were sent to the waste disposal station (the waste disposal site of Mueang Mahasarakham
Municipality), which was 35 km away from Mahasarakham University.
Figure 6. The waste collection points.

Figure 6. The waste collection points.
The university tried to manage all produced inorganic wastes using the correct dis-
posal treatment. For this, downstream waste management focused only on soft plastics.
Inorganic waste reduction methods or utilization practices were not stated, and the eval-
uation results were not changed. The university not only managed soft plastics but also
The university tried to manage all produced inorganic wastes using the correct disposal
treatment. For this, downstream waste management focused only on soft plastics. Inorganic
waste reduction methods or utilization practices were not stated, and the evaluation results
were not changed. The university not only managed soft plastics but also focused on
managing the other types of inorganic wastes by utilizing hard plastics. The evaluation
results were improved as a consequence of developing and complying with the evaluation
criteria as much as possible. The waste management guidelines of the university also
had a positive impact. The guidelines of Suranaree University were studied, since they
affected the national waste management ranking for two consecutive years, 2022–2023,
regarding complete waste management. At Suranaree University, a Biomass Excellency
Center was established. Plastic wastes were processed into fuels and mechanical and
biological treatment systems, RDF production and other approaches were established in
order to establish guidelines for development.
3.1.5. Toxic Waste Treatment

The university was dedicated to managing toxic wastes for the safety of its students
and personnel. The wastes were collected and disposed of correctly by sending the wastes
to a private company that was legally registered each year. The details of the toxic wastes
and the management guidelines are shown in Table 5. In the table, toxic wastes are classified
into three types according to the sources, comprising toxic wastes from laboratories, from
buildings and from hospitals.
Table 5. The types of toxic wastes produced by the university and the management guidelines.
Toxic Waste Types Management and Treatment of Toxic Waste from Laboratories
Including chemical waste and chemical containers. The university provides special
Toxic waste from laboratories receptacles that can prevent leaks and created a storage area separate from other
types of waste.
Including light bulbs, batteries, and flashlight batteries. The university has set up disposal
points or bins for hazardous waste separate from other types of waste with clear symbols.
Toxic waste from buildings
These disposal points are situated at various points and publicized to students
and personnel.
Waste that is contaminated with various secretions that can cause disease, such as syringes,
surgical blades, gauze or cotton swabs that are contaminated with blood, etc. The university
Toxic waste from hospitals
provides red containers for these wastes and display them clearly with symbol. The
(infectious waste)
university created a collection point separate from other types of waste with clear signage
showing the storage location.
The university had no operational policies for reusing toxic wastes. Although it treated
all of the produced toxic wastes according to academic principles, the evaluation results
were not changed. These results reflect the toxic waste management processes starting
from the sources to the final treatment. To comply with the evaluation criteria, upstream
toxic waste management and reduction were evaluated. Moreover, guidelines for reusing
the toxic wastes were considered. Managing electronic wastes that were considered as a
type of toxic waste that must be treated correctly was also emphasized.
3.1.6. Wastewater Treatment

The university established plans and guidelines for reusing wastewater by treating it
inside the buildings before it was released from them. The wastewater inside the buildings
was treated by collecting and transferring it to an air blowing treatment system (Aerated
Lagoon, AL, USA), as shown in Figures 7 and 8, which added oxygen into the wastew-
ater treatment system. The air blowers were installed in order to improve the treatment
efficiency. The wastewater quality was checked before and after the treatments before
circulating and using the treated water by connecting the system to the watering system
with sprinklers, and the wastewater was then used for washing the roads. Wastewater
collection pipes often became clogged with fats, especially in the canteen. Consequently,
the wastewater overflowed, and bad smells were released. To solve these problems, a
budget was allocated for installing grease trap tanks to treat the wastewater before trans-
ferring it to the treatment system. The wastewater management system in the university
reflected the changes and guidelines for solving or managing the problems according to
024, 16, 3346 16 of 25
the evaluation criteria. As a result, the scores increased obviously during the study period.
The wastewater treatments should cover all areas of the university and be focused on in
order to utilize the treated water to increase the score for this indicator. Tools can also be
installed to improve the treatment efficiency and circulate the treated water safely without
affecting the environment.
Figure 7. The sewage treatment system of Mahasarakham University.

Figure 7.
Figure 7. The
The sewage
sewage treatment
treatment system
system of
of Mahasarakham
Mahasarakham University.
University.
Figure 8.
Figure 8. Diagram
Diagram of
of the
the wastewater
wastewater treatment
treatment processes.
processes.
Figure 8. Diagram of the wastewater treatment processes.
shown in
As shown in Figure
Figure 8,8, Mahasarakham
Mahasarakham University
University designed
designed and
and built
built its
its wastewater
wastewater
treatment system for the the initial
initial treatment
treatment of of wastewater
wastewater produced from all parts of the the
As shown in Figure 8, Mahasarakham University designed and built its wastewater
university. Coarse sieves were installed to filter waste and scraps out of the
university. Coarse sieves were installed to filter waste and scraps out of the pipes. pipes. For the
treatment system for the initial treatment of wastewater produced from all parts of the
wastewater
wastewater from the canteen, which usually contained fats and caused clogs, grease trap
university. Coarse sieves
tanks
tanks were
were installedinitially
wereinstalled
to filter
installedtotoinitially treatwaste
the
treat
and scraps
wastewater
the wastewater
out
soso
as toof
as
the pipes.
reduce For
residues
to reduce and
residues
thetransfer
and the
transfer
wastewater from thethewater
canteen, which usually contained fats and caused clogs, grease trap
to the wastewater treatment system for treatment before reuse or releasing the
tanks were installed to initially
treated water totreat thesources.
water wastewater so as to
To ensure reduce
that residues and
the circulation transfer
quality was good, the
the water to the wastewater treatment system for treatment before
wastewater quality was checked according to the standard criteria. reuse or releasing the
treated water to water sources. To ensure that the circulation quality was good, the
3.1.7.
wastewater quality was The Resultsaccording
checked of the Waste
toComponent Analysis
the standard criteria.
water to the wastewater treatment system for treatment before reuse or releasing the treated
water to water sources. To ensure that the circulation quality was good, the wastewater
quality was checked according to the standard criteria.
3.1.7. The Results of the Waste Component Analysis

The waste components of the faculties and departments of Mahasarakham University
over 5 years (2019–2023) were surveyed and analyzed. The results indicate that the waste
consisted of 70% general waste, 24% organic waste, 4% recyclable waste, and 2% hazardous
waste, as shown in Figure 9. In addition, the waste components were studied from Mon-
components.
day to Friday The amount
(5 days) and typethe
to calculate of average
each form of wasteof
quantities were
the compared with manage-
waste components. The
ment plans using the appropriate evaluation criteria. The details are shown
amount and type of each form of waste were compared with management plans in Table 6 and
using the
Figure 10. evaluation criteria. The details are shown in Table 6 and Figure 10.
appropriate
Figure 9.
Figure 9. Component
Component amounts
amounts of
of the
the wastes
wastes produced
produced by
by Mahasarakham
University over
over 55 years
years
(2019–2023).
(2019–2023).
Table6.
Table 6. Results
Results from
fromstudying
studyingthe
thedaily
dailyamounts
amountsof
ofwastes.
wastes.
Weight (kg)
Waste Type Weight (kg)
Waste Type Year 2019 Year 2020 Year 2021 Year 2022 Year 2023
Inorganic waste Year 2019
4401 Year
33322020 Year990
2021 Year3544
2022 Year4238
2023
Organicwaste
Inorganic waste 1050
4401 1232
3332 904
990 1229
3544 1116
4238
Organic waste
Recycled waste 1050
444 1232
121 904
158 1229
131 1116
174
Recycled waste
Toxic waste 444
22 56121 158
1 131
206 174
142
ToxicTotal
waste 22
5917 56
4741 1
2053 206
5109 142
5670
Total 5917 4741 2053 5109 5670
According to Figure 10, the amount of waste in 2019 was the highest, probably because
the number of students was also the highest at that time. Consequently, the amount of
waste was increased. The amount of waste decreased in 2021, presumably because the
numbers of personnel and students were low due to the COVID-19 pandemic. To slow
down the spread of COVID-19, the university applied the “work from home practice” and
online learning. As a result, the amount of waste was decreased.
However, the impact of COVID-19 did not significantly affect the statistical scores for
the different aspects of waste in the UI Green Metric ranking. This is because the criteria
used the total quantity of waste for that year as a starting point and compared proportions
Figure 9. Component amounts of the wastes produced by Mahasarakham University over 5 years
(2019–2023).
Table 6. Results from studying the daily amounts of wastes.
Weight (kg)
Waste Type
Year 2019 Year 2020 Year 2021 generated
based on the managed quantity. The waste components Year 2022 during
Yearthe
2023COVID-19
Inorganic waste 4401 3332 990 3544 4238
period consisted mainly of infectious waste and general waste from food delivery services.
Organic waste 1050 1232 904 1229 1116
Meanwhile, the quantity of food scraps within the university itself decreased, leading to a
Recycled waste 444 121 158 131 174
significant reduction in the
Toxic waste 22 overall quantity
56 for the1year, as food scraps typically
206 142 contribute
substantially
Total to the overall
5917 weight 4741
of waste. 2053 5109 5670
Figure 10. Daily amounts of wastes produced by Mahasarakham University.
According to Figure10, the amount of waste in 2019 was the highest, probably be-
cause the number of students was also the highest at that time. Consequently, the amount
of waste was increased. The amount of waste decreased in 2021, presumably because the
numbers of personnel and students were low due to the COVID-19 pandemic. To slow
down the spread of COVID-19, the university applied the “work from home practice” and
online learning. As a result, the amount of waste was decreased.
However, the impact of COVID-19 did not significantly affect the statistical scores for
the different aspects of waste in the UI Green Metric ranking. This is because the criteria
used the total quantity of waste for that year as a starting point and compared proportions
based on the managed quantity. The waste components generated during the COVID-19
period consisted mainly of infectious waste and general waste from food delivery services.
Meanwhile, the quantity of food scraps within the university itself decreased, leading to
Figure 10. Daily amounts ofreduction
a significant wastes produced by Mahasarakham
in the overall quantity forUniversity.
the year, as food scraps typically con-
tribute substantially to the overall weight of waste.
Figure 11 shows the11results
Figure showsforthethe amounts
results for theofamounts
waste produced by all departments
of waste produced in
by all departments in
the Mahasarakham University. The amount of each type of waste produced daily
the Mahasarakham University. The amount of each type of waste produced daily is is shown.
The type of waste
shown.with
Thethe
typehighest amount
of waste was
with the inorganic
highest amountwaste,
wasfollowed
inorganicby the organic,
waste, followed by the
recycled andorganic,
toxic wastes. The amount of each type of waste affected the planning
recycled and toxic wastes. The amount of each type of waste affected the andplanning
managementand of the
management of the budgets in line with the evaluation policies and criteriaof
budgets in line with the evaluation policies and criteria (Division (Division
Buildings and ofAccommodation, Mahasarakham
Buildings and Accommodation, University). University).
Mahasarakham
Figure 11. Amounts of wastes produced daily.

Figure 11. Amounts of wastes produced daily.
3.2. The Results of the Operations under PDCA
To gain success in becoming a green university according to the waste management
indicators, the university set clear policies and allocated budgets for operations with re-
spect to the indicators. It also followed, checked and evaluated its activities and projects
according to the evaluation criteria. As a result, the overall rank was obviously higher,
3.2. The Results of the Operations under PDCA

To gain success in becoming a green university according to the waste management
indicators, the university set clear policies and allocated budgets for operations with
respect to the indicators. It also followed, checked and evaluated its activities and projects
according to the evaluation criteria. As a result, the overall rank was obviously higher,
especially for the program to reduce the use of paper and plastics in the campuses. By
setting the policies and using technologies for managing and facilitating the documentation
as well as reducing the use of paper, their use was reduced.
The recycling program for the university’s waste, the organic waste treatment system
and the sewage disposal system reflected the continuous changes to the activities. The
ongoing participation of students and personnel as well as the management guidelines
covering different areas and focusing on upstream waste management and waste utilization
were able to influence the activities of the Students’ Association and student clubs. As a
result, the evaluation results were improved regarding inorganic waste treatment. These
results reflect the activities that affected the two phases of evaluation. During the first
four years (2019–2022), soft plastic waste management was the sole focus of attention.
Although the methods were correct involving collection and burying the wastes, the
evaluation results were not influenced. In the next phase, the focus was on both hard plastic
and construction waste management. As a result, the evaluation results were improved.
To improve the university’s practices so that they comply with the evaluation criteria,
guidelines for reducing and utilizing the inorganic wastes should be considered, such
as converting waste into electrical energy and producing fuels or refuse-derived fuels
(RDFs). To address the unchanged evaluation results regarding toxic waste treatment
that only focused on downstream management, reductions and utilizations should be
focused on. However, the operations regarding the waste management indicator could
be improved. The activities or projects of other universities should be studied in order
to establish development guidelines. The amended evaluation criteria should also be
studied more carefully in order to make budget allocation plans for conducting activities in
compliance with policies in the coming year.
3.3. Evaluation Results

The UI Green Metric World University Rankings during the period 2019–2023 are
shown in Figure 12, where it can be seen that the scores for each year indicated continuous
changes undertaken in order to become a green university. Mahasarakham University was
ranked first among the top 10 universities in the country in the UI Green Metric World
University Rankings. Waste management is an indicator of the evaluation criteria that
demonstrated the university’s dedication to managing waste and developing continuously.
Each evaluation indicator had a maximum score of 300. The maximum possible total
score across all indicators was 1800. Each indicator was weighted at 18%. By setting the
policies for the activities and projects during the period 2019–2023, these affected the six
indicators of waste management evaluation. Firstly, the scores for the recycling program
for the university’s wastes were 150, 150, 225, 225 and 225, respectively, across the 5 years.
Secondly, the scores for the program to reduce the use of paper and plastics on the campuses
were 150, 150, 225, 300 and 300 across the 5 years. These scores met the evaluation criteria.
These results clearly show the achievement of positive developments. Thirdly, the score
for organic waste treatment during the period 2019–2021 was about 150. The score during
the period 2022–2023 increased to 225. Fourthly, the score for inorganic waste treatment
during the period 2019–2022 was 150 without any change, while it increased to 225 in the
following year. Fifthly, the score for toxic waste treatment did not change at all, being 150
for all years. Sixthly, the other indicator was sewage disposal. The score was equal to that
of organic waste treatment. Regarding the unchanged score for toxic waste treatment, the
university needs to establish policies for reusing or reducing toxic wastes at the sources
according to the principles of 3R in order to meet the evaluation criteria of the UI Green
Metric World University Rankings.
16, 3346 20 of 25
Figure 12. Evaluation results

Figure of the aspects
12. Evaluation resultsofofwaste management
the aspects during the
of waste management period
during 2019–2023.
the period 2019–2023.
3.4. The Waste

3.4. The Waste Management Management
Guidelines Guidelines for Development
for Sustainable Sustainable Development
Mahasarakham University has improved its operations for sustainable development
Mahasarakham andUniversity has improved
made continuous developments. its The
operations forsustainable
17 goals for sustainable development
development reflect the
and made continuous developments. The 17 goals for sustainable development
three pillars of sustainability—society, the economy and the environment. One reflect the
of the goals
three pillars of sustainability—society,
for sustainable development the economy
is green anddevelopment,
university the environment.
focusing onOne of the
organizational
development
goals for sustainable developmentand environmentally friendly development,
is green university management. Waste management
focusing is another
on organi-
indicator of the green university ranking evaluation criteria. Wastes must be managed
zational development and environmentally friendly management. Waste management is
appropriately. Recycling must be promoted. The use of paper and plastics must be reduced.
another indicator of the green
Organic waste university ranking
treatment, inorganic evaluation
waste treatmentcriteria. Wastes
and wastewater must be
treatment man- to
according
aged appropriately. theRecycling
principles ofmust
3R must befollow
promoted. The use
the sanitation of paper
principles andtoplastics
in order must be
produce environments
facilitating education and enhancing the lives of the students
reduced. Organic waste treatment, inorganic waste treatment and wastewater treatment and personnel at the university
and to safely manage the wastes. Environmental considerations covered the 2nd, 12th and
according to the principles of 3R must follow the sanitation principles in order to produce
15th goals, especially the 12th goal, which is responsible consumption and production.
environments facilitating
Sustainableeducation
consumption and and
enhancing
production theplans
livesmust
of the students
manage and and personnel
achieve the goals by
at the university and to safely
efficiently manage
managing theofwastes.
the use Environmental
natural resources, considerations
the methods for disposing ofcovered
toxic wastes
and pollutants as well as promoting recycling and reducing
the 2nd, 12th and 15th goals, especially the 12th goal, which is responsible consumption wastes in order to implement
and production. sustainable
Sustainable consumption
consumption plans and
andtoproduction
achieve environmental
plans must sustainability.
manage The and15th
goal is life on land. The land ecosystem was utilized. This included hazardous waste
achieve the goals management
by efficiently managing the use of natural resources, the methods for
in a safe and environmentally friendly way are presented in Table 7.
disposing of toxic wastes and pollutants as well as promoting recycling and reducing
wastes in order to Table
implement sustainable
7. Operation consumption
results according to the SDGs. plans and to achieve environmen-
tal sustainability. The 15th goal is life on land. The land ecosystem was utilized. This in-
GOALS Criteria Project Details
cluded hazardous waste management in a safe and environmentally friendly way are pre-
1. Survey of the amount of food waste that occurs in
sented in Table 7. universities, including cafeterias and food establishments.
2. Providing a tank to hold or separate food scraps for use.
GOAL 2:
Campus food waste 3. Using food waste to produce vermicompost and then use
Zero Hunger
it in agriculture, such as growing organic vegetables and
maintaining flowers and ornamental plants
within the university
Table 7. Cont.
GOALS Criteria Project Details

1. Plastic reduction project:
- Ecolife program
- Say no plastic program
- Say no to plastic bag project
- Stop using foam boxes.
- Promote the use of personal drinking glasses.
1. Policy to reduce plastic use within - Organize meetings, seminars, training in the form of
the university and extend it outside Green Meeting.
GOAL 12:
the university. 2. Waste recycling project:
Responsible Consumption
2. Waste disposal policy to measure
and Production - Waste sorting bins to create value
the amount of waste sent to landfill
and recycling. - Green Dormitory (Recycled wastes collects
volunteer points)
- Recycle waste to create innovations
3. Collection and disposal project:
- Collect and transport waste for disposal by landfill
with the municipality for waste that cannot be used.
The university separates and collects waste that may cause

harm to students and personnel, including chemicals from
laboratories, hazardous waste from buildings (light
GOAL 15: bulbs/batteries/batteries/aerosol cans) and hazardous
Policy on hazardous waste disposal.
Life on Land waste from hospitals (infectious waste), which is sent for
proper disposal according to academic principles. The
university hires a registered company to carry out the
disposal once a year.
3.5. The Guidelines for Achieving Sustainability

Mahasarakham University has developed many different projects and activities in
order to become a green university. Development commenced in 2011 and continues to
this day. As a result, the university is ranked nationally as one of the top 10 universities for
waste management. Additionally, the scores used to evaluate its progress have increased
every year, as shown in Figures 13 and 14. In 2023, Mahasarakham University attained
a cumulative score of 8335 out of 10,000, signifying its commendable performance and
satisfactory standing. This achievement is juxtaposed with Kasetsart University, ranked first
in Thailand, which secured a total score of 8775 for the same period, and with Wageningen
University & Research, leading globally with a total score of 9500 points in 2023 [35]. The
university’s operations reflected changes and continuous developments. In summary, the
factors contributing to the successes of a sustainable green university include the following:
1. Setting and announcing clear policies in order to make the students and personnel
aware of and strictly follow the policies.
2. Providing official duties certificates (ODC) as the KPI of each department showing
the responsibilities and participation of each department.
3. Creating student and personnel participation networks in all sectors in the form
of clubs, the Students’ Association and committees. This will drive the activities
and projects as well as supporting the reporting of data for preparing the data and
achieving the goals.
4. Assigning individuals with responsibilities and clear duties for driving links
and integration.
5. Allocating the budgets according to the policies of the activities and projects, thus
meeting the green university evaluation criteria.
6. Driving and following activities including Plan, Do, Check and Act processes to
facilitate continuous development and improvements.
024,
024, 16,
16, 3346
3346 22
22 of
of 25
25

6.
6. Driving
Driving and
and following
following activities
activities including
including Plan,
Plan, Do,
Do, Check
Check and
and Act
Act processes
processes to
to fa-
fa-
cilitate continuous development and improvements.
cilitate continuous development and improvements.
Figure
Figure 13.
13. World
World rankings
rankings history
World diagram
history
Figure 13. diagram [43].
[43]. diagram [43].
rankings history
Figure
Figure 14.
14. World
World rankings
rankings history
history diagram
diagram (scores)
(scores) [43].
[43].
Figure 14. World rankings history diagram (scores) [43].
4.
4. Conclusions
Conclusions 4. Conclusions
Mahasarakham
Mahasarakham
University has
has adhered
University
adhered to sustainable
tohas adhered towaste
sustainable management
sustainable
waste guidelines
waste management
management guidelinesguidelines
based Metric
on the UI Green Metric World University Ranking criteria since
based
based onon the
the UI
UI Green
Green Metric World
World University
University Ranking
Ranking criteria
criteria since
since 2013,
2013, with
with the2013,
the Di- with the
Di-
vision of BuildingsDivision
and of Buildings and Accommodation
Accommodation spearheading spearheading
these efforts. these
This efforts.
study This study identified
identified
vision of Buildings and Accommodation spearheading these efforts. This study identified
operational operational guidelines that drove continuous development from 2019 to 2023, leading to
operational guidelines
guidelines that drove
annualthat drove continuous
enhancements continuous development
development
in the university’s
from 2019
waste from 2019 to
management
2023,
2023, leading
topractices. leading to to
annual
annual enhancements in
in the
enhancementsAccording the university’s
university’s waste
waste management
management practices.
practices.
to the above operations, Mahasarakham University’s waste management
According to
According toscoresthe above
the above
regarding
operations,
operations, Mahasarakham
Mahasarakham
the six indicators increased from
University’s
University’s
2019 to 2023
waste
waste management
weremanagement
established. Specifically,
scores regarding the
(1) six
the indicators
recycling increased
program’s from
scores were2019150,to
scores regarding the six indicators increased from 2019 to 2023 were established. 2023
150, 225,were
225, established.
and 225 over Specifi-
Specifi-
consecutive years.
cally, (1) the recycling
cally, (1) the recycling program’s
(2) Theprogram’s
scores of the scores were
program
scores were to150,
150, 150,
reduce 225,
150, the 225,
225,use
225, and
ofand
paper225
225andover consecutive
plastics
over on the campuses
consecutive
years. (2) The scores of the program to reduce the use of paper
years. (2) The scores of the program to reduce the use of paper and plastics on thewaste
were 150, 150, 225, 300, and 300 over consecutive and
years. plastics
(3) The on
organicthe cam-
cam-treatment
puses were 150, system’s
150, 225, scores
300, andwere300150, 150,
over 150, 225,
consecutive and 225
years. over
(3)
puses were 150, 150, 225, 300, and 300 over consecutive years. (3) The organic waste treat- consecutive
The organic years.
waste (4) The inorganic
treat-
ment waste treatment system’s scores were 150, 150, 150, 150, and 225 over consecutive years.
ment system’s
system’s scores
scores were
were 150,150, 150,
150, 150,
150, 225,
225, and
and 225225 over
over consecutive
consecutive years. years. (4)
(4) The
The inor-
inor-
ganic (5) The toxic waste treatment program’s score was 150 every year. (6) The sewage disposal
ganic waste
waste treatment
treatment
system’s
system’s
system’s
scores were
scores
scores were
were
equal
150,
150, 150,
to those 150,
of
150, 150,
the150,
and
and 225
150,waste
organic 225 over consecutive
over system.
treatment consecutive
As a result, the
years. (5) The toxic
years. (5) The toxic waste treatment
waste treatment program’s
program’s score
score was was 150 every
150 every year. (6) The
The sewage
evaluation scores continuously increased according to theyear.
green(6)university sewage
ranking criteria.
disposal
disposal system’s
system’s scores
scores
These
were
were equal to
to those
those of
equalunderscore
findings
the
ofthe organic
organic waste
theeffectiveness waste
of the
treatment
treatment
university’s
system.
system. As
wasteAs
aa
management
result,
result, the
the evaluation
evaluation scores
scores
strategies overcontinuously
continuously increased
increased
the past five years, according
according
as reflected to
to the
the green
in the increasing green university
university
evaluation scores aligned
ranking criteria.
ranking criteria.
These
These findings
findings underscore
underscore the the effectiveness
effectiveness of of the
the university’s
university’s waste waste management
management
strategies
strategies over the past five years, as reflected in the increasing evaluation scores
over the past five years, as reflected in the increasing evaluation scores aligned
aligned
with the green university ranking criteria. The practical implications include the establish-
ment of efficient waste management committees, the promotion of recycling initiatives, and
the engagement of students and faculty members in sustainability endeavors. Recognizing
the imperative need for ongoing improvement, future research avenues could explore
advanced waste treatment technologies and strategies for community involvement.
Furthermore, recommendations include the implementation of policies aimed at
reusing or reducing waste at its source, following the principles of the 3R approach outlined
in the UI Green Metric World University Rankings. To further modernize its operations,
Mahasarakham University should examine guidelines and innovations from both domestic
and foreign universities to continually enhance its journey towards becoming a sustainable
green institution. Additionally, the prospective integration of artificial intelligence may
offer avenues for managing environmentally sustainable universities [44,45].
Author Contributions: Conceptualization, J.P., R.T., M.K., S.T., R.N., H.P., O.S. and A.K.; methodology,
J.P., R.T., M.K., S.T., R.N., H.P., O.S. and A.K.; validation, J.P. and A.K.; formal analysis, J.P. and A.K.;
investigation J.P. and A.K.; writing—original draft preparation, J.P. and A.K.; supervision, J.P. and
A.K.; and writing—review and editing, J.P., R.T. and A.K. All authors have read and agreed to the
published version of the manuscript.
Funding: This research was financially supported by Mahasarakham University.
Institutional Review Board Statement: Not applicable.
Informed Consent Statement: Not applicable.
Data Availability Statement: This study did not report any data.
Acknowledgments: We would like to thank Adrian Plant for their valuable comments and English
language revision of the manuscript.
Conflicts of Interest: The authors declare no conflicts of interest.
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sustainability

1. Significance and Background

Sustainability 2024, 16, 3346. https://doi.org/10.3390/su16083346 https://www.mdpi.com/journal/sustainability

2.2. The Green University Ranking Criteria Regarding Waste Management

2.3. The Waste Management Operations

Sustainability 2024, 16, 3346 8 of 25

As illustrated in Figure 3, a crucial step in the UI Green Metric assessment process

3.1.1. The Recycling Program for the University’s Wastes

Year Score Project Results Project Details

Table 3. The results of the projects.

Year Score Project Results Project Details

3.1.3. Organic Waste Treatment

Figure 5. Conducting the projects and the evaluation results.

3.1.3. Organic Waste Treatment

3.1.4. Inorganic Waste Treatment

Figure 6. The waste collection points.

3.1.5. Toxic Waste Treatment

3.1.6. Wastewater Treatment

Figure 7. The sewage treatment system of Mahasarakham University.

3.1.7. The Results of the Waste Component Analysis

Sustainability 2024, 16, 3346 18 of 25

Figure 10. Daily amounts of wastes produced by Mahasarakham University.

Figure 11. Amounts of wastes produced daily.

3.2. The Results of the Operations under PDCA

3.3. Evaluation Results

Figure 12. Evaluation results

3.4. The Waste

GOALS Criteria Project Details

The university separates and collects waste that may cause

3.5. The Guidelines for Achieving Sustainability

Sustainability 2024, 16, 3346 21 of 24

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