Probability and Statstics
Dr. Faisal Bukhari
Associate Professor
Department of Data Science
Faculty of Computing and Information Technology
University of the Punjab
Textbooks
Probability & Statistics for Engineers & Scientists,
Ninth Edition, Ronald E. Walpole, Raymond H.
Myer
Elementary Statistics: Picturing the World, 6th
Edition, Ron Larson and Betsy Farber
Elementary Statistics, 13th Edition, Mario F. Triola
Dr. Faisal Bukhari, Department of Data
2
Science, PU, Lahore
Reference books
Probability Demystified, Allan G. Bluman
Schaum's Outline of Probability and Statistics
MATLAB Primer, Seventh Edition
MATLAB Demystified by McMahon, David
Dr. Faisal Bukhari, Department of Data
3
Science, PU, Lahore
Reference
Readings for these lecture notes:
MATLAB Demystified, David McMahon
MATLAB® Primer, Seventh Edition, Timothy A. Davis Kermit Sigmon
Elementary Statistics PICTURING THE WORLD by Ron Larson and Betsy
Farber
https://www.blackjackinfo.com/knowledge-base/blackjack-theory-and-
math/a-question-for-the-statistics-experts/
http://math.stackexchange.com/questions/598808/if-you-roll-a-fair-six-
sided-die-twice-whats-the-probability-that-you-get-the
These notes contain material from the above resources.
Dr. Faisal Bukhari, Department of Data
4
Science, PU, Lahore
Referencing individual entries
Individual matrix and vector entries can be referenced
with indices inside parentheses. For example, A(2,3)
denotes the entry in the second row, third column of
matrix A.
A = [1 2 3 ; 4 5 6 ; -1 7 9]
A(2,3)
Create a column vector, x, with:
x = [3 2 1]’
or equivalently:
x = [3 ; 2 ; 1]
Dr. Faisal Bukhari, Department of Data
5
Science, PU, Lahore
Relational operators
The relational operators in MATLAB are:
< less than
> greater than
<= less than or equal
>= greater than or equal
== equal
~= not equal
Note that = is used in an assignment statement
whereas == is a relational operator.
Dr. Faisal Bukhari, Department of Data
6
Science, PU, Lahore
Logical operators:
Relational operators may be connected by logical
operators:
& and
| or
~ not
&& short-circuit and
|| short-circuit or
Dr. Faisal Bukhari, Department of Data
7
Science, PU, Lahore
fix()
fix(X) rounds the elements of X to the nearest integers
towards zero.
Dr. Faisal Bukhari, Department of Data
8
Science, PU, Lahore
Examples of fix()
>> fix(5.5)
ans =
5
>> fix(5.9)
ans =
5
Dr. Faisal Bukhari, Department of Data
9
Science, PU, Lahore
Example: Intervals on the real line, defined below,
appear very often in mathematics. Here a and b are real
numbers with a < b.
Open interval from a to b = (a,b) = {x : a < x < b}
Closed interval from a to b = [a,b] = {x : a ≤ x ≤ b}
Open-closed interval from a to b = (a,b] = {x : a < x ≤ b}
Closed-open interval from a to b = [a,b) = {x : a ≤ x < b}
The open-closed and closed-open intervals are also
called half-open
Dr. Faisal Bukhari, Department of Data
10
Science, PU, Lahore
rand()
rand(): returns an n-by-n matrix containing
pseudorandom values drawn from the standard
uniform distribution on the open interval (0,1).
Dr. Faisal Bukhari, Department of Data
11
Science, PU, Lahore
Example 1 of rand()
>> n = rand(1,10) Columns 7 through 9
n=
Columns 1 through 3 0.4218 0.9157 0.7922
0.1576 0.9706 0.9572 Column 10
0.9595
Columns 4 through 6
0.4854 0.8003 0.1419
Dr. Faisal Bukhari, Department of Data
12
Science, PU, Lahore
Example 2 of rand()
>> n = fix(10*rand(1,10))
n=
Columns 1 through 6
8 9 1 9 6 0
Columns 7 through 10
2 5 9 9
Dr. Faisal Bukhari, Department of Data
13
Science, PU, Lahore
Simulation
o A simulation is the use of a mathematical or
physical model to reproduce the conditions of a
situation or process. Collecting data often involves
the use of computers.
o Simulations allow you to study situations that are
impractical or even dangerous to create in real life,
and often they save time and money.
o For instance, automobile manufacturers use
simulations with dummies to study the effects of
crashes on humans.
Dr. Faisal Bukhari, Department of Data
14
Science, PU, Lahore
Simulation of coin tosses [1]
Question: Simulate the outcomes of 1000 biased
coin tosses with p[Head] = 0.3
Dr. Faisal Bukhari, Department of Data
15
Science, PU, Lahore
Solution:
randomNumber = rand(1000,1);
headsOutOf1000 = randomNumber <= 0.3;
totalNumberOfHeads =
sum(headsOutOf1000);
probabilityOfHeads = totalNumberOfHeads
/1000;
Dr. Faisal Bukhari, Department of Data
16
Science, PU, Lahore
figure
figure: opens up a new figure window
Dr. Faisal Bukhari, Department of Data
17
Science, PU, Lahore
Example of figure command
>> figure
Dr. Faisal Bukhari, Department of Data
18
Science, PU, Lahore
hold on vs. hold off
hold on: holds current plot
hold off: releases current plot
Dr. Faisal Bukhari, Department of Data
19
Science, PU, Lahore
xlabel vs. ylabel
xlabel: Labels the x-axis
ylabel: Labels the y-axis
Dr. Faisal Bukhari, Department of Data
20
Science, PU, Lahore
>> figure
>> hold on
>> xlabel('x values')
>> ylabel('y values')
Dr. Faisal Bukhari, Department of Data
21
Science, PU, Lahore
bar()
bar: Bar graph.
bar(X,Y) draws the columns of the M-by-N matrix Y as
M groups of N vertical bars. The vector X must not
have duplicate values.
Dr. Faisal Bukhari, Department of Data
22
Science, PU, Lahore
Simulation of the sum of two fair dice
[1]
Dr. Faisal Bukhari, Department of Data
23
Science, PU, Lahore
Simulation of the sum of two fair dice
[2]
Simulate the sum of outcome of two dice, when two
are rolled 10, 000 times.
Dr. Faisal Bukhari, Department of Data
24
Science, PU, Lahore
% create die 1
Die1 = floor(6 * rand(10000, 1) + 1 );
% create die 2
Die2 = floor(6 * rand(10000, 1) + 1);
% sum of 2 dice
SumOfDice = Die1 + Die2;
% check if sum is 2
D2 = SumOfDice == 2;
% compute probability of 2
probD2 = sum(D2)/10000;
D3 = SumOfDice == 3;
probD3 = sum(D3) /10000;
Dr. Faisal Bukhari, Department of Data
25
Science, PU, Lahore
D4 = SumOfDice == 4;
probD4 = sum(D4) /10000;
D5 = SumOfDice == 5;
probD5 = sum(D5) /10000;
D6 = SumOfDice == 6;
probD6 = sum(D6) /10000;
D7 = SumOfDice == 7;
probD7 = sum(D7) /10000;
Dr. Faisal Bukhari, Department of Data
26
Science, PU, Lahore
D8 = SumOfDice == 8;
probD8 = sum(D8) /10000;
D9 = SumOfDice == 9;
probD9 = sum(D9) /10000;
D10 = SumOfDice == 10;
probD10 = sum(D10) /10000;
D11 = SumOfDice == 11;
probD11 = sum(D11) /10000;
Dr. Faisal Bukhari, Department of Data
27
Science, PU, Lahore
D12 = SumOfDice == 12;
probD12 = sum(D12) /10000;
probD1 = 0;
p = [probD1 , probD2, probD3, probD4,
probD5, probD6, probD7, probD8,
probD9, probD10, probD11, probD12 ]';
bar(p)
hold on
xlabel('Sum of two dice')
ylabel('Probability')
Dr. Faisal Bukhari, Department of Data
28
Science, PU, Lahore
Dr. Faisal Bukhari, Department of Data
29
Science, PU, Lahore
