MILK SUBSTITUTES

 INTRODUCTION‘
 HISTORICAL BACKGROUND
 PRODUCTION PROCESS
 TYPES
 USES
 ITEMS USED TO MAKE THEM
 WHAT ARE THE HARMFUL ITEMS USED
 HARMFUL EFFECTS ON CHILDREN
 ITS STAND IN INDIA
 WHAT IS ITS SALES AND REVENUE
 ITS GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION
 THE MAJOR THREE CONTROVERSIES
 THE GUIDELINES OF WHO
 CASE STUDY ON A SURVEY

BY BALA LEKESHA
Xib ,rollno:-4
 1.INTRODUCTION
Milk powder, also known as powdered milk, is a dairy product created by
evaporating milk to dryness. This process removes the moisture content,
resulting in a lightweight, shelf-stable powder that retains the nutritional
properties of liquid milk. Milk powder is available in various forms, including
whole, skimmed, and non-fat versions, making it versatile for different culinary
and dietary needs.

It serves as a convenient alternative to fresh milk, especially in regions where

refrigeration is limited or where long shelf life is desired. Milk powder can be
easily reconstituted with water to create liquid milk for drinking or cooking,
and it is commonly used in baking, cooking, and as an ingredient in infant
formulas. Its convenience, nutritional value, and long shelf life make it a staple
in many households and food industries worldwide.

2.Historical background
Dry milk has been known in some parts of the world for many centuries.

 Marco Polo in the 13th century reported that soldiers of Kublai Khan
carried a dried milk on excursions. The belief is that part of the fat was
removed from the milk before drying and dehydration was accomplished
by solar heating.
 The first usable commercial production of dried milk was invented by
the Russian chemist M. Dirchoff in 1832.
 In 1855 T.S. Grimwade took a patent on a dried milk procedure, though
William Newton had patented a vacuum drying process as early as 1837.
 In 1909, Nicholas Appert, a Frenchman, developed dried milk in tablet
form by air-drying of milk solids concentrated to a “dough” consistency.
 During the last half of the 19th century, attempts to produce a dried milk
involved the addition of other dry products to concentrated milk. Sugar,
cereal products, and sodas, singly or in combinations, were added.
 In 1850, Birdseye concentrated milk with added sugar until a solid was
obtained.
 A British patent was granted in 1855 to Grimwade who developed a
modified dry product from highly concentrated milk to which sodium (or
potassium) carbonate and sugar were added. This semi-solid material
was extruded into thin streams and dried in trays.
 Others who pioneered in methods of moisture removal from milk were
Heine, Newton, Horsford, Dalson, Gallois and Deauve.
 Patents and reports which emphasized processes for dry milk
manufacture without the addition of other products began about 1898.
 In 1901, Campbell of the United States and Wimmer of Denmark dried
concentrated milk on trays.
 In 1902, Hall obtained a patent on a new system of manufacturing dry
condensed milk.
 Today, powdered milk is usually made by spray drying nonfat skim milk,
whole milk, buttermilk or whey. Alternatively, the milk can be dried by
drum drying. Another process is freeze drying, which preserves many
nutrients in milk, compared to drum drying.

3.PRODUCTION PROCESS
MANUFACTURING PROCESS: There is a step by step process for
manufacturing of Milk powder: • Separation/Standardization •
Preheating • Evaporation • Spray Drying • Packaging & Storage The
above process is explained below. •

Separation/Standardization: The process starts from procuring the raw

material and delivering at the dairy factory then pasteurizing and
separating it into skim milk and cream which is done by a centrifugal
cream separator. In this little bit of cream is added back to the skim milk
so that fat content is also maintained in the milk.
• Preheating: After this preheating is performed in which the above milk
is heated at temperatures ranging from 75 to 120°C. The milk is
constantly heated for a particular time period ranging from a few
seconds up to several minutes. Preheating can be done directly or
indirectly i.e. through steam injection into the product or via heat
exchangers respectively or a mixture of two.
Evaporation: In this process, the above milk is concentrated in stages. In
this the milk is boiled under a vacuum at temperature below 72°C in a
falling film on the inside of vertical tubes, and by this the water is
removed as vapor. This vapor, is then used to heat the milk.

• Spray Drying: In this method the milk is atomized and concentrated

from the evaporator into fine droplets. This is performed in a huge
drying chamber with appropriate flow of hot air utilizing either a
spinning disk atomizer or a series of high-pressure nozzles. After this the
droplets of milk are cooled by evaporation by which they never reach
the temperature of the air.

• Packaging & Storage: The product is immensely more stable than fresh
milk but protection from moisture, oxygen, light and heat is needed in
order to maintain their quality and shelf life. They are packed into either
plastic-lined multi wall bags (25Kg) or bulk bins(600Kg).
 .

.3. TYPES OF MILK POWDER

There are three types of milk powder, which are

 Whole milk powder: Fat content between 26 % - 42 % m/m.
 Partially skimmed milk powder: Fat content between 1.5 % - 26 % m/m.
 Skimmed milk powder: Maximum fat content of 1.5 % m/m.

USES OF MILK POWDER

Milk powder is a versatile ingredient used in various culinary and non-culinary

applications. Here are ten common uses:

1. Baking: Enhances flavor and nutrition in baked goods like bread, cookies,
and cakes.
2. Reconstitution: Easily reconstituted with water to create liquid milk for
drinking or cooking.
3. Creamy Sauces: Adds creaminess to sauces, soups, and gravies without
the need for fresh cream.
4. Smoothies and Shakes: Used in smoothies and protein shakes for added
protein and richness.
5. Instant Pudding and Desserts: Acts as a thickening agent and adds
richness in instant pudding mixes and other desserts.
6. Dairy Alternatives: Used in recipes for dairy-free alternatives to cheese
and yogurt.
7. Coffee and Tea: A convenient creamer for coffee or tea, providing a
creamy texture and flavor.
8. Infant Formula: Key ingredient in many infant formulas, providing
essential nutrients.
9. Cereal and Oatmeal: Sprinkled on cereals or mixed into oatmeal for
added creaminess and flavor.
10.Emergency Food Supply: A long shelf-life option for emergency food
storage, providing essential nutrients when fresh milk is unavailable.
 11.Movie prop: cocaine and other drugs, powdered milk is sometimes used
in filmmaking as a non-toxic prop that may be insufflated.
12.Alternative during aid : Powdered milk is also a common item in UN
food aid supplies, fallout shelters, warehouses, and wherever fresh milk
is not a viable option..

4. ITEMS USED TO MAKE MILK POWDER

(according to nestle brand )

5. Harmful items used in the Baby milk powders

GMO Globally, countries are passing anti-GMO legislation, with many regulations focusing specifically
Ingredients on infant nutrition. GMOs have been linked to cancer, organ failure, and birth defects.
 Lycopene, lutein, taurine, L-methionine, and nucleotides are examples of toxic ingredients
labeled as nutrients. To be clear, these ingredients can come from natural sources or be created
Synthetic
in a lab; this is why, if you see them in your baby formulas or baby foods, you should ask where
Nutrients
they came from. Infants who are given these cheap synthetic fillers are more likely to develop
chronic diseases as they grow.
Preservatives are added to baby formula to keep it from spoiling and to extend its shelf life.
Artificial Preservatives are not natural, and they have been shown to aggravate food allergies in infants.
Preservatives Preservatives such as sulfur dioxide and "additives" may be found on baby formula cans, so read
the label carefully.
Corn syrup, also known as glucose syrup, is mostly made up of corn starch. It, like sugar, is high in
carbohydrates and calories but has little nutritional value.
Corn Infants who consume sugar or corn syrup on a regular basis risk developing health problems for
Syrup/Sugar the rest of their lives. These sugars have been linked to the emergence of a wide range of
diseases and medical conditions, including heart disease, metabolic syndrome, and type 2
diabetes.
Faux iron is not an important ingredient in baby formula. This electrolyte is frequently found as a
Faux Iron fortified powder. Regular consumption can cause digestive issues at best and long-term
cardiovascular problems at worst.
Melamine is a nitrogen-rich material that is widely used in the production of plastics and
Melamine adhesives. Melamine is used in dairy cows to increase milk production. This milk is then found in
your infant's nutrition, along with the toxin.
The contamination of infant formula by aromatic mineral oil hydrocarbons has recently made
headlines.
Mineral Oil
When used in manufacturing, this highly alkaline mixture can cause diarrhea, poor nutrient
absorption, and dehydration in infants.
Gluten is a type of grain protein found in bread. It can be found in a variety of foods, including
rye, wheat, barley, as well as some bread and snacks.
Gluten Within the first year, babies' digestive systems are unable to tolerate the harsh gluten protein,
which can cause severe constipation, abdominal pain, and long-term health problems in up to 6%
of the population.
When an infant develops a milk protein allergy or sensitivity, parents avoid milk-based formula in
Soy favor of soy-based baby formula. Soy formula is not recommended unless there is a medical
emergency.

Many popular baby food products contain alarmingly high levels of hazardous heavy metals such
as arsenic, cadmium, and lead. These heavy metals are naturally present in all soil, but in the
Toxic Heavy absence of proper regulations, these toxins pass unnoticed and can harm a baby's development.
Metals
Heavy metals, in particular, have been linked to adverse effects on the developing infant's mind,
brain, cardiovascular, and immune systems.

Carrageenan is used as a stabilizing agent in ready-to-feed infant formulas in the United States.
Carrageenan
However, the EU prohibits its use in organic formulas because it causes intestinal inflammation.
 Along with the above table , metals found are

 Arsenic: Arsenic can be found in rice-based baby formula due to the

high levels of arsenic in rice.
 Lead: Lead can be found in some baby formulas that are produced in
areas with high levels of lead contamination.
 Cadmium: Cadmium is a heavy metal that is found in some plant-based
baby formulas.

EFFECTS ON THE BABY IN THE INTACT OF BABY MILK POWDER

THE STATUS OF MILK POWDER IN INDIA

 Revenue in the Baby Milk & Infant Formula market amounts to ₹67.13bn in
2024. The market is expected to grow annually by 5.66% (CAGR 2024-2029).
 In global comparison, most revenue is generated in China (₹1,399bn in 2024).
 In relation to total population figures, per person revenues of ₹46.56 are
generated in india(2024).
 In the Baby Milk & Infant Formula market, volume is expected to amount to
74.51m kg by 2029. The Baby Milk & Infant Formula market is expected to
show a volume growth of 3.6% in 2025.

SALES AND REVENUES OF BABY MILK POWDER

As of 2021, the largest producers of milk powder are New Zealand, China,
Argentina and Brazil.
European production of milk powder in fiscal year 2019–2020 was estimated at
around 3.0 million tonnes of which the main volume was exported in bulk
packing or consumer packs.
Australia also has a significant milk powder export industry, exporting over
13,000 tonnes of skim and whole milk powder in fiscal year 2020–2021, to a
value of approximately AUD $83 000 000.
Brands on the market include Nido, from the company Nestlé, Incolac from the
company Milcobel, Dutch Lady from FrieslandCampina and Puck from Arla
Foods.

Some of the largest businesses in the industry

are Nestlé, Danone, Lactalis, Fonterra, FrieslandCampina, Dean Foods, Arla
Foods, Dairy Farmers of America, Kraft Foods, Saputo, and Parmalat.
1. THE NESTLE CONTROVERSY

Concern about Nestlé's "aggressive marketing" of their breast milk substitutes,

particularly in less economically developed countries (LEDCs), first arose in the
1970s. Critics have accused Nestlé of discouraging mothers from breastfeeding
and suggesting that their baby formula is healthier than breastfeeding through
marketing campaigns which suggested the formula was used by health
professionals. This included Nestlé dressing salespeople as nurses to sell
customers the false claim that the formula would help with infant health
outcomes.[3] This led to a boycott which was launched in 1977 in the United
States and subsequently spread into Europe. The boycott was suspended in the
US in 1984, after Nestlé agreed to follow an international marketing code
endorsed by the World Health Organization (WHO), but was relaunched in
1989. As of 2011, the company is included in the FTSE4Good Index designed to
help enable ethical investment.
However, the company allegedly repeated these same marketing practices in
developing countries like Pakistan in the 1990s. A Pakistani salesman named
Syed Aamir Raza Hussain became a whistle-blower against his former employer
Nestlé. In 1999, two years after he left Nestlé, Hussain released a report in
association with the non-profit organisation, Baby Milk Action, in which he
alleged that Nestlé was encouraging doctors to push its infant formula
products over breastfeeding. Nestlé has denied Raza's allegations. This story
inspired the acclaimed 2014 Indian film Tigers by the Oscar-
winning Bosnian director Danis Tanović.
In May 2011, nineteen Laos-based international NGOs, including Save the
Children, Oxfam, CARE International, Plan International, and World
Vision launched a boycott of Nestlé with an open letter. Among other unethical
practices, they criticised a failure to translate labelling and health information
into local languages and accused the company of giving incentives to doctors
and nurses to promote the use of infant formula

1977 boycott
A boycott was launched in the United States on July 4, 1977, against the Swiss-
based multinational food and drink processing corporation Nestlé. The boycott
expanded into Europe in the early 1980s and was prompted by concerns about
Nestlé's aggressive marketing of infant formulas (i.e., substitutes for breast
milk), particularly in underdeveloped countries.[1][2] The boycott has been
cancelled and renewed because of the business practices of Nestlé and other
substitute manufacturers monitored by the International Baby Food Action
Network (IBFAN).[3][4] Organizers of the boycott as well as public health
researchers and experts consider breast milk to be the best nutrition source
for infants

Groups such as the International Baby Food Action Network and Save the
Children argue that the promotion of infant formula over breastfeeding has led
to health problems and deaths among infants in less economically developed
countries.[11][12] There are three problems that can arise when poor mothers
in developing countries switch to formula as well as one list of benefits of
breast milk:

 Sanitation:
 Formula must be mixed with water, which is often impure or not
potable in poor countries, leading to disease in vulnerable infants.
[13] Because of the low literacy rates in developing nations, many
mothers are not aware of the sanitation methods needed in the
preparation of bottles. Even mothers able to read in their native
language may be unable to read the language in which sterilization
directions are written.
 Although some mothers can understand the sanitation standards
required, they often do not have the means to perform them: fuel to boil
water, electric (or other reliable) light to enable sterilisation at
night. UNICEF estimates that a formula-fed child living in disease-ridden
and unhygienic conditions is between 6 and 25 times more likely to die
of diarrhea and four times more likely to die of pneumonia than a
breastfed child.[14]
 Nutritional value:

 Many poor mothers use less formula for the baby than is required, in
order to make a container of formula last longer. As a result, some
infants receive inadequate nutrition from weak solutions of formula.[15]
 Breast milk has many natural benefits lacking in
formula. Nutrients and antibodies are passed to the baby
while hormones are released into the mother's body.[16] Breastfed
babies are protected, in varying degrees, from a number of illnesses,
including diarrhea, bacterial meningitis, gastroenteritis, ear infection,
and respiratory infection. Breast milk contains the right amount of the
nutrients essential for neuronal (brain and nerve) development.[20] The
bond between baby and mother can be strengthened during
breastfeeding.[18] Frequent and exclusive breastfeeding can also delay
the return of fertility, which can help women in developing countries to
space their births.[21] The World Health Organization recommends that,
in the majority of cases, babies should be exclusively breast fed for the
first six months, and then given complementary foods in addition to
breastfeeding for up to two years or beyond.
2. CHINESE SCANDAL
The 2008 Chinese milk scandal was a significant food safety incident in China.
The scandal involved Sanlu Group's milk and infant formula along with other
food materials and components being adulterated with the
chemical melamine, which resulted in kidney stones and other kidney
damage in infants. The chemical was used to increase the nitrogen content of
diluted milk, giving it the appearance of higher protein content in order to pass
quality control testing. 300,000 affected children were identified, among which
54,000 were hospitalized, according to the latest report in January 2009.[1]
[2] The deaths of six babies were officially concluded to be related to the
contaminated milk.[3]
The timeline of the scandal dated back to December 2007, when Sanlu began
to receive complaints about kidney stones. One of the more notable early
complaints was made on 20 May 2008, when a mother posted online after she
learnt that Sanlu donated the milk she had been complaining about to the
orphans of the 2008 Sichuan earthquake.[4][5][6][7] Also on 20 May, the
problem reached Sanlu's Board meeting the first time and they ordered
multiple third-party tests. The culprit, melamine, was undetected in the tests
until 1 August. On 2 August, Sanlu's Board decided to issue a trade recall to the
wholesalers but did not inform the wholesalers the product was contaminated;
however, Shijiazhuang's deputy mayor, who was invited to attend, rejected
trade recall and instructed the Board to "shut the mouths of the victims by
money", "wait until the end of 2008 Beijing Olympics to end smoothly and then
the provincial police would hunt the perpetrators".[8] New Zealand dairy
giant Fonterra, which owned a 43% stake in Sanlu, were alerted to the
contamination on 2 August's Board meeting. Fonterra alerted the New Zealand
government and the NZ government confronted the Chinese government on 8
September.[9][10] The Chinese government made the scandal public on 13
September. After the initial focus on Sanlu, further government inspections
revealed that products from 21 other companies were also tainted, including
those from Arla Foods–Mengniu, Yili, and Yashili.[11] While more and more
cases reached hospitals around the nation from December 2007, the first
report to the government by any hospital was made on 16 July.[12]
The issue raised concerns about food safety and political corruption in China
and damaged the reputation of the country's food exports. The World Health
Organization called the incident "deplorable" and at least 11 foreign countries
halted all imports of Chinese dairy products. A number of trials were
conducted by the Chinese government resulting in two executions, three
sentences of life imprisonment, two 15-year prison sentences,[13] and the
firing or forced resignation of seven local government officials and the Director
of the Administration of Quality Supervision, Inspection and
Quarantine (AQSIQ).[14] The former chairwoman of China's Sanlu dairy was
sentenced to life in prison.

2013 FONTERRA RECALL

In 2013, a wide-scale recall of products sold by dairy producer Fonterra was
announced after suspected botulism-causing bacteria were found during safety
tests. The contaminated whey products had been sold to third parties who use
it to produce infant formula and sports drinks. Approximately 1,000 tonnes of
consumer product was affected by the recall across seven countries, but no
cases of sickened consumers were reported. China, which imports most of its
powdered milk from New Zealand, instituted a temporary ban on the import of
the ingredient from New Zealand.

WHO GUIDELINES FOR INFANT MILK POWDER

he World Health Organization (WHO) has established guidelines to promote
and protect breastfeeding and ensure the safe and appropriate use of breast-
milk substitutes, including infant formula. These guidelines are outlined in the
WHO's "International Code of Marketing of Breast-milk Substitutes" and
subsequent relevant resolutions. Here are some key WHO guidelines related to
the marketing and use of baby milk powder:

International Code of Marketing of Breast-milk Substitutes (1981): This

code aims to regulate the marketing practices of breast-milk substitutes,
including infant formula, to ensure that these products are not
promoted in ways that undermine breastfeeding.

Guiding Principles for Complementary Feeding of the Breastfed Child

(2003): These guidelines provide recommendations on the introduction
of complementary foods to breastfed infants while emphasizing the
importance of continued breastfeeding.

Guidance on Ending Inappropriate Promotion of Foods for Infants and

Young Children (2016): This document provides guidance to countries
 on how to regulate the marketing of breast-milk substitutes and other
foods for infants and young children to protect breastfeeding.

Global Strategy for Infant and Young Child Feeding (2003): This strategy
outlines a framework for action to improve infant and young child
feeding practices, promote breastfeeding, and ensure the appropriate
use of breast-milk substitutes when necessary.

WHO Recommendations on the Marketing of Foods and Non-Alcoholic

Beverages to Children (2010): These recommendations address the
marketing of all foods and beverages to children, including breast-milk
substitutes, to protect children from inappropriate marketing practices.

Survey Overview

This survey aimed to gather opinions from parents regarding the use of milk
powder as a primary source of nutrition for infants. The data collected reflects
preferences, perceptions, and experiences concerning milk powder.

Survey Sample

 Participants: 200 parents of infants aged 0-12 months

 Location: Urban areas in the United States
 Duration: Conducted over one month

Survey Questions and Results

1.

How often do you use milk powder for your infant?

2.

o Daily: 45%
o Occasionally: 30%
o Never: 25%

3.
What is your primary reason for choosing milk powder?

4.

o Convenience: 50%
o Cost-effectiveness: 30%
o Nutritional benefits: 20%

5.

How satisfied are you with the nutritional content of milk powder?

6.

o Very satisfied: 40%

o Satisfied: 35%
o Neutral: 15%
o Unsatisfied: 10%

7.

Have you consulted a pediatrician about using milk powder?

8.

o Yes: 60%
o No: 40%

9.

Would you recommend milk powder to other parents?

10.

o Definitely: 55%
o Probably: 25%
o Unlikely: 20%

11.

What concerns do you have about milk powder?

 12.

o Nutritional adequacy: 35%

o Allergies: 25%
o Cost: 20%
o None: 20%

Case Study: Parental Perspectives on Milk Powder

In a survey conducted among urban parents, it was found that 75% of

respondents use milk powder in some capacity. The primary motivation for
selecting milk powder was convenience, with 50% of parents citing it as their
main reason. This indicates a significant demand among busy parents looking
for practical feeding solutions.

Interestingly, 60% of parents reported consulting with a pediatrician about

their choice to use milk powder, reflecting a cautious approach towards infant
nutrition. However, despite some concerns regarding the nutritional adequacy
of milk powder, 75% of parents expressed satisfaction with its nutritional
content, revealing a degree of trust in the product.

The survey also highlighted a strong recommendation rate, with 80% of

parents willing to recommend milk powder to others. This suggests a positive
overall perception of milk powder as a viable option for infant nutrition,
particularly for those balancing the demands of modern parenting with the
need for reliable feeding solutions.

Conclusion

The findings from this survey indicate that milk powder is a popular choice
among parents for feeding infants, driven by convenience and positive
experiences. However, ongoing education about nutritional adequacy and
potential concerns remains essential to ensure parents make informed
decisions for their children's health.
Images