Bansal Mole

JEE (MAIN+ADVANCED)
SOME BASIC CONCEPTS IN CHEMISTRY

(MOLE CONCEPT)
CONTENT
[THEORY]
THE KEY  Basic principles of subjects.An outline of the topics to be
discussed in class lectures.
THEATLAS  Basic layout of subject.Aroute map correlating different
subtopics in coherent manner.
[EXERCISES FOR PRACTICE]
EXERCISE 1  Introductory subjective problems to get first hand experience
[Mandatory] of problem solving for JEE Mains & Advance.
EXERCISE 2  Collection of Objective problems to test analytical, reasoning
[Mandatory] & comprehension skills as per new JEE pattern (for Mains & Advance)
EXERCISE 3 A  Collection of previous years JEE (Advance) problems.

[Mandatory]
EXERCISE 3 B  Collection of previous years JEE Main (AIEEE) problems
[Mandatory]
EXERCISE 4  Potential School level problems for board preparations.
[Mandatory]
EXERCISE 5  A collection of advance subjective & objective
[Optional problems to obtain subject expertise specially designed for boosting
Rank Booster] rank in JEEAdvance. [Not required for JEE Mains aspirants]
SOME BASIC CONCEPTS OF CHEMISTRY
TENTATIVE LECTURE SCHEDULE
Lec-1: Introduction of Matter, Mole, RAM,AMU,Atomic Mass, Methods for mole calculation.
Lec-2: Methods for mole calculation, Laws of chemical combination.
Lec-3: Chemical equations introduction of limiting reagent & stoichiometric calculations (elementary)
Lec-4: Stoichiometric calculations (advance), concept of POAC.
Lec-5: AverageAtomic Mass, Emperical formula, Molecular formula, Experimental methods for determination.
Lec-6: Concentration terms (% w/w, % w/v, % v/v, M, m, x & others) & numericals based on conversion.
Lec-7: Stoichiometric problems involving concentration terms.
Lec-8: Optional topics like Eudiometry & typical concentration terms for subject Expertise/Discussions of
remaining problems & NCERT.
* The above schedule is tentative & can be modified as per the batch.
* Tutorial sheet discussion should be done along with completion of theory.
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A mole is something that

What is a mole? It's a furry animal !! my brother has on his face.
Idiots ! Its chemistry
A mole is a counting unit.
CHEMISTRY – STUDY OF MATTER

Overview of Chemistry
Special Highlights
BRAIN TEASERS: GENERAL MISTAKE:
 TEACHER’S ADVICE:

KEY CONCEPTS
1. LAWS OF CHEMICAL COMBINATION

1.1 Law of conservation of mass [Lavoisier]
In any physical or chemical change mass can neither be created nor be destroyed.
1.2 Law of constant composition [Proust]

A chemical compound always contains the same element combined together in fixed proportion
by mass.
1.3 Law of multiple proportions [Dalton]

When two elements combine to form two or more compounds, the different masses of one
element which combine with a fixed mass of the other element, bear a simple ratio to one another.
1.4 Law of reciprocal proportions [Richter]

When two different elements combine with the same mass of a third element, the ratio in which
they do so will be same or simple multiple if both directly combined with each other. In all
chemical reactions, substances reacts in the ratio of their equivalent masses.
1.5 Gay Lussac law of combining volumes [Gay Lussac]

When gases combined or produced in a chemical reaction they do so in a simple ratio by volume
provided all the gases are at same temperature and pressure.
"Wonder these laws are useful?"
"These are no longer useful in chemical calculations now but gives an
idea of earlier methods of analysing and relating compounds by mass."
2. BASIC DEFINITION INVOLVED

2.1 Atomic mass
Atomic mass of an element can be defined as the number which indicates how many times the mass of
1
one atom of the element is heavier in comparison to th part of the mass of one atom of Carbon-12.
12
[Mass of an atom of the element] Mass of an atom in amu

Atomic mass = =
1 1 amu
 [Mass of an atom of carbon - 12]
12
2.2 Atomic mass unit (amu)
1
The quantity [ × mass of an atom of C–12] is known as atomic mass unit.
12
Can you calculate value of 1 amu in gram?
Be clear in the difference between 1 amu and 1 gm.
2.3 Gram atomic mass

The gram atomic mass can be defined as the mass of 1 mole atoms of an element.
2.4 Average atomic weight =  % of isotope X molar mass of isotope.
The % obtained by above expression (used in above expression) is by
number (i.e. its a mole%)

2.5 Molecular mass
Molecular mass is the number which indicates how manytimes one molecule of a substance is heavier in
1
comparison to th of the mass of one atom of C-12.
12
Mass of one molecule of the substance (in amu)

Molecular mass = 1
 [Mass of an atom of C - 12]
12
= Mass of one molecule of the substance (in amu)
1 amu
2.6 Gram Molecular mass
Gram molecular mass can be defined as the mass of 1 mole of molecules.
 ni Mi
2.7 Average molecular weight =
 ni
where ni = no. of moles of any compound and mi = molecular mass of any compound.
Make yourselves clear in the difference between mole% and mass% in
question related to above.
Shortcut for % determination if average atomic weight is given for X
having isotopes XA & XB.
Average atomic weight  wt of X B

% of XA = × 100
difference in weight of X A & X B
Try working out of such a shortcut for XA, XB, XC
2.8 Mole : One mole is a collection of that many entities as there are number of atoms exactly in 12 gm of
C-12 isotope.
or 1 mole = collection of 6.02 × 1023 species
6.02 × 1023 = NA = Avogadro's No.
1 mole of atoms is also termed as 1 gm-atom, 1 mole of ions is termed as 1 gm-ion
and 1 mole of molecule termed as 1 gm-molecule.

3. METHODS OF CALCULATIONS OF MOLE :
Given no.
(a) If no. of some species is given, then no. of moles =
NA
Given wt.
(b) If weight of a given species is given, then no of moles = (for atoms),
Atomic wt.
Given wt.
or = (for molecules)
Molecular wt.
(c) If volume of a gas is given along with its temperature (T) and pressure (P)
PV
use n =
RT
where R = 0.0821 lit-atm/mol-K (when P is in atmosphere and V is in litre.)
1 mole of any gas at STP occupies 22.7 litre.
Gases do not have volume. What is meant by "Volume of gas"?
Do not use this expression (PV = nRT) for solids/liquids.
How would I calculate moles if volume of a solid is given?
4. EMPIRICAL FORMULA, MOLECULAR FORMULA :

4.1 Empirical formula : Formula depicting constituent atom in their simplest ratio.
Molecular formula : Formula depicting actual number ofatoms in one moleculeof the compound
4.2 Relation between the two : Molecular formula = Empirical formula × n

Molecular mass
n = Empirical Formula mass
Check out the importance of each step involved in calculations of empirical
formula.
4.3 Vapour density :

Vapour density : Ratio of density of vapour to the density of hydrogen at similar pressure and
temperature.
Molecular mass
Vapour density =
2
Can you prove the above expression?
Is the above parameter temperature dependent?
5. STOICHIOMETRY : Stoichiometry pronounced (“stoy – key – om – e – tree”) is the calculations of

the quantities of reactants and products involved in a chemical reaction. Following methods can be used
for solving problems.
(a) Mole Method  Balance reaction required

(b) Factor Label Method 
(c) POAC method } Balancing not required
(d) Equivalent concept } to be discussed later
6. CONCEPT OF LIMITING REAGENT.

6.1 Limiting Reagent : It is very important concept in chemical calculation. It refers to reactant which is
present in minimum stoichiometry quantity for a chemical reaction. It is reactant consumed fully in a
chemical reaction. So all calculations related to various products or in sequence of reactions are made
on the basis of limiting reagent.
It comes into picture when reaction involves two or more reactants. For
solving any such reactions,first step is to calculate L.R.

6.2 Calculation of Limiting Reagent :

(a) By calculating the required amount by the equation and comparing it with given amount.
[Useful when only two reactant are there]
(b) By calculating amount of any one product obtained taking each reactant one by one irrespective
of other reactants. The one giving least product is limiting reagent.
(c) Divide given moles of each reactant bytheir stoichiometric coefficient, the one with least ratio is
limiting reagent. [Useful when number of reactants are more than two.]
7. PERCENTAGE YIELD
actual yield
The percentage yield of product = the theoretical maximum yield  100
For reversible reactions, the actual amount of any limiting reagent consumed in
such incomplete reactions is given by [% yield × given moles of limiting reagent]
For irreversible reaction with % yield less than 100, the reactants is
converted to product (desired) and waste.
8. SOME EXPERIMENTAL METHODS :

8.1 For determination of atomic mass :
Dulong's and Petit's Law :
Atomic weight × specific heat (cal/gm°C)  6.4
Gives approximate atomic weight and is applicable for metals only. Take
care of units of specific heat.
8.2 Quantitative Analysis

1. Estimation of Carbon and Hydrogen
2. Estimation of Nitrogen
(i) Dumas method
(ii) Kjeldahl’s method
3. Estimation of Halogens
4. Estimation of Sulphur
5. Estimation of Phosphorus
6. Estimation of Oxygen
8.3 For molecular mass determination :

(a) Victor Maeyer's process : (for volatile substance)
Procedure : Some known weight of a volatile substance (w) is taken, converted to vapour and
collected over water. The volume of air displaced over water is given (V) and the following
expressions are used.
w w
M= RT or M= RT
PV (P  P' )V
If aq. tension is not given If aq. tension is P'
Aqueous tension : Pressure exerted due to water vapours at any given temperature.
This comes in picture when any gas is collected over water. Can you
guess why?
(b) Silver salt method : (for organic acids)

Basicity of an acid : No. of replacable H+ atoms in an acid (H contained to more electronegative
atom is acidic)
Procedure : Some known amount of silver salt (w1 gm) is heated to obtain w2 gm of while
shining residue of silver. Then if the basicity of acid is n, molecular weight of acid would be
 w2 1 
    Msalt  w1 and molecular weight of acid = M – n(107)
 108 n  salt
This is one good practical application of POAC.
(c) Chloroplatinate salt method : (for organic bases)

Lewis acid : electron pair acceptor
Lewis base :electron pair donor
Procedure : Some amount of organic base is reacted with H2PtCl6 and forms salt known as
chloroplatinate. If base is denoted by B then salt formed
(i) with monoacidic base = B2H2PtCl6
(ii) with diacidic base = B2(H2PtCl6)2
(iii) with triacidic base = B2(H2PtCl6)3
The known amount (w1 gm) of salt is heated and Pt residue is measured. (w2 gm). If acidity of base is 'n'
 w2 1  M  n (410)
then     M salt  w1 and M = salt
 195 n  base
2
CONCENTRATION TERMS
1.1 General concentraction term :

Mass
(a) Density = , Unit : gm/cc
Volume
Density of any substance
(b) Relative density =
Density of refrence substance
Density of any substance
(c) Specific gravity =
Density of water at 4C
Density of vapour at some temperature and pressure
(d) Vapour density = Density of H gas at same temperature and pressure
2
Which of these are temperature dependent?
Classify each of them as w/w, w/v, v/v ratio.
1.2 For solutions (homogeneous mixture) :
What is solute and solvent in a solution?
If the mixture is not homogeneous, then none of the concentration
term is applicable.
Classify each of the given ratio as w/w, w/v, v/v and comment on their
temperature dependence.
w wt .of solute
(a) % by mass   : = wt .of solution × 100
W
X % by mass means 100 gm solution contains X gm solute ;
 (100 – X) gm solvent
w wt.of solute
(b) %  := 100 [for liq. solution]
V
  volumeof solution
w
X %   means 100 ml solution contains X gm solute
V
for gases % by volume is same as mole %
v volumeof solute

(c) %   : = volumeof solution 100
V
Moles of solute
(d) Mole % : =  100
Total moles
Moles of solute
(e) Mole fraction (Xa) : = Total moles
Mole of solute
(f) Molarity (M) : =
volume of solution in litre
Moles of solute
(g) Molality (m) : = Mass of solvent(in kg )
Mass of solute 6 Mass of solute

(h) Parts per million (ppm) : = Mass of solution  10  Mass of solvent × 106
Get yourselves very much confortable in their interconversion. It is very handy.
1.3 Some typical concentration terms :

(a) Oleum : Labelled as '% oleum' (for e.g. 102% oleum), it means maximum amount of H2SO4
that can be obtained from 100 gm of such oleum (mix of H2SO4 and SO3) by adding sufficient
water.
Work out what are the maximum and minimum value of the % labelling
of volume.
(b) H2O2 : Labelled as 'volume H2O2 (for e.g. 20V H2O2), it means volume of O2 (in litre) at 1 atm
& 273 K that can be obtained from 1 litre of such a sample when it decomposes according to
1
H2O2  H2O + O
2 2
Work out a relationship between M and volume strength of H2O2 and
remember it
EUDIOMETRY
Eudiometry or "gas analysis" involves calculations based on gaseous reactions in which at least two
components are gases & their amount is given in terms of volumes measured at same pressure &
Temperature.
The relationship amongst gases, when they react with one another, is governed by two laws, namely
Gay-Lussac law and Avogadro's law.
Gay Lussac Law :

According to Gay - Lussac's law, the volumes of gaseous reactants reacted and the volumes of gaseous
products formed, all measured at the same temperature and pressure. bear a simple ratio.
N 2 (g )  3H 2 (g )  2 NH 3 (g )
1 mol 3 mol 2 mol
1 vol 3 vol 2 vol
For ideal gas at constant Temperature & Pressure. V  moles.
Avogadro's Law :
In 1812, Amadeo Avogadro stated that samples of different gases which contain the same number of
molecules (any complexity, size, shape) occupy the same volume at the same temperature and pressure.
It follows from Avogadro's hypothesis that V n (when T and P are constant).
For ideal gas at constant Temperature & Volume. P  moles.
Gaseous reactions for investigation purposes are studied in a closed graduated tube open at one end and
the other closed end of which is provided with platinum terminals for the passage of electricity through
the mixture of gases. Such a tube is known as Eudiometer tube and hence the name Eudiometry also
used for Gas analysis.
During Gas analysis, the Eudiometer tube filled with mercuryis inverted over a trough containing
mercury.Aknown volume of the gas or gaseous mixture to be studied is next introduced, which displaces
an equivalent amount of mercury. Next a known excess of oxygen is introduced and the electric spark is
passed, whereby the combustible material gets oxidised. The volumes of carbon dioxide, water vapour
or other gaseous products of combustion are next determined by absorbing them in suitable reagents.
For example, the volume of CO2 is determined by absorption in KOH solution and that of excess of
oxygen in an alkaline solution of pyrogallol.Water vapour produced during the reaction can be determined
bynothingcontraction in volume caused due to cooling, as bycooling the steam formed during combustion
forms liquid (water) which occupies a negligible volume as compared to the volumes of the gases
considered. The excess of oxygen left after the combustion is also determined by difference if other
gases formed during combustion have already been determined. From the data thus collected a number
of useful conclusions regarding reactions amongst gases can be drawn.
(a) Volume-volume relationship amongst Gases or simple Gaseous reactions.
(b) Composition of Gaseous mixtures.
(c) Molecular formulae of Gases.
(d) Molecular formulae of Gaseous Hydrocarbons.
The various reagents used for absorbing different gases are
O3  turpentine oil
O2  alkaline pyrogallol
NO  FeSO4 solution
Cl2, CO2,SO2 alkali solution (NaOH, KOH, Ca(OH)2, HOCH2CH2NH2, etc.)
NH3  Water
H2O  CuSO4, CaCl2
CO  Ammonical Cu2Cl2
General Assumptions:
In all problems, it is assumed that the sparking occurs at room temperature.
This implies that water formed would be in liquid state and that nitrogen gas
is inert towards oxidation.
Also, if a gas is added externally, it will be assumed to be in excess unless
otherwise stated.
Determination of Molecular formula of Hydrocarbon using Eudiometry

A known amount of hydrocarbon is taken into an Eudiometry tube. O2 gas is then inserted to cause
complete combustion of hydrocarbon & the reaction mixture is cooled back to the original room
temperature. This gives 1st volume contraction VIC. The resultant gaseous mixture is then passed through
alc. KOH which gives second volume contraction VIIC. These data can help to calculate the molecular
formula of the hydrocarbon as explained below.
Step 1 Write down the balanced chemical reaction along with their states.
 y y
C x H y   x   O 2  xCO 2  H 2O
 4 2
Step 2 Write down Volume of components before the reaction

VHC VO 2 0 
Step 3 Write down volume of components after the reaction using Gay Lussac Law, (after identifying limiting
Reagent)
 y
0 VO 2   x  VHC xVHC 
 4
Step 4 Use the data given
VIC =  Vinitial  Vfinal
  y 
= VHC  VO2  VO2   x  VHC  xVHC 
  4 
 y
 VHC 1  
 4
This will give the value of y
VIIC  due to change in volume because of absorption of CO2 in alc KOH.
VIIC  xVHC
Hence, both x & y can be calculated.
THE ATLAS
Mole Concept
Application of mole concept Concentration Term

Law of chemical combination (T) Solutions (N)
Basic definition (T) M, m, X(mole fraction)
Calculation of mole (N) % (w/w),% (w/v),% (v/v)
Average atomic / mol. mass (N) PPM
(Calculation of mole % & mass % by Mavg.) Typical concentration (N)
Empirical and Molecular formula (N) Labelling of oleum
Concept of Limiting reagent (N) Volume strength of H2O2
Parallel reactions, sequential reaction (N)
Relationship between
Percentage yield, Percentage purity (N)
concentration terms (N)
Experimental method (N)
Estimation of Carbon
and Hydrogen
Estimation of Nitrogen
Estimation of Halogens using POAC
Estimation of Sulphur
Estimation of Phosphorus
Estimation of Oxygen
(G)  represents topic of graphical importance

(T)  represents topic of theoretical importance
(N)  represents topic of numerical importance
EXERCISE-1 (Subjective Questions)

CALCULATION & LAWS OF CHEMICAL COMBINATION
Q.1 Calculate the following quantities :
(a) Mass, in grams, of 0.1 mol of sucrose (C12H22O11)
(b) Moles of Zn(NO3)2 in 142.05 g of this substance
(c) Number of molecules of HCOOH in 10–6 mol.
(d) Number of N-atom in 0.2 mol of N2H4.
(e) Number of O-atom in 2 × 10–3 mol Al(NO3)3.
(f) Number of moles of NH4Cl in 107 g of this substance.
(g) Mass, in grams of 2 × 10–3 mol of CdS
(h) Molar mass of Cholesterol if 0.00105 mol has a mass of 0.525 g
(i) Mass, in grams, of 3 × 1021 molecules of Aspirin, C9H8O4
(j) Molar mass of an element if mass of 1 atom is 12 × 10–24 g.
(k) Number of SO42– ions in 19.6 g Cr2(SO4)3
(l) Number of Ca2+ ions in 6.2 g Ca3(PO4)2
(m) Number of moles of 11.2 L CO2 at NTP
(n) Number of moles of 2L CO2 at 16.42 atm pressure and 127°C.
(o) Molar mass of gas at 1atm and 27°C having density 1.2 × 10–3 g/ml
(p) Number of moles of 45.4 L O2 at STP
Q.2 Nitric acid is composed of HNO3 molecules. If a sample weighing 6.3 g HNO3 then calculate
(a) How many nitrogen atoms are in this sample?
(b) How many oxygen atoms are in 2.52 gm of nitric acid.
Q.3 Complete the following table for an ideal gas

P V n Temperature
(i) 16.628 × 103 Pa 15 L ______ 27°C
(ii) __________ 42 L 0.42 mol 200K
(iii) 304 torr ______ 4 × 10–2 327°C
(iv) 380 mmHg ______ 0.5 mol 300K
Q.4 The relative density of a mixture of CO2 (g) & H2O (g) w.r.t. gaseous hydrogen atoms is 30. Then
Calculate mol percentage of CO2
Q.5 Ethanol, C2H5OH, is the substance commonly called alcohol. The density of liquid alcohol is 0.7893 g/
ml at 293 K. If 1.2 mole of ethanol are needed for a particular experiment, what volume of ethanol
should be measured out?
Q.6 Asample of clay contains 50% silica and 10% water. The sample is partiallydried by which it loses 8 gm
water. If the percentage of silica in the partially dried clay is 52, calculate the percentage of water in the
partially dried clay?
Q.7 A gaseous mixture contains CO2 (g) and N2O (g) in a 2 : 5 ratio by mass. Find the ratio of the number
of molecules of CO2 (g) and N2O (g)
Q.8 Find the number of neutrons in 0.45 g water, assuming that all the hydrogen atoms are H1 atoms and all
the oxygen atoms are O16 atoms
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Q.9 What is the density of CCl4(g) (in g/L) at 380 torr and 127°C ?
Q.10 Calculate the total pressure (in atm) of a mixture of 0.02 mol of He(g) and 0.01 mol of H2(g) in 3 L flask
at 127°C.
Q.11 A 12.6 g sample of Na2SO3 is mixed with 30 g sample of MgSO4 . What is total mass of oxygen present
in the mixture?
Q.12 Calcium carbonate is a common ingredient in stomach antacids. If a antacid tablet has 60 mg of CaCO3,
how many moles of CaCO3 are there in 200 tablets.
Q..13 A 3L sample of paint that has a density of 5 g/ml is found to contain 10% by mass Pb3N2(s). How many
grams of lead were in the paint sample? [Atomic mass of Pb = 207]
Q.14 Calculate the following quantities :

(a) Molar mass of oxygen gas if 64 g of oxygen in 22.4 L vessel exerts a pressure of 2 atm at 0°C.
(b) Average molar mass of 20 gm mixture of CH4(g) and He(g) in 11.2 Lvessel exerts a pressure of 5 atm
at 0°C.
(c) Calculate atomicity of phosphorus if 62g of phosphorus exerts a pressure of 0.5 atm in 22.4 L vessel at
0°C.
(d) Calculate molar mass of gas having density 2 × 10–3 g/cm3 at 1 atm and 0°C.
Q.15 Methane and propane are both constituent of natural gas. A sample of methane contains 5.7 gm of C
atom and 1.9 gm of H atom combined in certain way. Whereas a sample of propane contain 4.47 gm of
carbon atom and 0.993 gm of H atoms combined in different way. Show that two sample obey law of
multiple proportion.
Q.16 Substance A and B are colourless gases obtained by combining sulphur with oxygen. Substance A
results from combining 6 gm of sulphur with 6 gm of oxygen and substance B result from combining 8.6
gm of sulphur with 12.88 gm of oxygen. Show that the mass ratio in two substances are in simple multiple
of each other.
EMPIRICAL FORMULA
Q.17 Give the empirical formula of each of the following compound if a sample contains.
(a) 0.013 mol C, 0.039 mol H and 0.0065 mol oxygen(O)
(b) 11.66 g Fe and 5.01 g oxygen(O)
(c) 40% C, 6.7% H and 53.3% oxygen (O) by mass.
Q.18 What is the molecular formula of each of following compounds?

(a) Empirical formula CH2, molar mass = 84 gm/mol
(b) Empirical formula NH2Cl, molar mass = 51.5 gm/mol
Q.19 During an analysis of 255 mg of a molecule that contains only C, H and O. As a result 561 mg CO2 is
produced along with 306 mg H2O
(a) If the molecule contains only C, H and O, what is empirical formula?
(b) If the molar mass of the compound is 180 g/mol, what is molecular formula of the compound?
Q.20 A compound contains only C, H, and N. Combustion of 70 mg of the compound produces 132 mg CO2
and 54 mg H2O. What is empirical formula of compound?
Q.21 The empirical formula of styrene is CH ; the molar mass of styrene is 104 g/mol. What number of H
atoms are present in a 2.08g sample of styrene
Q.22 A compound whose empirical formula is XF3 consists of 65% F by mass. What is the atomic mass of X?
ATOMIC MASS & AVERAGE MOLAR MASS

Q.23 The vapour density of a gaseous mixture of non-reactive gases 'A' and 'B' is 40. If the molar mass of gas
'A' is 20 gm/mol and the mixture contains the gases in 2 : 3 volume ratio, then Calculate molar mass of
gas 'B' :
Q.24 2 isotopes of an element are present in 1 : 2 ratio of number, having mass number M and (M + 0.5)
respectively. Find the mean mass number of element.
Q.25 A hypothetical element Z if found to have an atomic mass of 37.45 amu. Element Z has only two
isotopes, Z - 37 and Z - 38. The Z - 37 isotope has a fractional abundance of 0.77 and isotopic mass of
37.24. What is the isotopic mass of the other isotope.
Q.26 Silver has two naturally occuring isotopes, one of mass 107 amu and other of mass 109 amu. Find
fraction of abundances for these two isotopes. The atomic mass is 107.8 amu.
Q.27 Two samples of different compounds of sulfur and oxygen have the following composition. Show that
the compounds follow the law of multiple proportions.
Amount of S Amount of O
Compound - A 1.210 g 1.811 g
Compound - B 1.783 g 1.779 g
STOICHIOMETRY AND LIMITING REAGENT

Q.28 Nitrogen and hydrogen gases react to form ammonia gas as follows :
N2(g) + 3H2(g)  2NH3(g)
(a)At certain temperature and pressure 1.2 Lof N2 reacts with 3.6 Lof H2 then, what will be the volume
of NH3 produced.
(b)At certain temperature if N2(g) and H2(g) are taken at 2atm and 8 atm respectively then what would
be the final pressure after the reaction .
(c) At certain temperature if N2(g) and H2(g) are taken at 2atm and 8 atm respectively and 20 %
reaction takes place then what would be the final pressure after the reaction .
Q.29 How many gm of HCl is needed for complete reaction with 69.6 gm MnO2 ?
HCl + MnO2  MnCl2 + H2O + Cl2
Q.30 Carbon dioxide is end product of metabolism as shown :

C6H12O6 + O2  CO2 + H2O
Calculate daily production of CO2 (in grams) assuming each person consumes 5 × 102 gm glucose
perday and world's population is 3.6 billion.
Q.31 Nitric acid is manufactured by the Ostwald process, in which nitrogen dioxide reacts with water.
3 NO2 (g) + H2O (l)  2 HNO3 (aq) + NO (g)
How many grams of nitrogen dioxide are required in this reaction to produce 25.2 gm HNO3 ?
Q.32 What total volume, in litre at 627°C and 1 atm, could be formed by the decomposition of 16 gm of
NH4NO3 ?
Reaction : 2NH4NO3  2N2 + O2 + 4H2O(g).
Q.33 DDT, an insecticide harmful to fish, birds and humans is produced by following reactions :
2C6H5Cl (Chlorobenzene) + C2HOCl3(Chloral)  C14H9Cl5 (DDT) + H2O
If 1125 g of C6H5Cl is reacted with 442.5 g of Chloral.
(a) What mass of DDT is formed?
(b) Which reactant is limiting? Which is in excess?
(c) What mass of excess reactant is left over.
(d) If 354.5g DDT is formed, then what is the percentage yield?
Q.34 Carbon reacts with chlorine to form CCl4. 36 gm of carbon was mixed with 142 gm of Cl2. Calculate
mass of CCl4 produced and the remaining mass of reactant.
Q.35 Consider the reaction :

2H2(g) + O2(g)  2H2O(g)
Identify the limiting reagent in each of the reaction mixtures given below and calculate H2O(g).
(a) 50 molecules of H2 and 25 molecules of O2
(b) 100 molecules of H2 and 40 molecules of O2
(c) 100 molecules of H2 and 100 molecules of O2
(d) 0.5 mol of H2 and 0.75 mol of O2
(e) 0.8 mol of H2 and 0.75 mol of O2
(f) 4 g of H2 and 8 g O2
(g) 5 g of H2 and 64 g O2
Q.36 Following reaction is used in thermite welding :

Fe2O3 (s) + 2Al(s)  2Fe(s) + Al2O3(s)
Calculate moles of each reaction compound after the reaction if initially following mixture is taken.
(a) 2 mol Fe2O3 + 2 mol Al(s)
(b) 5 mol Fe2O3 + 4 mol Al(s)
(c) 10 mol Fe2O3 + 10 mol Al(s)
(d) 0.25 mol Fe2O3 + 1 mol Al(s)
Q.37 Potassium nitrate (KNO3) is used as a fertilizer for certain crops. It is produced through the reaction :
4KCl + 4HNO3 + O2  4KNO3 + 2Cl2 + 2H2O
Calculate the minimum mass of KCl required to produce 505 g KNO3. What mass of Cl2 will be
generated as well?
Q.38 Hydrogen cyanide is produced industrially from the reaction of gaseous ammonia, oxygen and methane.
2NH3(g) + 3O2(g) + 2CH4(g)  2HCN(g) + 6H2O(g)
If 6.8 kg each of NH3, O2 and CH4 are reacted then calculate mass of HCN(g) and H2O(g) formed.
Q.39 Urea, NH2CONH2, is a nitrogen fertilizer that is manufactured from ammonia and CO2(g)
2NH3(g) + CO2(g)  NH2 CONH2(aq) + H2O(l)
What volume of ammonia at 27°C and 8.21 atm is needed to produce 900 g urea?
PERCENTAGE YIELD AND PERCENTAGE PURITY

Q.40 Titanium dioxide, TiO2, reacts with carbon and chlorine to give gaseous TiCl4 :
TiO2 + 2C + 2Cl2  TiCl4 + 2CO
The reaction of 7.98 Kg TiO2 with excess C and Cl2 gives 4.745 Kg TiCl4.
[Given : Atomic mass Ti = 47.8]
(a) Calculate amount of CO(g) formed (in g)
(b) Calculate percentage yield of reaction.
Q.41 Consider the reaction :

P4(s) + F2(g)  PF3(g)
What mass of F2 is needed to produce 176 g of PF3 if the reaction has 80% yield.
Q.42 Ammonia gas can be prepared by reaction of a metal oxide such as calcium oxide with NH4Cl.
CaO(s) + NH4Cl(s)  2NH3(g) + H2O(g) + CaCl2(s)
(a) If 112 g of CaO and 224 g NH4Cl are mixed, what mass of NH3 can be prepared?
(b) In above case if 17 g of NH3 is obtained, then what is its percentage yield?
Q.43 A power company burns approximately 475 tons of coal per day to produce electricity. If the sulphur
content of the coal is 1.2 % by weight, how many tons SO2 are dumped into the atmosphere each day?
Q.44 Calculate the percent loss in weight after complete decomposition of a pure sample of potassium chlorate.
KClO3(s)  KCl(s) + O2(g)
Q.45 In reaction :
CaF2 + H2SO4  CaSO4 + 2HF
6 Kg of CaF2 are treated with an excess of H2SO4 and yield 2.0 kg of HF. Calculate the percentage
yield of reaction :
Q.46 Cyclohexanol is dehydrated to cyclohexene on heating with conc. H2SO4. If the yield of this reaction is
75%, how much cyclohexene will be obtained from 100 gm of cyclohexanol ?
C6H12O con
. H 2SO 4
 C6H10
Q.47 When heated, lithium reacts with nitrogen to form lithium nitride :
Li(s) + N2(g)  Li3N(s)
When 21 gm of Li reacts with 280 gm of N2 then 0.35 gm of Li3N is formed. What is percentage yield
of the reaction.
DEGREE OF DISSOCIATION
Q.48 If 1 mol of N2O3(g) is taken and it dissociated 20% at equilibrium. Then calculate
N2O3(g)  NO(g) + NO2(g)
(a)Average molar mass of mixture. (b) Vapor density of mixture
Q.49 If in a closed container 5 mol of PCl5 are taken and it is allowed to dissociate till vapor densityof mixture
becomes 75. Calculate degree of dissociation.
PCl5(g)  PCl3(g) + Cl2(g)
Q.50 Calculate average molar mass of mixture containing 128g O2(g), 16g H2(g) and 40g He(g).
PRINCIPLE OF ATOM CONSERVATION(POAC)

Q.51 An 13.8 g sample of K2CO3 was treated in such a way that all of its carbon was captured in compound
K2Zn3[Fe(CN)6]2. Compute mass of this product in grams.
Q.52 A chemist dissolves 1.95 g pure platinum (Pt) in an excess of a mixture of hydrochloric acid and nitric
acids and then after a series of subsequent steps involving several other chemicals, isolates a compound
of molecular formula Pt2C10H18N2S2O6. Determine mass of this product in grams.
Q.53 Disilane(Si2H6) is a gas that reacts with oxygen to give silica(SiO2) and water. Calculate mass of silica
that would form if 100 cm3 Disilane (with a density 2.48 × 10–3 gm cm–3) reacted with excess oxygen.
Q.54 For BaCl2·xH2O, if 2.1 gm of compound gives 2 gm of anhydrous BaSO4 upon treatment with H2SO4.
Then calculate value of 'x'.
Q.55 An organic base is tetraacidic. If from every 10 gm of the chloroplatinate salt of the base 3.9 gm of
residue of platinum is obtained then what will be the molecular mass of the base.[Pt = 195]
Q.56 Disilane, Si2HX , is analysed and found to contain 90.32% Silicon by mass. What is the value of 'X'?
[Atomic mass Si = 28]
Q.57 In a determination of P an aqueous solution of NaH2PO4 is treated with a mixture of ammonium and
magnesium ions to precipitate magnesium ammonium phosphate Mg(NH4)PO4. 6H2O. This is heated
and decomposed to magnesium pyrophosphate, Mg2P2O7 which is weighed. A solution of NaH2PO4
yielded 3.33 gm of Mg2P2O7. What weight of NaH2PO4 was present originally?
Q.58 2.40 gm ofthechloroplatinate of a monoacidbaseon ignition gave0.8 gm ofPt.Calculatethe mol. wtofthe

base. (Pt = 195)
PROBLEMS RELATED WITH MIXTURE

Q.59 39 gm of an alloy of aluminium and magnesium when heated with excess of dil. HCl forms magnesium
chloride, aluminium chloride and hydrogen. The evolved hydrogen collected at 0°C has a volume of
44.8 litres at 1 atm pressure. Calculate the composition of the aluminium by moles.
Q.60 A sample containing only CaCO3 and MgCO3 is ignited to CaO and MgO. The mixture of oxides
produced weight exactly half as much as the original sample. Calculate the mass percentages of CaCO3
and MgCO3 in the sample.
Q.61 Determine the percentage composition of a mixture (by mass) of anhydrous sodium carbonate and
sodium bicarbonate from the following data:
Weight of the mixture taken = 2 gm
Loss in weight on heating = 0.124 gm.
Q.62 A sample of mixture of CaCl2 and NaCl weighing 5.55 gm was treated to precipitate all the Ca as
CaCO3 which was then heated and quantitatively converted to 1.68 gm of CaO. Calculate the mass
percentage of CaCl2 in the mixture.
Q.63 When 4 gm of a mixture of NaHCO3 and NaCl is heated, 0.66 gm CO2 gas is evolved. Determine the
percentage composition of the original mixture by mass.
SEQUENTIAL REACTION
Q.64 Hydrogen cyanide, HCN can be made by a two step process. First, ammonia is reacted with O2 to
given nitric oxide, NO.
4NH3(g) + 5O2(g)  4NO(g) + 6H2O(g)
Then nitric oxide is reacted with methane, CH4.
2NO(g) + 2CH4(g)  2HCN(g) + 2H2O(g) + H2(g)
When 34g of Ammonia (NH3) and 16 g of methane (CH4) are used, how many gram of hydrogen
cyanide can be produced.
Q.65 Sulphur trioxide may be prepared by the following two reactions :

S8 + 8O2(g)  8SO2(g)
2SO2(g) + O2(g)  2SO3(g)
How many grams of SO3 will be produced from 1 mol of S8?
Q.66 2PbS + 3O2  2PbO + 2SO2

3SO2 + 2HNO3 + 2H2O  3H2SO4 + 2NO
According to the above sequence of reactions, how much H2SO4 will 1200 gm of PbS produce?
(Pb = 208)
Q.67 Potassium superoxide, KO2, is utilised in closed system breathing apparatus. Exhaled air contains CO2
and H2O, both of which are removed and the removal of water generates oxygen for breathing by the
reaction
4KO2(s) + 2H2O(l)  3O2(g) + 4KOH(s)
The potassium hydroxide removes CO2 from the apparatus by the reaction :
KOH (s) + CO2 (g)  KHCO3(s)
(a) What mass of KO2 generates 48 gm of oxygen ?
(b) What mass of CO2 can be removed from the apparatus by 63.9 gm of KO2 ?
QUANTITATIVE ANALYSIS
Q.68 On complete combustion, 0.1 g of an organic compound gave 0.176g of carbon dioxide and 0.18 g of
water. Determine the percentage composition of carbon and hydrogen in the compound.
Q.69 In Dumas. method for estimation of nitrogen, 0.3g of an organic compound gave 24.63 mL of nitrogen
collected at 300K temperature and 775mm pressure.Calculate the percentage composition of nitrogen
in the compound. (Aqueous tension at 300K=15 mm)
Q.70 During estimation of nitrogen present in anorganic compound byKjeldahl’s method, the ammonia evolved
from 0.5 g of the compound in Kjeldahl’s estimation of nitrogen, neutralized 10 mLof 1 M H2SO4.
Find out the percentage of nitrogen in the compound.
Q.71 In Carius method of estimation of halogen, 1 g of an organic compound gave 0.094 g ofAgBr. Find out
the percentage of bromine in the compound.
Q.72 In sulphur estimation, 0.64 g of an organic compound gave 0.466 g of barium sulphate. What is the
percentage of sulphur in the compound?
Q.73 A sample of 0.50 g of an organic compound was treated according to Kjeldahl's method. The ammonia
evolved was absorbed in 50 ml of 0.5 M H2SO4. The residual acid required 60 mL of 0.5 M solution of
NaOH for neutralization. Find the percentage composition of nitrogen in the compound.
MISCELLANEOUS PROBLEM
Q.74 P4S3 + 8O2  P4O10 + 3SO2

Calculate minimum mass of P4S3 is required to produce at least 0.96 gm of each product.
Q.75 By the reaction of carbon and oxygen, a mixture of CO and CO2 is obtained. What is the mass ratio of
the mixture obtained when 20 grams of O2 reacts completely with 12 grams of carbon ?
Q.76 A gas mixture at room temperature contains 10 mol CO and 12.5 mol O2.
(a) Compute the mole fraction of CO in the mixture.
(b) The mixture is then heated and CO starts to react with O2 to give CO2
1
CO(g) + O (g)  CO2(g)
2 2
At a certain point in heating 3 mol CO2 is present. Determine mole fraction of CO in new mixture.
(c) As reaction proceeds, will vapor density of mixture increase or decrease.
CONCENTRATION TERMS
Q.77 Calculate the molarityof the following solutions :
(a) 4g of caustic soda is dissolved in 200 mL of the solution.
(b) 5.3 g of anhydrous sodium carbonate is dissolved in 100 mL of solution.
(c) 0.365 g of pure HCl gas is dissolved in 50 mL of solution.
Q.78 Density of a solution containing 14% by mass of sulphuric acid is 1.05 gm/mL. What is the molarity of
solution ?
Q.79 15 g of methyl alcohol is present in 100 mL of solution. If density of solution is 0.90 gm mL–1. Calculate
the mass percentage of methyl alcohol in solution
Q.80 A 6.90 M solution of KOH in water contains 30% by mass of KOH. What is density of solution?
Q.81 Aqueous solution of urea has density 1.5 g/ml and it is 5 M. Calculate
(a) Its molality (b) w/w %
(c) w/v % (d) mole fraction of solute
Q.82 A bottle of whisky contains 12% aqueous ethanol by volume. The density of ethanol (C2H5OH) is
0.8 g/cm3 . Calculate.
(a) molality (b) molarity (c) w/w%
Q.83 Calculate the number of moles of solute present in each of the following aqueous solutions.
(a) 600 ml of 0.25 M CaCl2
(b) 100 g of 0.2 M KCl, density of solution = 1.2 gm/ml
(c) 120 g of a solution that is 9% glucose (C6H12O6) by mass
(d) 200 ml of solution, that is 2M in urea (NH2CONH2). [Given : density of solution 1.2 g/ml]
(e) 100 ml of 5M NaCl
Q.84 A solution is prepared by mixing 25 ml, pentane (C5H12, d = 0.6 g/ml) with 45 ml hexane
(C6H14, d = 0.7 g/ml).Calculate
(a) mass percentage of pentane (b) molality (c) molarity
Q.85 10L of 2M NaCl solution is subjected to following changes. Calculate final molarity in each case. If
solution is :
(i) Diluted by 20L (ii) Diluted to 20L
(iii) Heated until the volume reduced to 40%
(iv) Heated until the volume reduced by 40%
(v) 2 mole of NaCl(s) is further dissolved. (Neglect change in volume)
(vi) 4 moles of AgNO3 are added to solution (Neglect change in volume)
Q.86 Units of parts per million (ppm) or per billion (ppb) are often used to describe the concentrations of
solutes in very dilute solutions. The units are defined as the number of grams of solute per million or per
billion grams of solvent. Bay of Bengal has 1.89 ppm of lithium ions. What is the molality of Li+ in this
water ? (Li = 7)
Q.87 The average concentration of Na+ ion in human body is 3 to 4 gm per litre. What is the approximate
molarity of Na+ ion in body?
Q.88 What is the concentration of chloride ion, in molarity, in a solution containing 10.56 gm BaCl2.8H2O per
litre of solution ? (Ba = 137)
Q.89 An aqueous solution which is 20% (w/w) and 30% (w/v) in NaOH. What will be mass fraction of water
in 30 ml of such solution.
Q.90 The concentration of a solution is 8% (w/w) and 10% (w/v). Calculate density of solution?
Q.91 The mole fraction of solute in aqueous urea solution is 0.2. Calculate the mass percent of solute ?
Q.92 The concentration of Ca(HCO3)2 in a sample of hard water is 486 ppm. The density of water sample is
1.0 gm/ml. Calculate the molarity of solution ?
Q.93 Calculate molality (m) of each ion present in the aqueous solution of 2M NH4Cl assuming 100%
dissociation according to reaction.
NH4Cl (aq)  NH 4 (aq) + Cl– (aq)
Given : Density of solution = 3.107 gm / ml.
Q.94 Fill in the blank :

Aqueous Density(g/ml) Mass% of solute m M Mole fraction
solution of solute(X)
Urea 1.2 20 ____ ___ __________
Acetic acid 1.2 40 ____ ___ __________
HCl 1.5 30 ____ ___ __________
Ammonia 1.25 20 ____ ___ __________
PROBLEMS RELATED WITH MIXING & DILUTION

Q.95 300gm of an aqueous solution of a particular solute (containing 30% by mass solute) is mixed with
400 gm of another aq. solution of same solute (containing 40% solute by mass). In the final solution
calculate. [Given : density of final solution = 7/8 gm/ml, Molecular mass of solute = 50]
(i) Mass % of solute (ii) Mole fraction of solute
(iii) Molarity (iv) Molality
Q.96 (a) 500 ml 1M H2SO4 solution is mixed with 400 ml of 2.5 M HCl solution. Density of final solution is
1.2 gm/ml. Calculate [H+] in the final solution.
(b) 500 ml 1M H2SO4 solution (dsolution = 1.4 g/ml) is mixed with 400 ml of 2.5 M HCl solution
(dsolution = 1.25 g/ml) to give a final solution of density 1.2 g/ml. Calculate [H+] in final solution.
3
Q.97 To a pure 100 ml liquid 'A' having molarity 3M and density gm/ml, 100 ml of another pure liquid 'B'
2
having molarity 8M and density2 gm/ml is mixed , then find molalityof final liquid solution formed.
Q.98 Find out the volume of 98% w/w H2SO4 (density = 1.8 gm/ ml), must be diluted to prepare 12.0 litres
of 2.4 M sulphuric acid solution.
Q.99 Determine the volume of diluted nitric acid (d = 1.11 g mL–1, 19% w/v ) that can be prepared by diluting
50 mL of conc. HNO3 with water (d =1.42 g mL–1, 76% w /v).
Q.100 500 ml of 2 M NaCl solution was mixed with 200 ml of 2 M NaCl solution. Calculate the molarity of
NaCl in final solution.
Q.101 Calculate the amount of the water which must be added to a given solution of concentration of 40 mg
silver nitrate per ml, to yield a solution of concentration of 16 mg silver nitrate per ml ?
Q.102 560 gm of 2 'm' aqueous solution of urea is mixed with 2480 gm of 4 'm' aqueous solution of urea .
Calculate the molalityof the resulting solution?
Q.103 500 gm of urea solution of mole fraction 0.2 is diluted to 1500 gm. Calculate the mole fraction of solute
in the diluted solution ?
Q.104 When V ml of 2.2 M H2SO4 solution is mixed with 10 V ml of water, the volume contraction of 2% take
place. Calculate the molarity of diluted solution ?
Q.105 What volume of 0.8 MAlCl3 solution should be mixed with 50 ml of 0.2M CaCl2 solution to get solution
of chloride ion concentration equal to 0.6 M ?
Q.106 2 litre of 9.8 % w/w H2SO4 (d = 1.5 gm/ml) solution is mixed with 3 litre of 1 M KOH solution. Then
calculate
(a) The number of moles H2SO4 added
(b) The concentration of H+ if solution is acidic or concentration of OH¯ if solution is basic in the
final solution.
SOME TYPICAL CONCENTRATION TERMS

Q.107 An oleum sample is labelled as 118 %, Calculate
(i) Mass of H2SO4 in 100 gm oleum sample.
(ii) Maximum mass of H2SO4 that can be obtained if 30 gm sample is taken.
(iii) Composition of mixture (mass of components) if 40 gm water is added to 30 gm given
oleum sample.
Q.108 What will be mass % of SO3 in 50 gm 109% oleum.
Q.109 A mixture is prepared by mixing 10 gm H2SO4 and 40 gm SO3 calculate,

(a) mole fraction of H2SO4
(b) % labellingof oleum
Q.110 500 ml of a H2O2 solution on complete decomposition produces 2 moles of H2O. Calculate the volume
strength of H2O2 solution? [Given : Volume of O2 is measured at 1atm and 273 K]
Q.111 A mixture is prepared by mixing 20 gm SO3 in 30 gm H2SO4.

(a) Find mole fraction of SO3 .
(b) Determine % labelling of oleum solution.
EUDIOMETRY
Q.112 10 ml of a mixture of CO, CH4 and N2 exploded with excess of oxygen gave a contraction of 6.5 ml.
There was a further contraction of 7 ml, when the residual gas treated with KOH. Volume of CO, CH4
and N2 respectively is
Q.113 When 100 ml of a O2 – O3 mixture was passed through turpentine, there was reduction of volume by
20 ml. If 100 ml of such a mixture is heated, what will be the increase in volume?
Q.114 60 ml of a mixture of nitrous oxide and nitric oxide was exploded with excess of hydrogen. If 38 ml of N2
was formed, calculate the volume of each gas in the mixture.
Q.115 When a certain quantity of oxygen was ozonised in a suitable apparatus, the volume decreased by 4 ml.
On addition of turpentine the volume further decreased by 8 ml.All volumes were measured at the same
temperature and pressure. From these data, establish the formula of ozone.
Q.116 10 ml of ammonia were enclosed in an eudiometer and subjected to electric sparks. The sparks were
continued till there was no further increase in volume. The volume after sparking measured 20 ml. Now
30 ml of O2 were added and sparking was continued again. The new volume then measured 27.5 ml.All
volumes were measured under identical conditions of temperature and pressure. Calculate the molecular
formula of ammonia. Nitrogen and Hydrogen are diatomic.
Q.117 20 ml of a mixture of C2H2 and CO was exploded with 30 ml of oxygen. The gases after the reaction
had a volume of 34 ml. On treatment with KOH, 8 ml of oxygen remained. Calculate the composition of
the mixture.
Q.118 10 ml of CO is mixed with 25 ml air having 20% O2 by volume. What would be the final volume if none
of CO and O2 is left after the reaction?
Q.119 Calculate the volume of CO2 evolved bythe combustion of 50 ml of a mixture containing 40% C2H4 and
60% CH4 (by volume)
Q.120 10 ml of a mixture of CH4, C2H4 and CO2 were exploded with excess of air.After explosion, there was
contraction on cooling of 17 ml and after treatment with KOH, there was further reduction of 14 ml.
What is the composition of the mixture?
Q.121 40 ml of a mixture of C2H2 and CO is mixed with 100 ml of O2 gas and the mixture is exploded. The
residual gases occupied 104 ml and when these are passed through KOH solution, the volume becomes
48 ml.All the volume are at same the temperature and pressure. Determine the composition of original
mixture.
Q.122 A gaseous mixture of C2H4, CH4, CO and N2 at 400 K & 1 atm was added with excess of O2 &
subjected to sparking in a rigid container (volume constant). If pressure of CO2 obtained at 400 K in
same volume is 0.9 atm and that of H2O vapour is 0.8 atm. If moles of C2H4 and CH4 are equal then
calculate the pressure of each gas in the original mixture.
EXERCISE-2 (Objective Questions)

Fill in the blank:
(i) For the reaction,
2X + 3Y + 4Z  5W
Initially if 1 mole of X, 3 mole of Y and 4 mole of Z is taken. If 1.25 mole of W is obtained then % yield
of this reaction is _______.
(ii) The vapour density of a mixture of gasA(Molecular mass = 40) and gas B (Molecular mass = 80) is 25.
Then mole % of gas B in the mixture would be ________.
(iii) For the reaction

2A + 3B + 5C  3D
Initially if 2 mole ofA, 4 mole of B and 6 mole of C is taken. With 25% yield, moles of D which can be
produced are _________.
(iv) 125 ml of 8% w/w NaOH solution (sp. gravity 1) is added to 125 ml of 10% w/v HCl solution. The
nature of resultant solution would be ________.
(v) Fill in the blanks in the following table:

Compound Grams Grams Molality Mole Fraction
Compd Water of Compd of Compd
Na2CO3 ______ 250 0.0125 ______
CH3OH 13.5 150 _____ ______
KNO 3 _____ 555 _____ 0.0934
Single Correct:
Q.1 The percentage bymole of NO2 in a mixture of NO2(g) and NO(g) having average molecular mass 34 is :
(A) 25% (B) 20% (C) 40% (D) 75%
Q.2 For the following reaction if equal mass ofAand B are taken :
A + 2B  C
Which of the following is correct? (MA and MB are molar masses ofAand B respectively)
(A) If MA = 2MB , then none of the reactant will be left.
MA
(B) If MB > , thenAwill be limiting reagent.
2
(C) If MA = MB, thenAwill be limiting reagent
(D) All are correct
Q.3 74 gm of a compoud on complete combustion gives 132 gm CO2 and 54 gm of H2O. The molecular
formula of the compound may be
(A) C5H12 (B) C4H10O (C) C3H6O2 (D) C3H7O2
Q.4 The mass of CO2 produced from 620 gm mixture of C2H4O2 & O2, prepared to produce maximum
energy is (Combustion reaction is exothermic)
(A) 413.33 gm (B) 593.04 gm (C) 440 gm (D) 320 gm
Q.5 Maximum mass of sucrose C12H22O11 produced by mixing 84 gm of carbon, 12 gm of hydrogen and
56 lit. O2 at 1 atm & 273 K according to given reaction, is
C(s) + H2(g) + O2 (g)  C12H22O11(s)
(A) 138.5 (B) 155.5 (C) 172.5 (D) 199.5
Q.6 In the quantitative determination of nitrogen, N2 gas liberated from 0.42 gm of a sample of organic
100
compound was collected over water. If the volume of N2 gas collected was ml at total pressure
11
860 mm Hg at 250 K, % by mass of nitrogen in the organic compound is
[Aq. tension at 250 K is 24 mm Hg and R = 0.08 L atm mol–1 K–1 ]
10 5 20 100
(A) % (B) % (C) % (D) %
3 3 3 3
Q.7 If mass of 2 atoms is 4 × 10–23 gm. Then atomic mass of element will be : [Take : NA = 6×1023 / mole]
(A) 24 (B) 12 (C) 6 (D) 2
Q.8 Calculate percentage change in Mavg of the mixture, if PCl5 undergo 50% decomposition.
PCl5  PCl3 + Cl2
(A) 50% (B) 66.66 % (C) 33.33 % (D) Zero
Q.9 The number of carbon atoms present in a signature, if a signature written by carbon pencil weights
1.2 × 10–3 gm is
(A) 12.04 × 1020 (B) 6.02 × 1019 (C) 3.01 × 1019 (D) 6.02 × 1020
Q.10 The average atomic mass of a mixture containing 79 mole % of 24Mg and remaining 21 mole % of 25Mg
and 26Mg , is 24.31. % mole of 26Mg is
(A) 5 (B) 20 (C) 10 (D) 15
Q.11 An organic compound contains 14 atoms of carbon per molecule. If mass % of carbon in the compound
is 22.4 % then molecular mass of the compound will be
(A) 3000 (B) 750 (C) 12000 (D) 600
Q.12 An organic compound contains 8 % Oxygen and 4 % Sulphur by mass. Find the minimum possible
molecular weight of compound?
(A) 400 (B) 200 (C) 800 (D) 1600
Q.13 6 gm of silver salt of tribasic acid gives 4.32 gm silver on strong heating. The molar mass of acid is :
(A) 126 gm (B) 129 gm (C) 123 gm (D) 252 gm
Q.14 6.0 gm of silver salt of a tetrabasic acid gives 4.32 gm silver on strong heating. The molar mass of the
acid is (Ag = 108)
(A) 168 (B) 172 (C) 84 (D) 88
Q.15 The number of moles of compound (KHC2O4)0.95 · H2C2O4 in its pure sample if sample contains
4 moles of oxygen atoms.
4 4
(A) 0.5 (B) 0.5 × 0.95 (C) (4  0.95  4) (D)
0.95
Q.16 20 gm of a mixture of NaCl and NaOH exactly requires 7.3 gm HCl for complete reaction. The mass
percent of NaCl in the original mixture is :
(A) 40% (B) 60% (C) 50% (D) 80%
Q.17 For a solution concentration can be expressed as 16% w/w as well as 20% w/v. What will be density of
solution?
(A) 1.25 gm/lit. (B) 0.8 gm/lit. (C) 1.25 gm/ml (D) 0.8 gm/ml
Q.18 In Delhi on a polluted day, concentration of SO2 in air is 40 ppm.Assuming density of air is 2gm/litre.
How many gram of SO2 is present in 100 litre of air?
(A) 4 mg (B) 4 gm (C) 8 × 10–3 kg (D) 8 mg
Q.19 The legal limit for human exposure to CO in the work place is 35 ppm.Assuming that the density of
air is 1.3 g/L, how many grams of CO are in 1.0L of air at the maximum allowable concentration?
(A) 4.55 ×10–5 gm (B) 3.5 ×10–5 gm (C) 2.69 ×10–5 gm (D) 7.2 ×10–5 gm
Q.20 150 ml of a solution containing 5 millimoles of A (special gravity = 1.2) is mixed with 250 ml of another
solution containing 10 millimoles of A (special gravity = 1.4). If on mixing the density of the solution
5 .3
becomes gm/ml then what will be molarity of A in the final solution.
4 .5
1 3 1 4
(A) M (B) M (C) (D)
30 80 20 85
Q.21 If 2M, 200 ml HCl, 2M, 100 ml CaCl2 and 5M, 200 ml AlCl3 is mixed then final concentration of Cl–
will be :
(A) 2.5 M (B) 3 M (C) 3.5 M (D) 7.6 M
Q.22 What volumes should you mix of 0.2 M NaCl and 0.1 M CaCl2 solution so that in resulting solution the
concentration of positive ion is 40% lesser than concentration of negative ion.Assuming total volume of
solution 1000 ml.
(A) 400 ml NaCl , 600 ml CaCl2 (B) 600 ml NaCl, 400 ml CaCl2
(C) 800 ml NaCl, 200 ml CaCl2 (D) None of these
Q.23 Assuming complete precipitation ofAgCl, calculate the sum of the molar concentration of all the ions if 2
lit of 2M Ag2SO4 is mixed with 4 lit of 1 M NaCl solution is :
(A) 4M (B) 2M (C) 3 M (D) 2.5 M
Q.24 200 gm of an oleum sample (labelled as 109%) is mixed with 400 gm of another oleum sample (labelled
as 118%). The labelling of the new sample formed will be
(A) 115 % (B) 112 % (C) 122 % (D) 116 %
Q.25 How many litre of C7H16 will be required to react with 176 gm of oxygen. If density of C7H16 is
0.8 gm/L?
(A) 62.5 L (B) 40 L (C) 50 L (D) 80 L
Q.26 Air contains 20% oxygen by volume, calculate the theoretical volume of air which will be required for
burning 200 m3 of acetylene gas completely. All volumes are measured under the same conditions of
temperature and pressure.
(A) 2500 m3 (B) 500 m3 (C) 2000 m3 (D) 3000 m3
Q.27 10 ml of a compound containing 'N' and 'O' is mixed with 30 ml of H2 to produce H2O (l) and 10 ml of
N2 (g). Molecular formula of compound if both reactants reacts completely, is
(A) N2O (B) NO2 (C) N2O3 (D) N2O5
Q.28 200 ml of a gaseous mixture containing CO, CO2 and N2 on complete combustion in just sufficient
amount of O2 showed contraction of 40 ml. When the resulting gases were passed through KOH
solution it reduces by 50 % then calculate the volume ratio of VCO : VCO : VN in original mixture.
2 2
(A) 4 : 1 : 5 (B) 2 : 3 : 5 (C) 1 : 4 : 5 (D) 1 : 3 : 5

Q.29 When 20 ml of mixture of O2 and O3 is heated, the volume becomes 29 ml and disappears in alkaline
pyragallol solution. What is the volume precent of O2 in the original mixture?
(A) 90% (B) 10% (C) 18% (D) 2%
Q.30 A mixture of C2H2 and C3H8 occupied a certain volume at 80 mm Hg. The mixture was completely
burnt to CO2 and H2O(l). When the pressure of CO2 was found to be 230 mm Hg at the same temperature
and volume, the fraction of C2H2 in mixture is
(A) 0.125 (B) 0.5 (C) 0.85 (D) 0.25
Q.31 20 mL of a mixture of CO and H2 were mixed with excess of O2 and exploded & cooled. There was a
volume contraction of 23 mL.All volume measurements corresponds to room temperature (27°C) and
one atmospheric pressure. Determine the volume ratio V1 : V2 of CO and H2 in the original mixture
(A) 6.5 : 13.5 (B) 5 : 15 (C) 9 : 11 (D) 7 : 13
Assertion Reason:
Q.32 Statement -1 : Molality of pure ethanol is lesser than pure water.
Statement -2 : As density of ethanol is lesser than density of water.
[Given : dethanol = 0.789 gm/ml; dwater = 1 gm/ml]
(A) Statement-1 is true, statement-2 is true and statement-2 is correct explanation for statement-1.
(B) Statement-1 is true, statement-2 is true and statement-2 is NOT the correct explanation for statement-1.
(C) Statement-1 is false, statement-2 is true.
(D) Statement-1 is true, statement-2 is false.
Q.33 Statement -1 : Mass of a solution of 1 litre of 2M H2SO4 [dsolution = 1.5 gm/ml] is greater
than the mass of solution containing 400 gm MgO which is labelled as
40% (w/w) MgO.
Statement -2 : Mass of H2SO4 in 1 litre 2M H2SO4 [dsolution = 1.5 gm/ml] is greater than
the mass of MgO in 1 litre 40% (w/w) MgO [dsolution =2 gm /ml] solution.
More than one correct:

Q.34 For the reaction : MnO2 + 4HCl 100 %
 MnCl2 + Cl2 + 2H2O, 8.7 gm MnO2 is dissolved in 500 ml
of HCl solution containing 7.3 gm HCl per litre. (Mn = 55)
(A) HCl is the limiting reagent.
(B) MnO2 is the limiting reagent.
(C) 0.025 moles of MnCl2 will form.
(D) 560 ml Cl2 gas will liberate at 0°C and 1 atm.
Q.35 Solution(s) containing 40 gm NaOH is/are

(A) 50 gm of 80% (w/w) NaOH
(B) 50 gm of 80% (w/v) NaOH [dsoln. = 1.2 gm/ml]
(C) 50 gm of 20 M NaOH [dsoln. = 1 gm/ml]
(D) 50 gm of 5m NaOH
Q.36 The incorrect statement(s) regarding 2M MgCl2 aqueous solution is/are (dsolution = 1.09 gm/ml)
(A) Molality of Cl¯ is 4.44 m
(B) Mole fraction of MgCl2 is exactly 0.035
(C) The conc. of MgCl2 is 19% w/v
(D) The conc. of MgCl2 is 19 × 104 ppm
Q.37 A sample of H2O2 solution labelled as 56 volume has density of 530 gm/L. Mark the correct option(s)
representing concentration of same solution in other units. (Solution contains only H2O and H2O2)
w
(A) M H = 6 (B) % = 17
2O 2 v
1000
(C) Mole fraction of H2O2 = 0.25 (D) m H 2O 2 =
72
Q.38 Two gases Aand B which react according to the equation

aA(g) + bB(g)  cC(g) + dD(g)
to give two gases C and D are taken (amount not known) in an Eudiometer tube (operating at a constant
Pressure and temperature) to cause the above.
If on causing the reaction there is no volume change observed then which of the following statement is/
are correct.
(A) (a + b) = (c + d)
(B) average molecular mass may increase or decrease if either ofAor B is present in limited amount.
(C) Vapour Density of the mixture will remain same throughout the course of reaction.
(D) Total moles of all the component of mixture will change.
Q.39 Which of the following is incorrect for 17 gm/L of H2O2 solution

(A) Volume strength is 5.6 V
(B) Molarity of solution is 0.5 M
(C) 1 ml of this solution gives 2.8 ml O2 at 273 K and 2 atm
(D) The molarityof solution is 2M
Match the column:

Q.40 Column I Column II
(Average molecular mass) (Gas mixture)
(A) 40 (P) mixture of O2 and SO3 having S and O-atoms in 1 : 5 ratio
(B) 32 (Q) Equimolar mixture of O3 and O2
(C) 56 (R) Mixture having CH4 and SO3 molecules in the ratio 3 : 1.
(S) Mixture of He and N2O5 in 1 : 27 mass ratio
Q.41 Column I Column II

(A) 10 M MgO (P) Wsolvent = 120 gm per 100 ml of solution
(dsolution= 1.20 gm/ml)
Solute : MgO
Solvent: H2O
Assume MgO water soluble
(B) 40% w/v NaOH (Q) Wsolution = 150 gm per 100 gm solvent
(dsolution = 1.6 gm/ml)
Solute : NaOH
Solvent: H2O
(C) 8 m CaCO3 (R) Wsolute = 120 gm per 100 gm of solvent
Solute : CaCO3
Solvent: H2O
Assume CaCO3 water soluble
(D) 0.6 mol fraction of 'X' (S) Wsolvent = 125 gm per 100 gm of solute
(molecular mass = 20)
in 'Y' (molecular mass 25)
Solute : X
Solvent : Y
Q.42 Column-I Column-II

(A) 8 g-atoms of Hydrogen (P) 2 moles C3H4
(B) 6 g-atoms of Carbon (Q) 3 moles CH3COOH
(C) 6 g-atoms of Oxygen (R) 2 moles

(D) 4 g-molecules of Nitrogen (S) 4 moles N2H2
(T) 2 moles N2O3
Comprehension:
Paragraph for question no. 43 to 45
According to Dulong and Petit's Law, the product of atomic mass of solid element and its specific heat
capacity (in Cal/K-gm) is nearly 6.4. The specific heat capacity of any substance may be defined as the
amount of heat required to raise the temperature of unit mass of the substance by one Kelvin. If 'q' is the
amount of heat required to raise the temperature of 'm' mass of the substance by 'T' K, then the specific
heat capacity of the substance may be given as :
q
S = m . T
Dulong and Petit's Law give only the approximate atomic mass of element. But from other information
like valency (which should always be integer), we may determine the exact atomic mass of the element.
Q.43 If qA, qB, qC and qD are the amount of heat required to raise the temperature of 'm' gm of elements A, B,
C and D, respectively, each by 'T' K and qA > qB > qC > qD , then the correct order of approximate
atomic masses of elements should be :
(A) A > B > C > D (B) A < B < C < D (C) A = B = C = D (D) Data insufficient
Q.44 The specific heat capacity of an element is 0.63 J/°C - gm. The approximate atomic mass of the element
should be : [Given : 1 Cal = 4.2 J]
(A) 42.67 (B) 10.16 (C) 9.6 (D) 4.03
500
Q.45 The specific heat capacity of a metal is 0.158 Cal/K-gm. If the oxide of metal contains % metal, by
7
mass, the exact atomic mass of the metal is :
(A) 40.506 (B) 40.000 (C) 39.483 (D) 20.025
Paragraph for question nos. 46 to 48

Some facultymembers of XYZ classes were trying to simplifya problem for students bymentioning data
explicitly about a gaseous mixture. Information given by them is as follow :
Faculty-1 : Mixture consist of three gases A, B and C.
Faculty-2 : Molar mass of B is twice of A & Molar mass of A is 4 times of C.
Faculty-3 : The gas that is neither heaviest nor lightest is 16% by mass.
Faculty-4 : Molar ratio of heaviest to lightest gas is 2 : 5.
Based on the above information, answer the questions that follows:
Q.46 Which of the following options correctly represents gases A, B and C respectively?
(A) O2, CH4, He (B) CH4, O2, He (C) O2, SO2, He (D) O2, SO2, CH4
Q.47 What is the molar ratio ofA: B: C?

(A) 5 : 2 : 2 (B) 2 : 2 : 5 (C) 2 : 1 : 5 (D) 1 : 2 : 5
Q.48 What would be the average molar mass of mixture.

[Assuming answer of above question to be correct.]
400
(A) gm (B) 12.5 gm (C) 15 gm (D) 20 gm
67

An organic compound contains 69.4 % C, 5.8 % H.A sample of 0.303 g of this compound is analysed
for nitrogen by Kieldahl's method. The ammonia evolved was absorbed in 50 mL of 0.05 M H2SO4.
The excess acid required 25 mLof 0.1 M NaOH for neutralization. Molecular weight of organic compound
is 121.
Q.49 What is percentage of 'N' in the compound?
(A) 7.4 % (B) 11.55% (C) 19.4 % (D) 21.6 %
Q.50 Number of hydrogen atoms in the molecular formula of the compound?

(A) 7 (B) 10 (C) 5 (D) 12
Q.51 0.303 g of the organic compound, in Duma's method on combustion gave 32.27 mL of moist nitrogen at
27°C and at P mm Hg pressure. If the vapour pressure at 27°C is 21 mm of Hg. Find the value of 'P'?
(A) 725 mm (B) 746 mm (C) 710 mm (D) 760 mm
Paragraph for question nos. 52 & 53

On a closed rigid vessel combustion of 2 moles of CH4 was carried out with 10 moles of O2.
At room temperature.
Q.52 After combustion was complete what will be the vapour density of contents of vessel.
(A) 35 (B) 70 (C) 17.5 (D) 15.8
Q.53 If 2 moles of N2 are added after combustions then what will be the change in vapour density of contents
of vessel. [Assume : N2 does not react with any gas]
(A) 2.1 (B) 4.2 (C) 2.93 (D) 0.7
EXERCISE-3
SECTION-A
(JEE ADVANCED Previous Year's Questions)
Q.1 An evacuated glass vessel weighs 50 gm when empty, 148.0 g when completely filled with liquid of
density 0.98 gml1 and 50.5 g when filled with an ideal gas at 760 mm at 300 K . Determine the
molecular weight of the gas. [JEE '98,3]
Q.2 A plant virus is found to consist of uniform cylindrical particles of 150 Å in diameter and 5000 Å long.
The specific volume of the virus is 0.75 cm3 / g. If the virus is considered to be a sinlge particle, find its
molar mass. [JEE 1999]
Q.3 At 100º C and 1 atm , if the density of liquid water is 1.0 g cm 3 and that of water vapour is
0.0006 g cm 3 , then the volume occupied bywater molecules in 1 L of steam at that temperature is :
(A) 6 cm3 (B) 60 cm3 (C) 0.6 cm3 (D) 0.06 cm3
[JEE '2001 (Scr), 1]
Q.4 How many moles of e— weigh one Kg [JEE'2002 (Scr), 1]

1 6.023 1
(A) 6.023 ×1023 (B) ×1031 (C) × 1054 (D) × 108
9.108 9.108 9.108  6.023
Q.5 Calculate the molarity of pure water using its density to be 1000 kg m-3. [JEE’2003]
Q.6 One gm of charcoal absorbs CH3COOH from 100 ml 0.5 M CH3COOH aqueous solution to form a
monolayer, and thereby the molarity of CH3COOH reduces to 0.49. Calculate the surface area of the
charcoal adsorbed by each molecule of acetic acid. Surface area of charcoal = 3.01 × 102 m2/gm.
[JEE'2003]
Q.7 Calculate the amount of Calcium oxide required when it reacts with 852 gm of P4O10. [JEE 2005]
6CaO + P4O10  2Ca3(PO4)2
Q.8 20% surface sites have adsorbed N2. On heating N2 gas evolved from sites and were collected at
0.001 atm and 298 K in a container of volume is 2.46 cm3. Density of surface sites is 6.023×1014/cm2
and surface area is 1000 cm2, find out the no. of surface sites occupied per molecule of N2.
[JEE 2005]
Q.9 Silver (atomic weight = 108 g mol–1) has a density of 10.5 g cm–3. The number of silver atoms on a
surface of area 10–12 m2 can be expressed in scientific notation as y × 10x. The value of x is
[JEE 2010]
Q.10 A decapeptide (Mol. Wt. = 796) on complete hydrolysis gives glycine (Mol. Wt.= 75), alanine and
phenylalanine. Glycine contributes 47.0 % to the total weight of the hydrolysed products. The number of
glycine units present in the decapeptide is [JEE 2011]
[Given : Decapeptide consumes nine molecules of H2O for hydrolysis]
Q.11 Dissolving 120 g of urea (mol. wt. 60) in 1000 g of water gave a solution of density 1.15 g/mL. The
molarity of the solution is [JEE 2011]
(A) 1.78 M (B) 2.00 M (C) 2.05 M (D) 2.22 M
Q.12 The volume (in mL) of 0.1 MAgNO3 required for complete precipitation of chloride ions present in 30
mL of 0.01 M solution of [Cr(H2O)5Cl]Cl2, as silver chloride is close to [JEE 2011]
Q.13 29.2% (w/w) HCl stock solution has a density of 1.25 g mL–1. The molecular weight of HCl is 36.5 g
mol–1. The volume (mL) of stock solution required to prepare a 200 mL solution of 0.4 M HCl is
[JEE 2012]
Q.14 If the value of Avogadro number is 6.023 × 1023 mol–1 and the value of Boltzmann constant is
1.380 × 10–23 JK–1, then the number of significant digits in the calculated value of the universal gas
constant is [JEEAdvance 2014]
Q.15 A compound H2X with molar weight of 80 g is dissolved in a solvent having density of
0.4 g ml–1.Assuming no change in volume upon dissolution, the molality of a 3.2 molar solution is
[JEE Advance 2014]
Q.16 The mole fraction of a solute in a solution is 0.1.At 298 K, molarity of this solution is the same as its
molality. Density of this solution at 298 K is 2.0 g cm–3. The ratio of the molecular weights of the solute
 MWsolute 
and solvent,   , is : [JEEAdvance 2016]
 MWsolvent 
SECTION-B
(JEE Main Previous Year's Questions)
Q.1 Number of atoms in 558.5 g Fe (at. wt. 55.85) is : [AIEEE-2002]

(A) Twice that in 60 g carbon (B) 6.023 × 1022
(C) Half that in 8 g He (D) 558.5 × 6.023 × 1023
Q.2 Which of the following changes with increase in temperature : [AIEEE-2002]

(A) Molality (B) Weight fraction of solute
(C) Fraction of solute present in water (D) Mole fraction
Q.3 In a compound C, H, N atoms are present in 9 : 1 : 3.5 by weight. Molecular weight of compound is
108. Its molecular formula is : [AIEEE-2002]
(A) C2H6N2 (B) C3H4N (C) C6H8N2 (D) C9H12N3
Q.4 What volume of hydrogen gas at 273 K and 1 atm pressure will be consumed in obtaining 21.6 g of
elemental boron (at. mass = 10.8) from the reduction of boron trichloride with hydrogen:
(A) 44.8 L (B) 22.4 L (C) 89.6 L (D) 67.2 L [AIEEE-2003]
Q.5 25 mL of a solution of barium hydroxide on titration with 0.1 molar solution of hydrochloric acid gave a
titre value of 35 mL. The molarity of barium hydroxide is : [AIEEE-2004]
(A) 0.28 (B) 0.35 (C) 0.07 (D) 0.14
Q.6 6.02 × 1020 molecules of urea are present in 100 mL solution. The concentration of urea solution is :
[AIEEE-2004]
(A) 0.1 M (B) 0.01 M (C) 0.02 M (D) 0.001 M
Q.7 To neutralize completely 20 mLof 0.1 M aqueous solution of phosphorus (H3PO3) acid the volume of
0.1 M aqueous KOH solution required is : [AIEEE-2004]
(A) 60 mL (B) 20 mL (C) 40 mL (D) 10 mL
Q.8 Two solutions of a substance (non-electrolyte) are mixed in the following manner ; 480 mLof 1.5 M of
first solution with 520 mL of 1.2 M of second solution. The molarity of final solution is :
(A) 1.20 M (B) 1.50 M (C) 1.344 M (D) 2.70 M [AIEEE-2005]
Q.9 If 1/6, in place of 1/12, mass of carbon atom is taken to be the relative atomic mass unit, the mass of one
mole of a substance will : [AIEEE-2005]
(A) Decrease twice (B) Increase two folds
(C) Remains unchanges (D) Be a function of the molecular mass of element
Q.10 How many moles of magnesium phosphate, Mg3(PO4)2 will contain 0.25 mole of oxygen atom :
[AIEEE-2006]
(A) 2.5 × 10–2 (B) 0.02 (C) 3.125 × 10–2 (D) 1.25 × 10–2
Q.11 How many EDTA (ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid) molecules are required to make an octa-hedral
complex with a Ca2+ ion : [AIEEE-2006]
(A) Two (B) Six (C) Three (D) One
Q.12 Density of a 2.05 M solution of acetic acid in water is 1.02 g/mL. The molality of the solution is :
[AIEEE-2006]
(A) 0.44 mol kg –1 (B) 1.14 mol kg –1 (C) 3.28 mol kg –1 (D) 2.28 mol kg–1
Q.13 In the reaction : [AIEEE-2007]

2Al(s) + 6HCl(aq.)  2Al3+ +
(aq.) 6Cl–(aq.) + 3H2(g)
(A) 6 litre HCl(aq) is consumed for every 3L H2(g) produced
(B) 33.6 litre H2(g) is produced regardless of temperature and pressure for every mole Al that reacts
(C) 67.2 litre H2(g) at STP is produced for every mole Al that reacts
(D) 11.2 litre H2(g) at STP is produced for every mole HCl(aq) consumed
Q.14 The density (in g mL –1 ) of a 3.60 M sulphuric acid solution that is 29% H 2 SO 4
(Molar mass = 98 g mol–1) by mass will be : [AIEEE-2007]
(A) 1.64 (B) 1.88 (C) 1.22 (D) 1.45
Q.15 A solution containing 2.675 g of CoCl3.6 NH3 (molar mass = 267.5 g mol–1) is passed through a cation
exchanger. The chloride ions obtained in solution were treated with excess ofAgNO3 to give 4.78 g of
AgCl (molar mass = 143.5 g mol–1). The formula of the complex is
(At. mass of Ag = 108 u) [AIEEE-2010]
(A) [CoCl3 (NH3)3] (B) [CoCl(NH3)5]Cl2
(C) [Co(NH3]6Cl3 (D) [CoCl2(NH3)4]Cl
Q.16 29.5 mg of an organic compound containing nitrogen was digested according to Kjeldahl's method and
the evolved ammonia was absorbed in 20 mL of 0.1 M HCl solution. The excess of the acid required 15
mL of 0.1 M NaOH solution for complete neutralization. The percentage of nitrogen in the compound is:
(A) 23.7 (B) 29.5 (C) 59.0 (D) 47.4 [AIEEE-2011]
Q.17 A 5.2 molal aqueous solution of methyl alcohol, CH3OH, is supplied. What is the mole fraction of methyl
alcohol in the solution ? [AIEEE-2011]
(A) 0.100 (B) 0.190 (C) 0.086 (D) 0.050
Q.18 The molarityof a solution obtained bymixing 750 mL of 0.5 (M) HCl with 250 mL of 2 (M) HCl will be:
[JEE Main 2013]
(A) 1.00 M (B) 1.75 M (C) 0.975 M (D) 0.875 M
Q.19 A gaseous hydrocarbon gives upon combustion 0.72 g of water and 3.08 g of CO2. The empirical
formula of the hydrocarbon is: [JEE Main 2013]
(A) C3H4 (B) C6H5 (C) C7H8 (D) C2H4
Q.20 The ratio of masses of oxygen and nitrogen in a particular gaseous mixture is 1 : 4. The ratio of number
of their molecule is [JEE Main 2014]
(A) 7 : 32 (B) 1 : 8 (C) 3 : 16 (D) 1 : 4
Q.21 For the estimation of nitrogen, 1.4g of an organic compound was digested by Kjeldahl method and the
M
evolved ammonia was absorbed in 60 mL of sulphuric acid. The unreacted acid required 20 mL of
10
M
sodium hydroxide for complete neutralization. The percentage of nitrogen in the compound is
10
[JEE Main 2014]
(A) 10% (B) 3% (C) 5% (D) 6%
Q.22 The molecular formula of a commercial resin used for exchanging ions in water
softening is C8H7SO3Na (Mol. wt. 206). What would be the maximum uptake of Ca2+ ions by the resin
when expressed in mole per gram resin ? [JEE Main 2015]
2 1 1 1
(A) (B) (C) (D)
309 412 103 206
Q.23 In Carius method of estimation of halogens, 250 mg of an organic compound gave 141 mg of AgBr.
The percentage of bromine in the compound is : [JEE main 2015]
(at. mass Ag =108; Br =80)
(A) 48 (B) 60 (C) 24 (D) 36
Q.24 3 g of activated charcoal was added to 50 mLof acetic acid solution (0.06N) in a flask.After an hour it
was filtered and the strength of the filtrate was found to be 0.042 N. The amount of acetic acid adsorbed
(per gram of charcoal) is : [JEE Main 2015]
(A) 42 mg (B) 54 mg (C) 18 mg (D) 36 mg
Q.25 Assertion: Nitrogen and Oxygen are the main components in the atmosphere but these do not react to
form oxides of nitrogen. [JEE Main 2015]
Reason: The reaction between nitrogen and oxygen requires high temperature.
(A) The assertion is incorrect, but the reason is correct
(B) Both the assertion and reason are incorrect
(C) Both assertion and reason are correct, and the reason is the correct explanation for the assertion
(D) Both assertion and reason are correct, but the reason is not the correct explanation for the assertion
Q.26 At 300 K and 1 atm, 15 mL of a gaseous hydrocarbon requires 375 mL air containing 20% O2 by
volume for complete combustion.After combustion the gases occupy 345 mL.Assuming that the water
formed is in liquid form and the volumes were measured at the same temperature and pressure, the
formula of the hydrocarbon is : [JEE Main 2016]
(A) C4H10 (B) C3H6 (C) C3H8 (D) C4H8
Q.27 1 gram of a carbonate (M2CO3) on treatment with excess HCl produces 0.01186 mole of CO2. The
molar mass of M2CO3 in g mol–1 is: [JEE Main 2017]
(A) 84.3 (B) 118.6 (C) 11.86 (D) 1186
Q.28 The most abundant elements by mass in the body of a healthy human adult are : Oxygen (61.4%);
Carbon (22.9%), Hydrogen (10.0%); and Nitrogen (2.6%). The weight which a 75 kg person would
gain if all 1H atoms are replaced by 2H atom is : [JEE Main 2017]
(A) 37.5 kg (B) 7.5 kg (C) 10 kg (D) 15 kg
Q.29 On treatment of 100 mL of 0.1 M solution of CoCl3. 6H2O with excess AgNO3; 1.2 × 1022 ions are
precipitated. The complex is : [JEE Main 2017]
(A) [Co(H2O)3Cl3].3H2O (B) [Co(H2O)6]Cl3
(C) [Co(H2O)5Cl]Cl2.H2O (D) [Co(H2O)4Cl2] Cl.2H2O
Q.30 The ratio of mass percent of C and H of an organic compound (CXHYOZ) is 6 : 1. If one molecule of the
above compound (CXHYOZ) contains half as much oxygen as required to burn one molecule of compound
CXHY completely to CO2 and H2O. The empirical formula of compound CXHYOZ is :
[JEE Main 2018]
(A) C3H4O2 (B) C2H4O3 (C) C3H6O3 (D) C2H4O
EXERCISE-4
(Potential Problems Based on CBSE)
Very Short Answer Question :
Q.1 What is the S.I. unit of density?
Q.2 What is one a.m.u. or one ‘u’?
Q.3 Which isotope of carbon is used for getting relative atomic masses?
Q.4 Write down the empirical formula of acetic acid.
Short Answer Question :

Q.5 What will be the mass of one atom of C-12 in grams?
Q.6 Calculate the mass percent of calcium, phosphorus and oxygen in calcium phosphate Ca3(PO4)2.
Q.7 If two elements can combine to form more than one compound, the masses of one element that combine
with a fixed mass of the other element, are in whole number ratio.
(a) Is this statement true ?
(b) If yes, according to which law ?
(c) Give one example related to this law
Q.8 Calculate the average atomic mass of hydrogen using the following data :
Isotope % Natural abundance Molar mass
1H 99.985 1
2H 0.015 2
Q.9 What is the symbol for SI unit of mole? How is the mole defined?
Q.10 45.4 L of dinitrogen reacted with 22.7 L of dioxygen and 45.4 L of nitrous oxide was formed. The
reaction is given below:
2N2(g) + O2(g)  2N2O(g)
Which law is being obeyed in this experiment? Write the statement of the law?
Q.11 The reactant which is entirely consumed in reaction is known as limiting reagent. In the reaction
2A + 4B  3C + 4D, when 5 moles of A react with 6 moles of B, then
(i) Which is the limiting reagent? (ii) Calculate the amount of C formed?
Long Answer Question :

Q.12 A vessel contains 1.6g of dioxygen at STP (273.15K, 1atm pressure). The gas is now transferred to
another vessel at constant temperature, where pressure becomes half of the original pressure.
Calculate : (i) volume of the new vessel (ii) number of molecules of dioxygen.
Q.13 Calcium carbonate reacts with aqueous HCl to give CaCl2 and CO2 according to the reaction?
CaCO3 (s) + 2HCl (aq)  CaCl2(aq) + CO2(g) + H2O (l)
What mass of CaCl2 will be formed when 250 mL of 0.76 M HCl reacts with 100 g of CaCO3?
Name the limiting reagent. Calculate the number of moles of CaCl2 formed in the reaction.
Q.14 A box contains some identical red coloured balls, labelled as A, each weighing 2 gm. Another box
contains identical blue coloured balls, labelled as B, each weighing 5 gm. Consider the combinationsAB,
AB2, A2B andA2B3 and show that law of multiple proportions is applicable.
Q.15 Define the law of multiple proportions. Explain it with two examples. How does this law point to the
existance of atoms?
Objective Type :
Q.16 Ameasured temperature on Fahrenheit scale is 200°F. What will this reading be on Celsius scale?
(A) 40°C (B) 94°C (C) 93.3°C (D) 30°C
Q.17 What will be the molarity of a solution, which contains 5.85 g of NaCl(s) per 500 mL?
(A) 4 mol L–1 (B) 20 mol L–1 (C) 0.2 mol L–1 (D) 2 mol L–1
Q.18 The number of atoms present in one mole of an element is equal to Avogadro number. Which of the
following element contains the greatest number of atoms?
(A) 4g He (B) 46g Na (C) 0.40g Ca (D) 12g He
Q.19 What is the mass percent of carbon in carbon dioxide?

(A) 0.034% (B) 27.27% (C) 3.4% (D) 28.7%
Q.20 Which of the following statements is correct about the reaction given below:
4Fe(s) + 3O2(g)  2Fe2O3(g)
(A) Total mass of iron and oxygen in reactants = total mass of iron and oxygen in product therefore it
follows law of conservation of mass.
(B) Total mass of reactants = total mass of product; therefore, law of multiple proportions is followed.
(C) Amount of Fe2O3 can be increased by taking any one of the reactants (iron or oxygen) in excess.
(D)Amount of Fe2O3 produced will decrease if the amount of any one of the reactants (iron or oxygen)
is taken in excess.
More than one correct :

Q.21 One mole of oxygen gas at STP is equal to _______.
(A) 6.022 × 1023 molecules of oxygen (B) 6.022 × 1023 atoms of oxygen
(C) 16 g of oxygen (D) 32 g of oxygen
Matching type :
Q.22 Match the following:
Column I Column II
(A) 88g of CO2 (P) 0.25 mol
(B) 6.022 × 1023 molecules of H2O (Q) 2 mol
(C) 5.6 litres of O2 at STP (R) 1 mol
(D) 96 g of O2 (S) 6.022 × 1023 molecules
(E) 1 mol of any gas (T) 3 mol
EXERCISE-5 (RANK BOOSTER)

Single Correct :
Q.1 The minimum mass of mixture ofA2 and B4 required to produce at least 1 kg of each product is :
(Given At. mass of 'A' = 10 ; At. mass of 'B' = 120)
5A2 + 2B4 
 2AB2 + 4A2B
(A) 2120 gm (B) 1060 gm (C) 560 gm (D) 1660 gm
Q.2 Similar to the % labelling of oleum, a mixture of H3PO4 and P4O10 is labelled as (100 + x) % where x is
the maximum mass of water which can react with P4O10 present in 100 gm mixture of H3PO4 and
P4O10. If such a mixture is labelled as 127 %. Mass of P4O10 in 100 gm of mixture, is
(A) 71 gm (B) 47 gm (C) 83 gm (D) 35 gm
Q.3 If 50 gm oleum sample rated as 118% is mixed with 18 gm water, then the correct option is
(A) The resulting solution contains 18 gm of water and 118 gm H2SO4
(B) The resulting solution contains 9 gm water and 59 gm H2SO4
(C) The resulting solution contains only 118 gm pure H2SO4
(D) The resulting solution contains 68 gm of pure H2SO4
Q.4 Pure sulphur was burnt. the gaseous products are SO2 = 60%(mol), SO3 = 20% (mol) and O2 = 20%
(mol). If initially 50 moles of sulphur was taken then how many moles of O2 should be taken.
(A) 110 (B) 68.75 (C) 55 (D) 50
Q.5 12.5gm of fuming H2SO4 (labelled as 112%) is mixed with 100 lit water. Molar concentration of H+ in
resultant solution is :
[Note :Assume that H2SO4 dissociate completely and there is no change in volume on mixing]
2 2 3 3
(A) (B) (C) (D)
700 350 350 700
Q.6 The relative density of a mixture of CO2 (g) & H2O (g) w.r.t. gaseous hydrogen atoms is 30. The mol %
of the CO2 is
600 2400 1200
(A) (B) % (C) (D) None of these
13 13 13
Q.7 A definite amount of gaseous hydrocarbon was burnt with just sufficient amount of O2. The volume of all
reactants was 600 ml, after the explosion the volume of the products [CO2(g) and H2O(g)] was found
to be 700 ml under the similar conditions. The molecular formula of the compound is
(A) C3H8 (B) C3H6 (C) C3H4 (D) C4H10
Q.8 The % by volume of C4H10 in a gaseous mixture of C4H10, CH4 and CO is 40. When 200 ml of the
mixture is burnt in excess of O2. Find volume (in ml) of CO2 produced.
(A) 220 (B) 340 (C) 440 (D) 560
Q.9 For the following reaction :N2O5(g) + O2(g) 40

 %
 2NO2(g) + O3(g)
NO2(g) + O2(g) 50 %
 NO(g) + O3(g)
If initially 20 moles of N2O5 and 30 moles of O2 are taken then calculate sum of moles of O2 and O3
after the reaction.
(A) 16 (B) 21 (C) 27 (D) 30
Assertion Reason:
Q.10 Statement -1 : 2A + 3B  C
4/3 moles of 'C' are always produced when 3 moles of 'A' & 4 moles of 'B' are
added irrespective of percentage yield of the reaction.
Statement -2 : 'B' is the liming reactant for the given data.
More than one correct :

Q.11 A mixture of 100 ml of CO, CO2 and O2 was sparked. When the resulting gaseous mixture was passed
through KOH solution, contraction in volume was found to be 80 ml, the composition of initial mixture
may be (in the same order)
(A) 30 ml, 60 ml, 10 ml (B) 30 ml, 50 ml, 20 ml
(C) 50 ml, 30 ml, 20 ml (D) 30 ml, 40 ml, 30 ml
Comprehension:
A 10 ml mixture of N2, a alkane & O2 undergo combustion in Eudiometry tube. There was contraction
of 2 ml, when residual gases are passed through KOH. To the remaining mixture comprising of only one
gas excess H2 was added & after combustion the gas produced is absorbed by water, causing a reduction
in volume of 8 ml.
Q.12 Gas produced after introduction of H2 in the mixture?
(A) H2O (B) CH4 (C) CO2 (D) NH3
Q.13 Volume of N2 present in the mixture?

(A) 2 ml (B) 4 ml (C) 6 ml (D) 8 ml
Q.14 Volume of O2 remained after the first combustion?

(A) 4 ml (B) 2 ml (C) 0 (D) 8 ml
Q.15 Identify the hydrocarbon.

(A) CH4 (B) C2H6 (C) C3H8 (D) C4H10

A gaseous mixture of Cl2, ClOP (P an integer) and NH3 in the molar ratio 1 : 4 : 6 having a total volume
110ml is taken and underwent sparking I, causing only decomposition of oxide of chlorine to Cl2 (gas)
and O2 (gas) resulting a rise in volume by 20 ml. On sparking II only partial decomposition of NH3 took
place and the resulting mixture on passing through water showed a contraction by 20 ml. On sparking III
of the resulting mixture some drops of water were formed with only one more product and the mixture
when passed through KOH (absorbs Cl2 only) showed no volume change. From this information calculate
Q.16 Formula of oxide of chlorine
(A) ClO2 (B) Cl2O (C) ClO (D) Cl2O7
Q.17 Percentage decomposition of NH3 on sparking

(A) 66.67 (B) 33.33 (C) 50% (D) none of these
Q.18 Reactions which would have occured on sparking III(one or more than one)
(A) H2 + Cl2  HCl (B) 3H2 + N2  2NH3
1
(C) H2 + O2  H2O(l) (D) Data insufficient
2
Q.19 Volume change that would be observed when the mixture after III sparking is over is passed (through
alkaline pyragallol).
(A) 25 (B) 10 (C) 45 (D) none of these
Match the column :

Q.20 Br2 reacts with O2 in either of the following ways depending upon supply of O2.
1 3
Br2 + O2  Br2O ; Br2 + O2  Br2O3
2 2
Match composition of the final mixture for initial amount of reactants.
Column I Column II
(Initial reactants) (Final product)
(A) 320 gm Br2 is mixed with 64 gm of O2 (P) 1 mole Br2O3
1 1
(B) 160 gm Br2 is mixed with 8 gm of O2 (Q) mole (Br2O), mole (Br2)
2 2
(C) 80 gm Br2 is mixed with 32 gm O2 (R) 1 mole (Br2O), 1 mole (Br2O3)
1 1
(D) 160 gm Br2 is mixed with 48 gm O2 (S) mole (Br2O3) , mole (O2)
2 4
Subjective :
MOLE CONCEPTS
Q.21 A mixture of Ferric oxide (Fe2O3) and Al is used as a solid rocket fuel which reacts to give Al2O3 and
Fe. No other reactants and products are involved. On complete reaction of 1 mole of Fe2O3, 200 units
of energy is released.
(i) Write a balance reaction representing the above change.
(ii) What should be the ratio of masses of Fe2O3 andAl taken so that maximum energy per
unit mass of fuel is released.
(iii) What would be energy released if 16 kg of Fe2O3 reacts with 2.7 kg of Al.
Q.22 In one process for waterproofing, a fabric is exposed to (CH3)2SiCl2 vapour. The vapour reacts with
hydroxyl groups on the surface of the fabric or with traces of water to form the waterproofing film
[(CH3)2SiO]n, by the reaction
n(CH3)2SiCl2 + 2nOH–  2nCl– + nH2O + [(CH3)2SiO]n
where n stands for a large integer. The waterproofing film is deposited on the fabric layer upon layer.
Each layer is 6.0 Å thick [ the thickness of the (CH3)2SiO group]. How much (CH3)2 SiCl2 is needed to
waterproof one side of a piece of fabric, 1.00 m by 3.70 m, with a film 300 layers thick ? The density of
the film is 1.0 g/cm3. (Si = 28)
Q.23 A 10 g sample of a mixture of calcium chloride and sodium chloride is treated with Na2CO3 to precipitate
calcium as calcium carbonate. This CaCO3 is heated to convert all the calcium to CaO and the final mass
of CaO is 1.12gm. Calculate % by mass of NaCl in the original mixture.
Q.24 124 gm of mixture containing NaHCO3, AlCl3 & KNO3 requires 500 ml, 8% w/w NaOH solution
[dNaOH = 1.8 gm/ml] for complete neutralisation. On heating same amount of mixture, it shows loss in
weight of 18.6 gm. Calculate % composition of mixture by moles. Weak base formed doesn't interfere
in reaction.Assume KNO3 does not decompose under given conditions.
Q.25 Chloride samples are prepared for analysis by using NaCl, KCl and NH4Cl separately or as mixture.
What minimum volume of 5 % by weightAgNO3 solution(sp.gr, 1.02 g ml–1) must be added to a sample
of 0.321 gm in order to ensure complete precipitation of chloride in every possible case?
Q.26 A mixture of nitrogen and hydrogen, in the ratio of one mole of nitrogen to three moles of hydrogen, was
partially converted into NH3 so that the final product was a mixture of all these three gases. The mixture
was to have a density of 0.46 g per litre at 27°C and 1.00 atm. What would be the mass of gas in
22.4 litres at 1 atm and 273 K? Calculate the % composition of this gaseous mixture, by volume.
Q.27 In order to determine the composition of a mixture of halides containing MBr2 & NaI, 14 gm mixture
was dissolved in water. To this solutionAgNO3 solution of certain molarity was added gradually. The
mass of precipitate produced (in gm) were measured and it was plotted against volume of AgNO3
solution added (in ml). If it known that AgI is precipitated first. Precipitation of Br– does not start until
the already precipitating I– precipitates completely. Find out the value of ABCD where :
AB = Atomic weight of metal 'M'
CD = Mole percent of NaI in original mixture.
Total 24.44
Mass
of
ppt. formed 9.4
(in gm)
40 120
Vol.of AgNO 3 added
(in ml)
Q.28 Equal weights of mercury and iodine are allowed to react completelyto form a mixture of mercurous and
mercuric iodide leaving none of the reactants. Calculate the ratio by mole of Hg2I2 and HgI2 formed
(Hg = 200 , I = 127)
Q.29 For a hypothetical chemical reaction represented by

3A(g)  C(g) + D(g) , the following informations are known.
Information
(i) At t = 0, only 1 mole of A is present and the gas has V.D. = 60.
(ii) At t =30 min, the gaseous mixture consist of all three gases and has a vapour density = 75.
(iii) Molecular Mass of C = 200
Calculate
(a) Molecular weight ofAand D.
(b) Moles of each specie at t = 30 min.
Q.30 Consider the following set of reactions
( )n
If 0.1 moles of silver salt is taken & wt. of residue obtained is 54 gms then what will be the molecular
mass of
CH 3 —  CH  — CH 3
| 
 Br 
 n
Q.31 The molecular mass of an organic acid was determined by the study of its barium salt. The barium salt
contains two moles of water of hydration per Ba+2 ion. 2.562 g of this salt reacts completely with 30 ml
of 0.2 M H2SO4 to produce BaSO4 and the acid. The acid is mono basic. What is molecular mass of
anhydrous acid ? 'x' M solution represent that there is 'x' mole of solute per litre of solution
(Atomic mass of Ba = 137)
CONCENTRATION TERMS
Q.32 1292.5 gm of 5 m NaCl solution is kept in a bucket. The bucket is placed under a tap from which a 2m
NaCl solution is flowing. Calculate the time (in seconds) after which the bucket will have a concentration
of 4m if rate of flow of solution from tap is 0.5 gm/sec. (Round of the answer to nearest integer)
Q.33 Asolution contain substancesAand B in H2O (solvent). The mole fraction of 'A' is 0.05 and molarity of
'B' is 7 M. The solution has density 1.14 gm/ml.
Calculate "molarityofA".
[Molecular weight ofA= 10 gm/mol; molecular weight of B = 30 gm/mol]
Q.34 What volume of 0.2 M NaOH (in ml) solution should be mixed to 500 ml of 0.5 M NaOH solution so
that 300 ml of final solution is completely neutralised by 20 ml of 2 M H3PO4 solution.
[Assuming 100% dissociation of acid as well as base]
Q.35 How much minimum volume of 0.1 M aluminium sulphate solution should be added to excess calcium
nitrate to obtain atleast 4.08 gm of each salt in the reaction.
Al2(SO4)3 + 3Ca(NO3)2  2Al(NO3)3 + 3CaSO4
Q.36 A sample of fuming sulphuric acid containing H2SO4, SO3 and SO2 weighing 1.00 gm is found to require
23.4 mL of 1.00 M alkali (NaOH) for neutralisation. A separate sample shows the presence of 3.2%
SO2. Find the percentage of “free” SO3, H2SO4 and “combined” SO3in the sample.
Q.37 One litre of milk weighs 1.035 kg. The butter fat is 10% (v/v) of milk has density of 875 kg/m3. The
density of fat free skimed milk is?
Q.38 100 ml of 0.1 M solution of AB ( d = 1.5 gm/ml) is mixed with 100 ml of 0.2 M solution of CB2
(d = 2.5 gm/ml). Calculate the molarity of B¯ in final solution if the density of final solution is 2 gm/ml.
Assume AB and CB2 are non reacting & dissociates completely into A+, B¯, C+2.
Q.39 An aqueous solution of acid having specific gravity 1.6, is 72% by weight. What will be % by weight of
the solution of same acid if it is diluted to specific gravity 1.2 ?
Q.40 An aqueous solution consisting of 5 M BaCl2, 58.5% w/v NaCl solution & 2m Na2X has a density of
1.949 gm/ml. Calculate molar concentration of Cl¯ , Na+ , total anion and cation.
[Assume 100% dissociation of each salt and molecular mass of X2– is 96]
Q.41 60 ml of a "x" % w/w alcohol by weight (d = 0.6 g/cm3) must be used to prepare 200 cm3 of 12%
alcohol by weight (d = 0.90 g/cm3). Calculate the value of "x"?
Q.42 If 0.5 M methanol undergo self dissociation like CH3OH  CH3O– + H+ & if concentration of H+ is
2.5 × 10–4 M then calculate % dissociation of methanol.
EUDIOMETRY
Q.43 10 mL of gaseous organic compound contain C, H and O only was mixed with 100 mL of O2 and
exploded under identical conditions and then cooled. The volume left after cooling was 90 mL. On
treatment with KOH a contraction of 20 mL was observed. If vapour density of compound is 23, derive
molecular formula of the compound.
Q.44 A mixture of H2, N2 & O2 occupying 100 ml underwent reaction so as to form H2O2 (l) and N2H2 (g)
as the only products, causing the volume to contract by 60 ml. The remaining mixture was passed
through pyrogallol causing a contraction of 10 ml. To the remaining mixture excess H2 was added and
the above reaction was repeated, causing a reduction in volume of 10 ml. Identify the composition of the
initial mixture in mol %. (No other products are formed)
Q.45 The vapours of organic compound was burnt in oxygen. Equal volume of both gaseous substance were
taken at same pressure and temperature. After the reaction, the system was returned to the original
condition and it turn out that its volume has not changed. The product of combustion contain 50%
CO2 (g) and 50% H2O (g) by volume and no other gas. Find the molecular weight of organic compound
(in gram/mol) in question.
Q.46 0.9 gm of a volatile solid organic compound (molecular weight = 90) containing carbon, hydrogen and
oxygen was heated with 224 ml oxygen at 1atm & 273 K.After combustion, the total volume of gases
was 560 ml at 1 atm & 273 K. On treatment with KOH, the volume decreased to 112 ml. Determine the
formula of the organic compound.
Q.47 A 20.0 cm3 mixture of CO, CH4 and He gases is exploded by an electric discharge at room temperature
with excess of oxygen. The volume contraction is found to be 13.0 cm3. Afurther contraction of 14.0
cm3 occurs when the residual gas is treated with KOH solution. Find out the composition of the gaseous
mixture in terms of volume percentage.
Q.48 A mixture of C5H8 and H2 gas was placed in a container at a constant temperature. Initial volume of
mixture was 40 ml. Sparking the mixture caused hydrogenation reaction
C5H8 (g) + 2H2(g)  C5H12(g)
Causing a decrease in volume by 24 ml. Excess of O2 was then added and on sparking the volume
further decreased by 60 ml. Calculate volume of each gas in original mixture.Assuming that all volumes
are measured at same temperature and pressure.
Q.49 A mixture of H2 and butene (C4H8) was collected in a Eudiometer tube. Then, 80 ml of oxygen were
also introduced. The resulting mixture of all the gases was exploded. After cooling resulting gaseous
mixture passes through KOH solution which caused a contraction of 32 ml and 16 ml of oxygen alone
were left behind.
(a) Calculate total volume of initial mixture.
(b) Calculate percentage volume of butyne in original gas mixture.
(c) Calculate contraction in volume (after explosion and cooling of resulting mixture).
ANSWER KEY
EXERCISE-1
Q.1 (a) 34.2 g (b) 0.75 (c) NHCOOH = 10–6 × NA (d) NNatoms = 0.4 NA
(e) 1.8 × 10–2 × NA (f) 2 (g) wCdS = 0.289 g (h) 500 g
(i)  0.9 g (j) 7.22 g (k) n SO 24  = 0.15NA (l) n Ca  2 = 0.06NA
(m) 0.5 (n) 1 (o) 29.556 (p) 2
Q.2 (a) 0.1 NA = 6.022 × 1022 (b) 0.12 NA
Q.3 P V n Temperature
(i) 16.628 × 103 Pa 15 L 0.1 27°C
(ii) 0.1642 atm 42 L 0.42 mol 200K
(iii) 304 torr 4.926 L 4 × 10–2 327°C
(iv) 380 mmHg 24.63 L 0.5 mol 300K
600
Q.4 Q.5 70 ml Q.6 6.4% Q.7 2:5
13
Q.8 1.2 × 1023 Q.9 2.34 g/L Q.10 Ptotal = 0.3284 atm
Q.11 20.8 g Q.12 0.12 Q..13 1435.3 g
Q.14 (a) 32 g (b) 8 g (c) 4 (d) 44.8 g/mol
Q.17 (a) C2H6O (b) Fe2O3 (c) CH2O Q.18 (a) C6H12 (b) NH2Cl
Q.19 (a) Empirical formula : C3H8O; (b) Molecular formula : C9H24O3
Q.20 C 3H 6N 2 Q.21 0.16 NA Q.22 30.7 Q.23 120
1
Q.24 M+ Q.25 38.15 amu Q.26 fractional abundances = 0.6, 0.4
3
Q.28 (a) 2.4L (b) 6 atm (c) 9.2 atm Q.29 116.8 gm
Q.30 264 × 1010 Q.31 27.6 gm Q.32 51.723 litre
Q.33 (a) (M C14H9Cl5  3) = 354.5 × 3 = 1063.5 g (b) Chloral is LR, Chlorobenzene is in excess.
(c) (4 × 112.5) = 450 g (d) 33.33%
Q.34 w CCl = 154 gm ; w = 24 gm

4 c
Q.35 (a) both will get completely consumed, 50 molecules of H2O

(b) O2, 80 molecules of H2O.
(c) H2, 100 molecules of H2O.
(d) H2, 0.5 moles of H2O.
(e) H2, 0.8 moles of H2O.
(f) O2, 8 g of H2O.
(g) H2, 45 g of H2O.
Q.36 Fe2O3(s) + 2Al(s)  2Fe(s) + Al2O3(s)
(a) t = tf 1 mol 0 2 mol 1 mol
(b) t = tf 3 mol 0 4 mol 2 mol
(c) t = tf 5 mol 0 10 mol 5 mol
(d) t = tf 0 0.5mol 0.5 mol 0.25 mol
Q.37 wKCl require = 372.5 gm ; w Cl2 produce = 177.5 gm
Q.38 Mass of nHCN = 3825 g; Mass of n H 2O = 7650 g Q.39 90 L

Q.40 (a) 1400 g, (b) 25% Q.41 142.5 gm Q.42 (a) 68 g (b) 25%
Q.43 11.4 Q.44 39.18% Q.45 65 % Q.46 61.5 gm
Q.47 1 Q.48 (a) 63.33 g (b) 31.67 Q.49 0.39
Q.50 8.36 g Q.51  5.8 g Q.52 3.52 g Q.53 w SiO2 = 0.48 g
Q.54 2 Q.55 180 Q.56 6 Q.57 3.6 gm
Q.58 87.5 g/mol Q.59 Al = 66.6% Q.60 CaCO3 = 28.4%; MgCO3 = 71.6%
Q.61 NaHCO3 = 16.8 %; Na2CO3 = 83.2 % Q.62 60%
Q.63 NaHCO3 = 63 % , NaCl = 37% Q.64 wHCN = 27 g Q.65 640.0 gm
Q.66 490 gm Q.67 (a) 142 gm (b) 39.6 gm Q.68 48 %, 20 %
Q.69 9.3 % Q.70 56% Q.71 4% Q.72 10 %
Q.73 56% Q.74 1.1 gm Q.75 mco : m co 2 = 21 : 111
1
Q.76 (a) 0.444 (b) (c) ng < 0 moles of gas decreases so vapor density increases with progress.
3
Q.77 (a) 0.5 M, (b) 0.5 M, (c) 0.2 M Q.78 1.5 m Q.79 16.67%
Q.80 1.288 gm/ml Q.81 (a) 4.14 (b) 20 % (c) 30% (d) 0.0697  0.07
Q.82 (a) 2.37 (b) 2.08 (c) 9.83 Q.83 (a) 0.15 (b) 0.016 mol (c) 0.06 (d) 0.4 (e) 0.5
Q.84 (a) 32.25% (b) 6.67 (c) 3
Q.85 (i) 0.66 M, (ii) 1M (iii) 5M (iv) 3.33M (v) 2.2M (vi) 1.6M
Q.86 2.7 × 10–4m Q.87 0.15 M Q.88 0.06 M Q.89 0.8
Q.90 1.25 gm/ml Q.91 45.45% Q.92 3.0×10–3 M Q.93 0.67 m, 0.67 m
Q.94 Aqueous Density(g/ml) Mass% of solute m M Mole fraction

solution of solute(X)
Urea 1.2 20 4.17 4 0.069
Acetic acid 1.2 40 11.11 8 0.167
HCl 1.5 30 11.74 12.32 0.174
Ammonia 1.25 20 14.70 14.70 0.21
Q.95 (i) 35.71%, (ii) 0.166 (iii) 6.25 M (iv) 11.11 m Q.96 (a) 2.22 M (b) 2M
Q.97 1.5 Q.98 1.6 litre Q.99 200 ml Q.100 2 M
Q.101 1.5 ml Q.102 3.63 m Q.103 0.05 Q.104 0.204 M

3
Q.105 5.56 ml Q.106 (a) 3; (b)
5
Q.107 (i) 20 gm ; (ii) 35.4 gm ; (iii) H2SO4= 35.4 gm, H2O = 34.6gm
Q.108 40 % Q.109 (a) 0.169; (b) 118 % Q.110 44.8 V
Q.111 (a) 0.45; (b) 109 Q.112 5ml, 2ml, 3ml Q.113 10 ml
Q.114 NO = 44 ml; N2O = 16 ml Q.115 O 3 Q.116 NH3
Q.117 C2H2 = 6 ml, CO = 14 ml Q.118 30 ml Q.119 70 ml
Q.120 CH4 = 4.5 ml, CO2 = 1.5 ml Q.121 C2H2 = 16 ml, CO = 24 ml
Q.122 0.2,0.2,0.3,0.3
EXERCISE-2
(i) 50% (ii) 25% (iii) 0.75 (iv) Acidic
(v) –4
0.331, 2.25 × 10 , 2.81, 0.0482, 321, 5.72
Q.1 A Q.2 A Q.3 C Q.4 C Q.5 B
Q.6 A Q.7 B Q.8 C Q.9 B Q.10 C
Q.11 B Q.12 C Q.13 B Q.14 B Q.15 C
Q.16 B Q.17 C Q.18 D Q.19 A Q.20 A
Q.21 D Q.22 D Q.23 B Q.24 A Q.25 A
Q.26 A Q.27 C Q.28 C Q.29 B Q.30 A
Q.31 D Q.32 B Q.33 D Q.34 ACD Q.35 AC
Q.36 BD Q.37 BD Q.38 AC
Q.39 D Q.40 (A) Q , (B) R, (C) P, S Q.41 (A) Q; (B) P; (C) S; (D) R
Q.42 (A) P,R,S (B) P,Q (C) Q,T (D) S
Q.43 B Q.44 A Q.45 B Q.46 B Q.47 D
Q.48 B Q.49 B Q.50 A Q.51 B Q.52 C
Q.53 D
EXERCISE-3
SECTION-A
Q.1 123 g/mol Q.2 7.092 × 107 g
Q.3 C Q.4 D
Q.5 55.5 mol L–1 Q.6 5 × 10–19 m2 Q.7 1008 gm Q.8 2 Q.9 7
Q.10 6 Q.11 C Q.12 6 Q.13 8 Q.14 4
Q.15 8 Q.16 9
SECTION-B
Q.1 A Q.2 C Q.3 C Q.4 D Q.5 C
Q.6 B Q.7 C Q.8 C Q.9 C Q.10 C
Q.11 D Q.12 D Q.13 D Q.14 C Q.15 C
Q.16 A Q.17 C Q.18 D Q.19 C Q.20 A
Q.21 A Q.22 B Q.23 C Q.24 C Q.25 C
Q.26 C Q.27 A Q.28 B Q.29 D Q.30 B

EXERCISE-4
Q.1 Kg m–3 Q.2 1 a.m.u. Q.3 C–12 Q.4 CH2O
Q.5 1.992 × 10–23 gm Q.6 Ca = 38.71%, P = 20.0%, O = 41.29%
Q.7 (a) Yes, the given statement is true

(b) True, Law of multiple proportions.
(c) Carbon and oxygen combine to form CO and CO2
2C + O2  2CO
2 × 12g 32g carbon monoxide
C + O2  CO 2
12g 32g carbon dioxide
{( Natural abundance of 1H  molar mass) 

( Natural abundance of 2 H  molar mass of 2 H )}
Q.8 AverageAtomic mass =
100
99.985  1  0.015  2
= = 1.00015 u
100
Q.9 Symbol for SI Unit of mole is mol. One mole is defined as the amount of a substance that contains as
many particles or entities as there are atoms in exactly 12 g (0.012 kg) of the 12C isotope.
Q.10 According to Gay Lussac’s law of gaseous volumes, gases combine or are produced in a chemical
reaction in a simple ratio by volume, provided that all gases are at the same temperature and pressure.
Q.11 2A + 4B  3C + 4D
According to the above equation, 2 mols of ‘A’require 4 mols of ‘B’for the reaction.
4 mol of B
Hence, for 5 mols of ‘A’, the moles of ‘B’ required = 5 mol of A × 2 mol of A = 10 mol B
But we have only6 mols of ‘B’, hence, ‘B’ is the limiting reagent. So amount of ‘C’ formed is determined
by amount of ‘B’. Since 4 mols of ‘B’ give 3 mols of ‘C’. Hence 6 mols of ‘B’ will give
3 mol of C
6 mol of B × 4 mol of B = 4.5 mol of C
Q.12 (i) 2.24L (ii) 3.011 × 1022
Q.13 Mass CaCl2 = 10.545 gm, HCl will be limiting reagent, 0.095 mol
Q.14 Combination AB AB2 A2B A2B3

Mass of A(g) 2 2 4 4
Mass of B(g) 5 10 5 15
 Masses of B which combine with fixed mass of A(say 4 g) will be 10 g, 20 g, 5 g and 15 g i.e., they
are in the ratio 2 : 4 : 1 : 3 which is a simple whole number ratio. Hence, the law of multiple proportions
is applicable.
Q.16 C Q.17 C Q.18 D Q.19 B
Q.20 A Q.21 AD Q.22 (A) Q (B) R (C) P (D) T (E) S

EXERCISE-5
Q.1 A Q.2 A Q.3 B Q.4 B Q.5 A
Q.6 A Q.7 A Q.8 C Q.9 D Q.10 C
Q.11 AB Q.12 D Q.13 B Q.14 C Q.15 A
Q.16 A Q.17 A Q.18 AC Q.19 A
Q.20 (A) R, (B) Q , (C) S , (D) P
Q.21 (i) Fe2O3 + 2 Al  Al2O3 + 2Fe; (ii) 80 : 27; (iii)10,000 units
Q.22 1.161 gram Q.23 %NaCl = 77.8%
Q.24 AlCl3 = 33.33%; NaHCO3 = 50%; KNO3 = 16.67% Q.25 20 ml
Q.26 11.33gm, N2 = 16.67 % H2 = 50%, NH3 = 33.33% Q.27 4050
Q.28 1 : 2.70 Q.29 (a) MA = 120, MD = 160; (b)nA = 0.4, nC= 0.2 , nD =0.2
Q.30 495 Q.31 128 Q.32 1117 Q.33 3
Q.34 250 ml Q.35 100 ml
Q.36 H2SO4 = 39.2%, Free SO3 = 57.6%, combined SO3 = 32% Q.37 1052.78 kg/m3
Q.38 0.25M Q.39 32%
Q.40 Cl– = 20 M, Na+ = 11 M, Total anions = 20.5 M, Total cations = 16 M
Q.41 60 Q.42 0.05% Q.43 C2H6O Q.44 N2= 30 ml, H2 = 40 ml
Q.45 30 Q.46 C 2H 2O 4
Q.47 CO = 50%, CH4 = 20%, He = 30% Q.48 16 ml, 24 ml
Q.49 (a) 40 ml, (b) 20%, (c) 72 ml

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JEE (MAIN+ADVANCED)

SOME BASIC CONCEPTS IN CHEMISTRY

EXERCISE 3 A  Collection of previous years JEE (Advance) problems.

TENTATIVE LECTURE SCHEDULE

Lec-2: Methods for mole calculation, Laws of chemical combination.

Lec-4: Stoichiometric calculations (advance), concept of POAC.

Lec-7: Stoichiometric problems involving concentration terms.

* Tutorial sheet discussion should be done along with completion of theory.

A mole is something that

CHEMISTRY – STUDY OF MATTER

 TEACHER’S ADVICE:

1. LAWS OF CHEMICAL COMBINATION

1.2 Law of constant composition [Proust]

1.3 Law of multiple proportions [Dalton]

1.4 Law of reciprocal proportions [Richter]

1.5 Gay Lussac law of combining volumes [Gay Lussac]

"Wonder these laws are useful?"

"These are no longer useful in chemical calculations now but gives an

idea of earlier methods of analysing and relating compounds by mass."

2. BASIC DEFINITION INVOLVED

[Mass of an atom of the element] Mass of an atom in amu

Can you calculate value of 1 amu in gram?

Be clear in the difference between 1 amu and 1 gm.

2.3 Gram atomic mass

The % obtained by above expression (used in above expression) is by

number (i.e. its a mole%)

Mass of one molecule of the substance (in amu)

Make yourselves clear in the difference between mole% and mass% in

question related to above.

Shortcut for % determination if average atomic weight is given for X

having isotopes XA & XB.

Average atomic weight  wt of X B

Try working out of such a shortcut for XA, XB, XC

1 mole of atoms is also termed as 1 gm-atom, 1 mole of ions is termed as 1 gm-ion

and 1 mole of molecule termed as 1 gm-molecule.

1 mole of any gas at STP occupies 22.7 litre.

Gases do not have volume. What is meant by "Volume of gas"?

Do not use this expression (PV = nRT) for solids/liquids.

How would I calculate moles if volume of a solid is given?

4. EMPIRICAL FORMULA, MOLECULAR FORMULA :

4.2 Relation between the two : Molecular formula = Empirical formula × n

Check out the importance of each step involved in calculations of empirical

4.3 Vapour density :

Can you prove the above expression?

Is the above parameter temperature dependent?

5. STOICHIOMETRY : Stoichiometry pronounced (“stoy – key – om – e – tree”) is the calculations of

6. CONCEPT OF LIMITING REAGENT.

solving any such reactions,first step is to calculate L.R.

6.2 Calculation of Limiting Reagent :

such incomplete reactions is given by [% yield × given moles of limiting reagent]

converted to product (desired) and waste.

8. SOME EXPERIMENTAL METHODS :

care of units of specific heat.

8.2 Quantitative Analysis

8.3 For molecular mass determination :

(b) Silver salt method : (for organic acids)

This is one good practical application of POAC.

(c) Chloroplatinate salt method : (for organic bases)

1.1 General concentraction term :

Which of these are temperature dependent?