2012 2nd International Conference on Power, Control and Embedded Systems
Performance study in dispersion
compensation techniques with Duobinary format at different bit rates Devendra Kr.Tripathi, Pallavi Singh, N.K.Shukla, H.K.Dixit
Abstract--In this work comparative study is carried for high multiplexing (WDM) transmission systems [1], [2]. Duo speed duo binary transmitter with different dispersion binary modulation results in a narrower optical signal compensation schemes for long haul optical communication. spectrum compared to nonreturn-to-zero (NRZ) modulation, These techniques are applied to duo binary system, which which is beneficial for ameliorating the effects of fiber operates at bit rates of 10, 15 and 20, 25,30Gbps bit rates. The dispersion, as well as for reducing adjacent channel crosstalk dispersion compensation schemes tested are Pre-compensation & in ultra dense WDM systems [3] .Duo binary systems, also Post-compensation, symmetrical configuration1&symmetrical enjoy a cost advantage over other advanced modulation configuration 2, optical phase conjugation, FBG compensation, double hybrid fiber& dispersion fiber managed for long haul formats, such as return-to-zero (RZ) and differential phase- optical communication. Eye opening is better at 10Gbps bit rate shift keying, since duo binary transmitters and receivers are optical transmission with all dispersion compensation techniques comparable in cost to those used in NRZ systems [4], tested. It is found that for higher bit rates dispersion managed [5].Other modulation format carrier-suppressed return to zero fiber and next one FBG compensation shows better performance (CSRZ) is used with high-speed transmission systems with metrics like eye opening bit error rate and factor Q as compared dispersion management. Sano and Miyamoto et al. [6] to other dispersion compensation schemes. It is also observed that discussed the transmission performance of return to zero (RZ) for low input laser power transmission performance metrics are and CSRZ signals over a periodically dispersion compensated much better for all dispersion schemes and at higher laser input transmission line. They also discussed the dependence of the power transmission performance metrics are degraded. transmission characteristics on phase modulation, pre- and Index Terms--Bit error rate (BER), Dispersion compensating post-compensating dispersion and receiver optical and fiber (DCF), FBG, GVD, single mode fiber (SMF). electrical filter widths. Light wave systems used in the core transport network of telecommunication systems operate in the second transmission window. The 1550 nm wavelength region I. INTRODUCTION exhibits the lowest attenuation coefficient, but influence of the large dispersion coefficient associated with the second
T HE need for greater capacity, higher transmission speed,
more reliable data communication, large bandwidth transport network fabric has led to the acceptance of transmission window limits the operating speed of the network to 2.5 Gbit/s or less. For the network to operate at higher bit- rate, a dispersion management schemes are needed. optical network as the technology of choice for the core The main object of communication systems is to increase the transport function. Due to tremendous growth in video-based transmission distance. Fiber chromatic dispersion is one of the Internet applications is enhancing the demand for spectrally most severe limiting factors in long distance transmission efficient optical transmission systems. Spectral efficiency can systems. If the fiber transmission length exceeds several tens be enhanced by either using higher level modulation formats of kilometers, dispersion effect can cause intolerable amounts or reducing the channel spacing. Optical duobinary of distortions that ultimately lead to errors .Therefore it is modulation, also known as phase-shaped binary modulation, necessary to use dispersion compensation devices such as has received increasing attention presently due to its potential chirped fiber grating or dispersion compensating fiber (DCF) for attaining high spectral efficiency in wavelength-division- [2,3] toovercome dispersion effect and consequently decrease the nonlinear distortion. Other dispersion compensation techniques use symmetrical configuration 1&2, hybrid fiber, D. K. Tripathi is with the Department of Electronics & Communication, University of Allahabad, Allahabad, 211002, India. dispersion managed fiber as compensating techniques. A (e-mail: dekt@rediffmail.com). comparative study between different chromatic dispersion Pallavi Singh is with the Department of Electronics & Communication compensation techniques in high bit rate communication University of Allahabad, Allahabad, 211002, India. systems with important non linear effects has been done, such (e-mail: singh.pallavi73@gmail.com). N. K. Shukla is with the Department of Electronics & Communication, as pre,post and symmetrical compensation techniques University of Allahabad, Allahabad, 211002, India. [7,8].Init some methods and other parameters were not (e-mail: nksjkiapt@rediffmail.com). discussed. Among several compensation techniques, DCF is H. K. Dixit is with the Department of Electronics & Communication, the predominant technology for dispersion compensation. It University of Allahabad, Allahabad, 211002, India. (e-mail: hkdixit@gmail.com). consists of an optical fiber that has a special design such as providing a large negative dispersion coefficient while the
dispersion of the transport fiber is positive. A proper length of Where A is the pulse-envelope amplitude. The effects of thirds DCF allows the compensation of the chromatic dispersion order dispersion are included by the β3 term. In the specific accumulated over a given length of the transport fiber. Fiber case of β3=0 the solution becomes. Bragg grating technique(FBG) is one of the most advanced A(z,t)= 0, )exp( β2zω2-iωt)dω (2) technologies being incorporated into dispersion compensation Where A’ (0, ω) is the Fourier transform of A (0, t). methods is FBGs, short lengths of optical fiber that reflect a Dispersion induced degradation of the optical signal is caused particular wavelength. FBG feature periodically spaced zones by the phased factor exp (iβ2zω2/2), acquired by spectral in the fiber core that have been altered to have different components of the pulse during its propagation in the fiber. refractive indexes slightly higher than the core. This structure All dispersion management schemes attempt to cancel this selectively reflects a very narrow range of wavelengths while phase factor so that the input signal can be restored. The transmitting others. In dispersion managed fiber techniques approach of dispersion management modifies the dispersion managed fiber is designed so that positive characteristics of input pulses at the transmitter before they are dispersion section and negative section both types can be launched into fiber link. By changing the spectral amplitude accommodated within a single cable. Hence the average A’ (0, ω) of the input pulse in such a way that GVD induced dispersion is zero. In optical phase conjugation technique degradation is eliminated or at least reduced substantially. The optical phase conjugate (OPC) is used in the middle of the link spectral amplitude is changed as to invert the spectrum. This process changes the short A’(0,ω)->A’(0,ω)exp (-iω2β2L/2) (3) wavelengths to long ones and the long wavelengths to short Where L is the fiber length, GVD will be compensated exactly ones. With inversion of the spectrum in the middle of a link and pulse will retail its shape at the fiber output. (using standard fiber) the second half of the link acts in the The use DCF provides an all-optical technique that is capable opposite direction (really the same direction but the input has of compensating the fiber GVD completely if optical fibers are been exactly pre-emphasized).In view of it in this paper, a negligible. The average optical power is kept low enough that transmitter capable of transmitting high bit as high as 30 Gbps the nonlinear effects inside .If optical pulse propagates was simulated. This transmitter chosen generates a waveform through two fiber segments, the second of which is which is in duo binary format. The data-source was simulated DCF.Using equation(2) to generate pseudo-random sequences with bit-rate as a variable. The bit rates simulated were 10, 15, 20, 25 & A (L, t) = 0, ) exp [ ω2(β21L1+β22L2)-iωt)]dω 30Gbps. Optical fiber cable was the transmission medium. (4) DCF, standard single mode fiber, FBG and hybrid fiber, Where L=L1+L2 and β2j is the GVD parameter for the fiber dispersion managed fiber; symmetrical configuration 1 &2, segment of length Lj(j=1,2).If the DCF is chosen such that the OPC techniques of dispersion compensating devices were ω2 phase term vanishes, the pulse will recover its original simulated for a fixed fiber length of 720 km. The optical shape at the end of DCF.Condition of perfect dispersion receiver operates at the same bit rate as the transmitter, so the compensation is thus β21L1+β22L2=0,or receiver was also simulated at the same (10, 15 and 20, 25, 30 D1L1+D2L2=0 (5) Gbps) bit rates. Equation (5) shows that the DCF must have normal GVD at 1.55μm (D2<0) because D1>0 for standard telecommunication II.THEORETICAL CONSIDERATION fibers. Its length should be chosen to satisfy With the advent of optical amplifiers fiber losses are no longer L2=-(D1/D2) L1 (6) a major limiting factor for optical communication systems. For practical reasons L2 should be as small as possible. It is But optical amplifier does not restore the amplified signal to permissible only if the DCF has a large negative value of D2 its original states of dispersion induced degradation of the .The DCF compensates GVD while the amplifier takes care of transmitted signal accumulates over multiple amplifiers. Due fiber losses. to this reason several dispersion management schemes were Now to support a high-capacity dense wavelength-division- developed near 1990s to address dispersion problem [9]. multiplexing (DWDM) transmission, the embedded The GVD effects can be minimized using a narrow line width standard single-mode fiber (SMF) should be upgraded to laser and operating close to the zero dispersion wavelength overcome the dispersion limit. For this purpose, some λZD of the fiber. But practically operating wavelength λ can’t dispersion compensation scheme must be employed be matched with λZD. Hence the dispersion limit becomes periodically at the amplification stages [10]. matter of concern when in line amplifiers are used for loss Spans made of SMF and DCF are good candidates as their compensation. If the bit rat is increased more than 10Gbp/s the high local dispersion is known to reduce the phase GVD-limited transmission distance drops to 30km,a value low matching giving rise to four waves mixing in wavelength that optical amplifiers can’t be used in designing such light division multiplexing systems. Signal degradation in such wave systems. systems is due to combined effects of group velocity Dispersion management scheme attempts to solve this dispersion, Kerr nonlinearity, and accumulation of amplified practical problem it can be understood with pulse propagation spontaneous emission noise due to periodic amplification. equation. Because of the nonlinear nature of propagation, system performance depends on the power levels at the input of different types of fibers, on the position of the DCF [11] + - =0,(1) and on the amount of residual dispersion [12, 13]. One of the major interests are in the pre-, post- and y analyze the performance diagrams may beused to effectively symmetrical compensation techniques wherre each link is of an optical system. made of spans where the DCF is locatedd before, after the Q SMF or symmetrically across the SMF. A DC CF module should have low insertion loss, low polarization mode dispersion and optical SM MF EDF Detector Duobinary Txr Booster A Scope low optical nonlinearity. In addition to thesse characteristics, Filter DCF should have large chromatic dispersion coefficient to BER minimize the size of a DCF module sincce DCF modules Fig.1.General simulation set up for study diffe ferent dispersion schemes are generally mounted in terminal office.. However, there are design tradeoffs among chromatic disppersion, effective area and bending loss. Large Chroomatic dispersion coefficient gives small effective area and largge bending loss. By placing one DCF with negative dispersion after a SMF with positive dispersion, the net disperrsion will be zero DSMFxLSMF=-DDCFxLDCF (7) Where D and L are the dispersion and lenngth of each fiber segment, respectively. Fiber based Compensation is done by three m methods: (i) Pre-Compensation (ii) Post Compensation (iii) Symmetrical Compensation Pre-Compensation: The optical communication system is pre compensated by the dispersion compensatingg fiber of negative dispersion against the standard fiber. Post-Compensation: The optical communication system is post compensated by the dispersion compensating fiber of negative dispersion against the standard fiberr. Symmetrical-Compensation: The optical communication system is symmetrically compensated byy the dispersion compensating fiber of negative dispersion aggainst the standard fiber.
III.SIMULATION SETUP AND DESC CRIPTION
In this work RSoft OptSim simulation softw ware is used that gives us the environment almost the exact phhysical realization of a system. Duobinary transmitter is dessigned with laser diodes, filters, modulators and all the compponents which are essential to build an optical network. This sim mulation is carried out to observe the comparative studyy with various compensation schemes and bit rates in the presence of Fig.2. Simulation set up for different dispeersion schemes with Duobinary Chromatic dispersion. Duobinary signal is lauunched over DCF Long haul optical transmission and SMF spans of 6km and 30km each ffor Pre, Post and symmetrical configuation1&2, FBG andd for dispersion managed fiber two fibers of opposite disppersion values of 18km fiber is used.Duobinary modulation iss implemented by driving an external Mach-Zehnder moduulator dual arm modulator with opposite phase signals; MZII has three inputs, one for the laser diode and the other for tthe data from the channels. It converts the electrical signal innto optical signal form. On the receiver side the output of the LLorentzian optical filter a photodiode converts the optical signall into an electrical signal an electrical low pass Bessel filter follows the PIN Fig.3.Input optical spectrum photodiode. This has a cut-off frequency ddetermined by the IV.RESULTS AND DISCUSSION type of the waveform used for modulationn and in our case Optical links transmission performannce for long haul has been 193.41449 THz. Finally at the output of thhe low pass filter tested for pre, post, symmetrical co onfiguration1 and 2, FBG, visualization tool called Scope, BER estimattion Q meter. It is hybrid fiber configuration, fiber dispersion managed and an optical or electrical oscilloscope withh numerous data optical phase conjugation (OPC) compensation techniques for processing options, eye display and BER esstimation features. duo binary optical system. If the eye opening is very wide and there is no crosstalk. Eye Fig.4. Q vs. BITRATE for 720km optical transmission with Dispersion compensation schemes
Fig.6. Q vs. CWPower for 720km optical transmission with dispersion
compensation schemes
Fig.5. BER vs. BITRATE for 720km optical transmission with dispersion Fig.7. BER vs. CWPower for 720km optical transmission with dispersion compensation schemes compensation schemes
Fig.8.Eye pattern for 25Gbps dispersion managed and FBG fiber (720km) optical transmission [8] Yogesh Chabra, R.S.Kaler,”comparison of various compensation techniques at high bit rates using CSRZ formats,” Optik (Stuttg), Performance is tested for 720km and tested with 10 to 30Gbps 121(9), 813–817, 2010. bitrates with increment of 5Gbps bitrates. From results shown [9] A.Gnauck and R.Jopson,”in optical fiber Telecommunication III, in fig.4to fig.7 for all dispersion compensation techniques Vol.A, I.P.Kaminow and T.L.Koch,Eds,”,Academic Press,San tested shows better performance metrics (Eye opening, BER, Diego,CA,Chap7. [10] Chen, J.; Kim, H.; and Chung, Y.C. ,“XPM crosstalk in Q) at 10Gbps bit rate optical transmission. It is also found that conventional single-mode fiber network upgraded with fiber dispersion managed technique gives much better dispersion compensating fiber,” Proceedings of SPIE, 4581, 314- performance metrics (Eye opening,BER,Q) opening at 10, 15, 318, APOC 2001. 20 Gbps bit rates rather than other techniques tested. Next [11] Rothnie, D.M. and Midwinter, J.E. “Improved standard fiber performance by positioning the dispersion compensating fiber,” good technique is FBG than others as it shows better IET Electronics Letters, 32(20), 1907-1908,1996. performance matrices (Q &BER).At 25Gbps to 30Gbps [12] Belloti, G., Bertaine, A. and Bigo, S. . “Dependence of self bitrates FBG and fiber dispersion managed technique shows phase modulation impairments on residual dispersion in 10 same performance metrics that is same Q factor. For all Gbit/s based terrestrial transmissions using standard fiber,” IEEE Photon Technology Letters,11(7), 824-826, 1999. techniques it is also found that as bit rate increases (>25Gbps) [13] Nuyts, R.J.; Park, Y.K.; and Gallion, P. ,“Performance eye pattern degrades slowly. It is also found from results improvement of 10 Gb/s standard fiber transmission systems shown in that for low input laser power transmission by using the SPM effect in the dispersion compensated performance matrices (Q &BER) and eye opening is better. fiber,” IEEE Photon Technology Letters, 8(10), 1406-1408, 1996. Alsoin the case of high non linear effects the performances (input laser power) vs. Q decreases with growing input laser power as shown in results but it increases with lower input laser power.
V.CONCLUSION In this work high bit rate communication system performances is tested dispersion compensation schemes in the presence of strong non linearity. From the comparative performance analysis for different compensation techniques and bit rates it is found that dispersion managed fiber method is better than other all methods tested for long haul optical communication, next best technique used fiber Braggs Grating (FBG) compensation, gives much better eye opening. It may be also concluded that lower laser input power optical transmission eye pattern and Q is better for all dispersion schemes tested.
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