Mes 05

Download as pdf or txt
Download as pdf or txt
You are on page 1of 19

Francesco Di Maria: “Management of Energy Conversion Systems” - Introduction

no to
reputaronopower
tap FUNDAMENTALS OF THERMAL MACHINE
howthermal theyare
machine worksthey are uno important theoneplanesthat wecantune
950 Fundamentals
Tgif Therma _ForINEBASICEuro Production wenessunothe Day

231
Etf • 1ST
BASIC LAWOFThermodynamics
and 2nd Laws of thermodynamic
rutinabowre
• Thermodynamic functions
veto • Carnot cycle EEEE un HEINIE
weinvano a
• Thermodynamic transformations

iii
Interno turn t.no Wire
e grass Il Thoma
nel buio nuclear pants in inventa and sees entro Nem
NuclearARE Considered
foul Pollution is a unites source
01 carbon dioxide tritons
thermodynamics stuoieneath exchange amo niente
transformation

we don't unoerinano natura trenodynamics


humankind are are to export only tuo Kina of Labour

AT THE IND O tre

of c then
proudTMIMURE
Tue fan durante can
startrevolution 1
a
Francesco Di Maria: “Management of Energy Conversion Systems” - Introduction

1st LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS


QI
LEI
openvoters

Normatter notmanexchange
nortuma aaaa g un

• 1st Law: Conservation of energy. The internal Energy (U) of an isolated


system remains constant. Heat (Q) and Work (W) are two different
expression of the same thing.
workand Hedin are both averne
U = Q + W constant TheoARE verovinca

we cannotdetrae vero the amount of


EnergyEntering is the une amount of
eroe that is Exiting incudinecotal
we don't know which and of Energy

2
Francesco Di Maria: “Management of Energy Conversion Systems” - Introduction

Lana Q Botneucie
2nd LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS µ ButNotTHESame

you cantransform all workin netta medianica eera isthebesterror anionava


upwe
cancourttuono
u cannot Transform all nato a non notevennataAreteSametarature quantohorror
MATH
• 2nd Law: Quality of energy. Heat (Q) and Work (W) are different quality of
energy. Heat flows spontaneously from higher to lower T.

Inf Entropy = s (J/kg*K)


uwrutRoe nion.avaut

For a closed thermodynamic system, ideal and reversible process

adQ bJ
ds
Ita
de
ffà Ifor
Entropy measure degradation
Real sesta always produce an increase inentropy we cannot do anything vita entraaround
Winniethe temperature is too un
3
QB LOOKING PASTA

CE Mettono
anima
ffaa
Itizook
iii iii
Fire
Qafftwafono from
aaaa
za
aaaa
MA

we Destroy High QUALITY HATH INTO BAD QUANTI HEATH

when I look pasta I am producing entropy from good entrato


un quautt HEATH
Carson a thermodynamic point da ventun is a Bad transformatio
Francesco Di Maria: “Management of Energy Conversion Systems” - Introduction

temperature from a Pontdeview parere in abiura of


thermodynamic
temperature themoretenoneto
thesatem in deliveringreatotrecreatetue
Transfer HEATH work ma temperature
2nd LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS differenteteamarenot
in
leteiere o no difference
terra enuilianuranomeatm in temperature

pere it Anienemaximus
tarotmachine o tre
machine

impone in busno ma tre montitemperature


ma difference
trenonni in
• 2nd Law: Carnot cycle Efficient

Carnot Engine: “whenever there exists a difference of temperature, motive


power can be produced” invia titantron
Anauni
funzoom patiti i
It
cannot Transform AllTheteam in mechanical
toHook
varie nuncomaandthe istrue even if
ve sontHave losses

p
BRAN
I
Fino minimumtemperature
u nanna
art MACHINE ThermalMachine youhave to aiuttua il tou
Lamone maximum
and minimumtemperature una tenue non
Havebeen FixesitHasMaximum
Erano
4
tu InRio Tu www.m

ità
inteary even ifwe have smalltemperature difference
venera meccanica work to make

ale
electricity

a
we cannot so very mum vita te it is the ambient one it canbe tre temperature of the Aircareover
for to we have technological upper limitations
but tu can be modifies

the carrot machine achieve maximum efficiency achievable given


Tu ante
a Real Machine will have in anycase a lower Etruria
costs nel
it is impose that All the team transformed in workeven if we don'thave
Francesco Di Maria: “Management of Energy Conversion Systems” - Introduction

2nd LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS


Efficiency of the Carnot Engine (ideal):

Maximum efficiency achievable for a thermal machine operating among two


temperatures. thenwehave maximum
alsouse e theoretical
memoria Poum power WeRin Pouy

e quantify the Efficient of a carrot ravine

FINI about of a system to returnas muchoutput as


it an Givenaninitialeuro
e erano i A ratio
Mattel _Q.mg ttiatuacwap et since fourcannotbe zero for a
AL
THEN WORKING MAGNE
a
E I Iiii
aiutano a
Tff L Eroe themaravine I have
5
nn conditions that Alan me to have Efficiency L
N L T.im 00 no sense conditions
t o

N Ideal Conditions no losses

Qin Pour W Conservation of Energynolosses that donot ditenevate the Entrare we


knowthat there u a differenti

carrot TELLS Us that not an the energie Arethe same


ability to be
ne difference Bene THE two Energies forthe secondprinciples transformed in varie
of event arepossible thanks to a working euro
All transformations
weAre straying Aho what Happen to thenomineeumnoi onu tre componenti setue macine
Francesco Di Maria: “Management of Energy Conversion Systems” - Introduction

arenaeuro STATE VARIABLES AND THERMODYNAMIC


sonouses
gasair ora paretecoipunti FUNCTIONS
attraparun
canoe
status
he MeantUnionwaterseawater
affitto howcanwe estabam thecondition oftheworkingeuro
wehave to know some parametersstate variablesmovingthemve
knowthermodynamic conditionerormeworkingeuro
State variables (able to determine the thermodynamic status of a system):
- Pressure (Pa)
no of MYFun
- Temperature (K)
- Specific volume (m3/kg)/density (kg/m3)
VIT or
EST une Vit
For open systems (i.e. Systems exchanging mass with the environment):
emanarefunctions
Hentalpy (h) = kJ/kg
metano
EMODINAMICI
Entropy (s) = kJ/kg*K als
Pitivi
peanutfromstatevariano of
For ideal gas: ha T
h = cp*T q maa eee q pum water
s = Q/T heftp.tl.orap BeanareRepresentation
or tu function
Tor water wecanhavesore problemsLong coroucateservations
6
Francesco Di Maria: “Management of Energy Conversion Systems” - Introduction

STATE VARIABLES, THERMODYNAMIC


FUNCTIONS AND THERMODYNAMIC PLANS
DIAGRAM ARE

For water-steam T-s

mentale

Gentner
pong calculation ByHana is verydifficult
for water Ipategli doti not Proporli vorrei the relation io non unter
7
evaporates
ciarle aut
Francesco Di Maria: “Management of Energy Conversion Systems” - Introduction

STATE VARIABLES, THERMODYNAMIC


FUNCTIONS AND THERMODYNAMIC PLANS

For water-steam h-s

i
8
Francesco Di Maria: “Management of Energy Conversion Systems” - Introduction

THERMODYNAMIC PLANS IDEALCANES


A Relates

T-s
P-V it TEMPERATURE ENTROPY
pressure
VOLUME

the AreDivergenta IN
temperature Increase

IN A GASISIDEAL
ATIS THEAHERNE
tweenGASAND ASTEAM
is the criticaltemperature
Totonno weravea gasneve bearing
urna suitvaryingte prenneat h-s
constant temperature

il Tetaniavarano prova it can


stateto unum Wave
(Ideal gases h=cp*T)
vemore Tostata themoreTHEGas via
que an an an as
9
here are few transformation
iworking Fluid increase temperature atconstant Pressure

Post higher is the pressure the more raid a tre curve


µ
gg
expansionfromhigher pressure to lower pressurethis is spontaneous

a
dueto friction wear the

iii iii
possibility of marino nave

Entropyconstant

POLYTRAPIC

Puranam
P CHANCE
Vivanoa
Adiabaticthe fluid that is expanding is not etnianonno tirata with the Environment

increasing pressure Impressioni


can BE AlioTHIS Ideal or real
when wehave entrare Production the temperature di the system Korea

it
Francesco Di Maria: “Management of Energy Conversion Systems” - Introduction

THERMODYNAMIC TRANSFORMATIONS
MI Phastani but Pert so
Recast Tcatant
kinds of Transformation
never happens IN REALMACHINE

Polytropic

Ideal gas

MOREUSEFUL INTHEFORM

Eti e

NERI P f
je.it
edita
P.fi eaotaP.ptt cot
10
NERGY
Heath exHANGE W O usually no medianica wore
work production ar consumption no than exchange Q o
mechanical

e sub ev of this Heath andmore Exchange is the working Favia


or our substitive there are tuo kind of vorreino fluid
Water
transforms in Co2 apari in 1120
Ig II a ieri i
combustioncasse
Gas Air mixture

for our working fluid


vortice teamtransferred to voreno euro
we favore pone bite q nata transferred Bo working un
work Absorbed bythe vorta no
ANTANI a Ìn E 19
in which component of the machine ii onore ii culo Be
depending
wore ORHarm
Botti portano netta chance n Europe

i
specie Hath at content pressure
iii
ofmass for increasing it temperata of 2k
Quite Fast to Measure

Dhtte Cp E Fi

n our thermodynamic utter rientri exchanges are happening at constant pressure

what is the value of Cp it depends on Ne Cas


What Influence G the number of Atomsyou have inthe molecola

Air pe I but p inanos vita temperature ne tiene a complicates


Gas of Interest
ZII correlation
Cp AITI
in cura higher thetemperaturemichethe Cp
in our case we consider it content

Effect of Ce on combustion gases it will increase a little bit higherbutthe Masoreti etcasse
will still be Osano Na
CP I 3
Ij
CMBUSTION

notte fino a transformation Expansion

P P idea expansion no turpe increase


p
real transformation invase in turpi

ipotesi
iffy
EXPANSION
s
1kgon Air
cpei.MG
tump inane mou

itre amountof work


in temperato

transforms inricatti thatRemain in case

g ÉTÉ TIETIEPITI F E PITI Ta DA REG TI TI


his Transformation isa politopi
PU Constant
PIÈ Constant ourpolsini i transternation
what make one transformation realand the one idea e hann n
Kate Forare K iA doesnothave anyunit of measure

usually man
xeroise
si 30000.000 Po ti zook
ooo p Te
a riso

PITI ontani Pit



Pata ar TÈ
pater uno Pg ti ta pta b book 876.72k

OMPRESSION

noi a non tenere


A ciuueraoion thatmreranintneuoreinoeiuio.so wehave atemperature
invase

gygg.fi
vento
turbinecomponentwhere expansionmappa
ampresorimagine werewe have compression
ht
hafin
FI
www
loss is a measure ofemon

tie
t
ti È Tara ti
q
costs Absorb more nitrousgivingoutput
wecansee it interparature increase

IL fine question is toknow am

for an HEAL GAS Al Celta ti

i tiè
idealcase weconsiderthat teatri absorbedat
constantpressure

tropi il the Favara that allowus to represent the chance in


temperature
Francesco Di Maria: “Management of Energy Conversion Systems” - Introduction

HatHappens to workingeuro
TGoes into A cru inoutralacostano
supposingcomune THERMODYNAMIC CYCLE
Founttravernemoreis
buona
Di Heat (Q) and Work (W)
Carnot cycle

11
2 3 Tu
A239 Qin
È

If
area of
ALHB Ravi
ÉTÉ
iii ENTRAI
NUN
te
g a
tu s Effectwow RENE T notpaura
Increase
D Rin Dou
an
this is why increasingtemperature we havemioma efficace

Post Root A tu

ei
water a bit a Qthat an are
removing

fitting
ofwater
starebrunoaerato
becameSteamevaporating
Bau towater

iIiii Trade
Boiano

during evaporation and andensationbottitemperatureandpressureremainconstant


latentheatwave startsevaporanotemperature remaincontanoannotue vene
Process

II
superata età sono variantenoi
one vate o tweet

È
o

una iriticaiteneratre theBehavior ofwater increasingthepredare


coup be transforms into water
over to it is notPossible
Water
T

iii
steam

i
carrot
1
Cile INRAUM
notPauraimpossibilie of
inentropia tranvormations

You might also like