COR 013 REVIEWER

MODULE 16

➢ KINSHIP
- the “web of social relationships”, humans form as part of a family, which is the smallest unit of
society.
- It is the relation between two or more persons that is based on common ancestry or marriage.
➢ MARRIAGE
- special contract of permanent union between a man and a woman entered into in accordance
with law for the establishment of CONJUGAL and family life
➢ HOUSEHOLD
- consists of one or more people who live in the same dwelling and also share at meals or living
accommodation, and may consist of a single family or some other grouping of people
❖ KINSHIP by BLOOD
- links individuals based on their genetic relations.
- It allows an individual to identify another individual as a family member through blood relation.
- It also known as KINSHIP by CONSANGUINITY. (Examples: Parents and their children and
between children or same parents)

CLASSIFICATION OF FAMILY ACCORDING TO BLOOD LINE

➢ PATRILINEAL
- family that traces its ancestry from the paternal or father's side.
➢ MATRILINEAL
- family that traces its ancestry from maternal or mother's side.
➢ BILINEAL
- family that traces its ancestry from both paternal and maternal side.

❖ KINSHIP by MARRIAGE
- when a person marries, he establishes relationship not only with the girl whom he marries but
also with a number of other people in the girl's family.
- Moreover, it is not only other person marrying who gets bound to the family members of the girl
but his family members also get bound to the family members of the girl.

FORM of MARRIAGE

➢ MONOGAMY
- marriage in which there is only ONE WIFE and ONE HUSBAND at a time.
➢ POLYGAMY
- any form of marriage in which a person may have MORE THAN ONE SPOUSE at a time.

● POLYANDRY
- a form of marriage in which one woman may have more than one husband at a time.
● POLYGYNY

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 - a form of marriage in which a man may have more than one wife at a time.

SELECTING A MARRIAGE PARTNER

● GROUP MARRIAGE
- wherein the family unit consists of multiple husband's and multiple wives.
➢ ENDOGAMY
- it is a rule of marriage in which the life-partners are to be selected within the group and the group
may be caste, class, tribe, race, village, religious group etc.
- INTERRACIAL MARRIAGE ( Asian and European; American and Asia) are good examples for
endogamous marriages.
➢ EXOGAMY
- it is a rule of marriage in which an individual has to marry outside his own group.
- It prohibits marrying within the group.
- The so-called blood relatives shall neither have marital connections nor sexual contacts among
themselves
- Traditional Chinese families prefer to have an exogamous marriage for their children, that is their
sons to marry someone who also belongs to Chinese families.

➢ KINSHIP BY RITUAL
- is privileged social relationship established by ritual, such as that of Godparent or fraternal orders.
- A very famous ritual kinship is the COMPADRAZGO. Used to refer to the institutional relationship
between compadres. Compadres are relationship between the parents and godparents of a child
is an important bond that originates when a child is baptized in Iberian and Latin American
families

➢ FAMILY AND HOUSEHOLD

- types of families and their forms are based on various parameters. You can find the list of types
of family and family forms, below. the types of family in sociology, have been classified as per
world norms and not only India. DIFFERENT TYPES and STRUCTURES OF FAMILIES IN
SOCIETY HAVE BEEN LISTED.

TYPES OF FAMILY-BY-FAMILY SIZE or STRUCTURE

- based on family composition of who comprises the family.
❖ NUCLEAR FAMILY
- a family unit that consists of a single couple or monogamous family, that is - the husband, wife,
and their child or children.
❖ EXTENDED FAMILY
- a family unit that consists of the husband and wife with their children, and their relatives like in-
law (grandparents, uncle, and aunty, cousins, nice, nephews)
❖ RECONSTITUTED FAMILY
- a family unit that consists of one or both parents who have a child or children from a previous
relationship or past marriage, but they have combined to form a new family often after the death
of a previous spouse, or marital separation, annulment, or divorce.
❖ SINGLE PARENT FAMILY
- a family unit which is headed by one parent (either father or mother only) raising a child or
children.

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TYPES OF FAMILY BY RESIDENCE
- based on the nature of household residence:
❖ PATRILOCAL RESIDENCE
- the son stays and the daughters leaves, so that the married couple lives with or near the
husband's parents.
❖ MATRILOCAL RESIDENCE
- the daughter stays and the son leaves, so that the married couple live or near the wife's parents.
❖ FAMILY or BIOLOGICAL RESIDENCE
- either the son or the daughter leaves, so that the married couple lives with or near either the
wife's or the husband's parents.

MODULE 18

POLITICAL ORGANIZATION
- Is any entity that involved in the political process. Political organization includes POLITICAL
PARTIES, POLITICAL INSTITUTION, and POLITICAL GROUPS.
- It is engaged in political activities aimed at achieving clearly defined political goals, which improve
the political system that benefits the interests of their members.
❖ According to Elman Service, a political anthropologist, there are four types of sociopolitical
organizations namely BANDS, TRIBES, CHIEFDOMS, and STATES/NATIONS.
❖ He argued that these political organizations function in consideration of their economic
orientation.

➢ BANDS
- it is a least complex form of political organization, as it has neither a rigid form or governance nor
a structured form of leadership.
- It is typically consisting of 20-50 individuals who are usually related to one another by VIRTUE
OF KINSHIP.
- This society is chiefly based on forging which is also known as hunting and gathering. This
economic system allows for greater mobility of the group as they follow animals and food
sources.
- Decision making is often made by the entire group, with the eldest members acting as the
facilitator.
- Every member of the group, whether they have lesser capacity to hunt or gather has equal
access to their basic.
➢ TRIBES
- A political organization that consists of segmentary lineages.
- This type of kinship relation is marked by loyalty per family cluster or segment. An individual's
loyalty primarily lies on his or her immediate family, followed by his/her cousins, and then his or
her distant cousins.
- This type of kinship grouping allows for the creation of interdependent generations.
- Their economic subsistence requires a degree of settlement. Most tribes are either horticultural
(shifting agriculture) or pastoral (tending animals).
- The leaders that are chosen are individuals who are believed to possess special skills or
aptitudes that relate to economic activity. The leaders in a tribe have no concrete political power
over their members, except in areas when group concerns are in place
➢ CHIEFDOMS
- Political organization consists of a few local communities who subscribe to the power and rule of
a leader who has absolute power on them.

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 - This absolute power is derived from the perceived relation of the leader to supernatural forces
and powers, which is a form of LEGITIMIZING FACTOR. This political organization is also tied
with horticulture and pastoralism.
- The same economic process of redistribution through tribute collection is practiced in chiefdom
just like in a tribe.
- What distinguishes a chiefdom from a tribe is the existence of a social stratification that
segregates society into the elite from the commoner.
- The ELITE are often the relatives of the ruler and are also believed to have divinity or connections
to the supernatural.
➢ STATE AND NATION
- It is a group of people sharing similar culture and political history, whereas the state is a political
organization united by a common set of laws.
- A STATE used complete political coerciveness, which may come in the form of armed personnel,
strict laws, and the rigid governmental policies.
- The primary form of economic subsistence is MARKET CHANGE. STANDARDIZED currencies
are used to exchange commodities, unlike in a band where a commodity or service is exchanged
with another commodity or service, which are often deemed by both parties to be of similar value.
- SOCIAL RULES are implemented in the form of laws and citizens of the country as individuals
are subjected to legal norms in the territory in which they belong.

AUTHORITY
❖ AUTHORITY (from the Latin word auctoritas meaning influence/command) - right to exercise
power given by the State or by academic knowledge of an area.
❖ It is the legitimate power which one person or a group holds over another
LEGITIMACY
❖ (from the Latin word legitimare, meaning lawful) - value whereby something or someone is
recognized and accepted as right and proper.
❖ It is understood as the popular acceptance and recognization by the public of the authority of a
present administration.

THE EXTENT OF A LEADER'S POWER RELIES ON HOW MUCH HIS OR HER FOLLOWERS
ACCORD HIM OR HER WITH IT.
ACCORDING TO MAX WEBER, A 20TH CENTURY SOCIOLOGIST, EVERY LEADER HAS SOME
FORM OF JUSTIFICATION AS TO WHY HE OR SHE SHOULD BE ACCORDED WITH SUCH POWER.
HE ORGANIZED THESE REASONS INTO THREE CATEGORIES OF LEGITIMACY OF AUTHORITY:
LEGAL, TRADITIONAL AND CHARISMATIC.

● LEGAL AUTHORITY
- achieved by a leader through the process of following established codes and procedures
governing the allocation and distribution of power and resources within a society.
- LEADERS who are ruling under the power of this authority have been either elected or appointed
to office following the existing laws of the land
● TRADITIONAL AUTHORITY
- form of leadership legitimacy that highlights the right of leader to rule based on inheritance of the
title. People under the leadership of a ruler with traditional authority accept the ruler's exercise of
power as it has been the existing social status since the time of their ancestors. The rule of
monarchs and their allies in both patrimonial and feudal regimes are examples of this.
● CHARISMATIC AUTHORITY

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 - creates a type of leadership that is based on the personal attachment of the subordinates to the
ruler whose characteristics, experiences, or even skills are believed to be extraordinary, or maybe
even supernatural.
- Due to this, most of the ruler's followers are devoted to him or her without regard as to whether
the authority of the ruler is accepted within the legal framework of the society or that he or she
has not been part of a royal lineage.

MODULE 19

ECONOMICS
➢ from the Greek term oikos, meaning “house” and nomos, meaning custom/law, etymologically
speaking economics means “rules of the house”.
➢ It is the science that deals with the factors that determine the production, distribution and
consumption of goods and services.
➢ An economic system must define what to produce, how to produce it and for whom to produced it.

ECONOMICS INSTITUTIONS
➢ company or an organization that deals with money or with managing the distribution of money,
goods, and services in an economy.
➢ It is also well-established arrangements and structures that are part of the culture or society.

ECONOMY TYPES
● Traditional Economy
● Command Economy
● Mixed Economy
● Market Economy

TRADITIONAL ECONOMY
➢ In a traditional economy, goods and services are based and produced by traditions and customs.
➢ These types of economies tend to consume most of what they produce (production mainly by
hand) and sell or trade the rest.
➢ This type of economy will often evolve into another type of economy once the nation or country
has developed.
COMMAND ECONOMY
➢ In a command economy, the government controls all economic activity. One example of a
command economy is COMMUNISM.
➢ In a government-directed economy, the market plays little to no role in production decisions.
➢ Command economies are less flexible than market economies and react slower to changes in
consumer purchasing patterns and fluctuations in supply and demand.
MIXED ECONOMY
➢ combines qualities of market and command system into one.
➢ In many countries where neither the government nor the business entities can maintain the
economy alone, both sectors are integral to economic success. Certain resources are allocated
through the market and others through the state
➢ Theoretically, this system should be able to combine the best policies of both systems, but in
practice the proportion government controls and response to market forces varies.
MARKET ECONOMY
➢ In a market economy, the resources are owned and controlled by the people of the economy.

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 ➢ Market economies are based on consumers and their buying decisions rather than under
government control.
➢ Market trends and product popularity generate what businesses produce
➢ The producers choose how to make products based on the most economically sound decision:
that might mean machine labor to save costs or human labor for specific skills.

THE DIFFERENT ECONOMIC PROCESSES

❖ Reciprocity
- when you give something away, you expect something in return
- This economic process entails the exchange of commodities between parties, often of an
individual basis.
❖ Transfers
- when resources from an individual or organization are given to one another with no expectation of
return, an economic transfer is in place.
- This type of economic process allows for the redistribution of resources within an economic
system.
❖ Redistribution
- when the resources of one, several individuals, or groups are collected and distributed
proportionally or equally to participating members.
❖ Market Transactions
- MARKET is referred to as the exchange of goods and services that involves buying and selling
processes.
- However, it is not a simple process of exchanging materials, goods, and services.
- It involves several elements and transactions.
- MARKET is about making money, capital, income and growth.

NON-STATE INSTITUTION
➢ affect the political and economic path of a society.
➢ They are organizations with sufficient power to influence and cause a change even though they
do not belong to any established institution of a state.
➢ They are equally capable of influencing policy formation and implementation. Non_state
institutions include the following: banks and corporations, cooperatives and trade unions,
transnational advocacy groups, and development agencies and international
organizations.

ALTRUISM
➢ behavior that sacrifices one's own production, fitness or interests for the welfare of others.
➢ It involves the unselfish concern for other people by simply doing things not because of an
obligation but out of a desire to help.

FINANCIAL INSTITUTIONS
➢ Banks
- organizations that holds money belonging to others, investing and lending it to get more money,
or the building in which the organization is situated.
● Corporations
- associations of individuals, created by law or under authority of law, having a continuous
existence independent of the existence of its members, and powers and liabilities distinct from
those of its members
● Cooperatives

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 - jointly owned enterprise engaging in the production or distribution of goods or the supplying of
services, operated by its members for their mutual benefit, typically organized by consumers or
farmers.
● Trades unions
- organizations made up of members (a membership-based organization) and its membership must
be made up mainly of workers.
- One of a trade union's main aims is to protect and advance the interests of its members in the
workplace
● Transnational Advocacy
- groups promote causes, principled ideas, and norms, and they often involve individuals
advocating policy changes.
- They cater to the need related to human rights, consumer's rights, women's rights, international
peace, and environmental issues.
● Development Agencies
organizations with specific aims and goals. The common denominator among these organizations
is the term development.
- These agencies concentrate on the growth, progression, and advancement of specific societal
concerns, which can be infrastructure or social institutions.
- There are two major types of organizations that are considered as development agencies:
international organizations and Nongovernment Organizations NGOs.

❖ International organization
concentrate mostly on the distribution of equitable health and social development. Their central
role is essentially to provide support and assistance through organized framework to international
cooperation. They also have diverse networks that enable them to provide and exchange support
across different borders and localize their implementations of international policies.
❖ Nongovernment organizations
often characterized by their intensive collaboration with local stakeholders to improve their
beneficiaries' conditions. NGOs are non-profit, often voluntary, organizations that carry a broad
range of social development functions with and on behalf of people. The vast majority of these
organizations exists outside of government and their programs come from the expresses needs
of people rather than governments.

WHAT IS THE FUNCTION OF NON-STATE INSTITUTION?

➔ Non-state institutions or also called non-state actors is broadly defined as international actors
who are largely or completely autonomous from the state, emanating from civil society, market
economy or political opportunities. Non-state actors (NSA) are entities that participate or act in
international relations.

MODULE 20

SOCIAL HEALTH
➢ It involves your ability to form satisfying interpersonal relationships with others.
➢ It also relates to your ability to adapt comfortably to different social situations and act
appropriately in a variety of settings. Relationships should include strong communication skills,
empathy for others and a sense of accountability. In contrast, traits like being withdrawn,
vindictive or selfish can have a negative impact on your social health.
➢ The concept of being well, or being healthy, varies among groups of people as each group
subscribes to its own version of explanations that aim to answer for health-related circumstances.

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 World Health Organization defined the "right to health" as the fundamental right of every human
to be able to live healthy through "equal access to timely, acceptable, and affordable health
care of appropriate quality."

CULTURE-SPECIFIC SYNDROME AND ILLNESS

LATAH
➔ from Southeast Asia it is a condition in which abnormal behaviors result from a person
experiencing shock. When surprised, the affected person typically engages in such behaviors as
screaming, cursing, dancing type movements, and uncontrollable laughter.
RUNNING AMOK
➔ referred to as simply amok, also spelled amuk, from the Malay language, is "an episode of
sudden mass assault against people or objects usually by a single individual following a period of
depression or loneliness.
KORO
➔ culture-specific syndrome in which an open one individual has an overpowering belief that his or
her genitalia are retracting and will disappear, despite the lack of any true longstanding changes
to the genitals.
WENDIGO PSYCHOSIS
➔ culture bound disorder formerly of the Algonquian tribes of North America which involves an
intense craving for human flesh even when the other food sources are readily available.

THE SIX TYPES OF TRADITIONAL HEALERS BASED ON THE SCOPE OF THEIR HEALING
POWERS.

SHAMANS
➔ cures the sick using special powers that he has received during the state of trance. Healing is
often done in the house of the sick who is believed to have lost his or her souls. It is the task of
the shaman to return the lost soul to its body to cure the illness.
MAGIC-BASED HEALERS
➔ uses magic to counter the illness experienced by an individual who is believed to have such
condition due to black magic and curses. The rituals use vary per society.
FORTUNE TELLERS
➔ individuals believe that their disease has some underlying spiritual explanation that, if learned,
can be addressed and promote healing. Often, individuals who seek the help of fortune tellers are
the ones suffering from psychological and emotional pains.
TRADITIONAL BIRTH ATTENDANTS
➔ healers do not only assist expecting mothers in their process of giving birth. They also perform
traditional massages on individuals who are complaining of physical pain that may also be rooted
in psychological issues.
TRANCE-BASER HEALERS
➔ healers provide relief for sickness and pain through meditation and trance- based activities. They
believe that the nature and appropriate cure for the sickness can only be uncovered through
meditation. As such, each consultation, despite its similarity to another ailment, will often produce
different rationalization and cure.
TRADITIONAL MEDICINE EXPERTS
➔ healers ask the sick individual of the symptoms that he or she is experiencing. Drawing from the
responses, the TMEs prescribe a concoction of plants and other natural ingredients that are
believed to be efficient in arresting the disease.

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 ❖ In sociology, education is viewed as a social institution. It gives society the potential to reach
development and success. Generally, education means the development of the intellect. It is an
act of thinking critically. It can be classified into formal and nonformal.

FORMAL EDUCATION
➢ when a student learns inside the classroom. A student follows a curriculum and is being graded
on his her performance. Your experiences in your current school are fostered by this type of
education. It focuses on studying in a school or university where everything is systematic. A
teacher or professor explains, while a student listens and understands.
NON-FORMAL EDUCATION
➢ enables a student to learn skills and knowledge that through structured learning experiences. A
student learns his or her values, principles, and beliefs and undergoes lifelong learning. Capacity
building initiatives are conducted through this type of education. The concept nonformal
education emerged in response to the world crisis in education identified by Philip H. Coombs in
1967, who argued that the formal education systems have failed to address the changing
dynamics of the environment and the societies.

❖ The concept of nonformal education emerged in response to the world crisis in education
identified by Philip H. Coombs in 1967, who argued that the formal education systems have failed
to address the changing dynamics of the environment and the societies.
❖ Through education, humans are empowered to experience and learn their true capacities that
lead to self-actualization. Human also tend to find boundless enthusiasm in learning outside the
classroom, which is basically through experience. With this, it becomes easier for them to
socialize, to identify a career path, to create self-identity, and the like. Education can empower an
individual to participate in their society's activities toward development through knowledge and
skills acquisition.
❖ Education develops one's sense of self. As a huge part of the discovery process of oneself,
education encourages having the vision to become self-actualized. Moreover, it enables one to
see your strengths and maintain them. It enables one to determine weaknesses and adjust to
them. This helps one reach full potential and establish oneself as a whole.

EDUCATION
● INFORMAL
- through family, press, radio, cinema, church, playground, library, etc.
● FORMAL
- through school, collage and other educational institute
● NON-FORMAL
- through correspondence course, summer institute, on job training, radio or tele-broadcast, open
university (ignou)

MODULE 21

RELIGION
➔ one institution of society that performs a particular need. A religion is any set of institutionalized
beliefs and practices that deal with the ultimate meaning of life. It is a unified system of beliefs
and practices relative to sacred things, uniting into a single moral community all those who
adhere to those beliefs and practices. Religion as an institution is also a placed in which people

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 encounter and experience the presence of God. An idea of God depends on the religion in which
a person belongs.

TWO TYPES OF RELIGION PATTERN

POLYTHEISM
➢ Worship of or belief in multiple deities usually assembled into a pantheon of gods and goddesses,
along with their own religious and rituals.
MONOTHEISM
➢ belief in a single all-powerful god, who is accountable for all the things happening in the world
including the world's creation and existence.

ELEMENTS OF RELIGION

Religious Beliefs
- it proves that there is a God who exists and keeps the world in order. It also includes the role of
human beings in the plan of God in the world. A belief is a conviction that cannot be proved or
disproved by ordinary means.
Religious Rituals
- the prescribed order of performing a ceremony, especially one characteristic of a particular
religion or church. It includes processions, chants, prayers, sacraments, reading the Scripture
and the like.
Religious Experience
- the personal encounter of a person/people with God based on how God has been generous into
their lives. It grows out from religious beliefs and rituals.
Community of Believers
- belief in God is something that is not just personal but also something that shared among those
who believe. People gather to share their experiences on how God has touch each one's life.

THE SEPARATION OF CHURCH AND STATE IN THE PHILIPPINES

❖ "The separation of the Church and the State shall be inviolable."(Art. II, Sec. 6, 1987
Philippine Constitution). This is the constitutional provision intended to prevent the
Church from meddling in the affairs of the Philippine government, and vice-versa. Simply
put, inviolable means MUST NOT BE VIOLATED.
❖ The right of a man to worship God in his own view is guaranteed by the Bill of Rights
under Article III, Section 5 of the 1987 Constitution of the Philippines which states that:
"No law shall be made respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise
thereof. The free exercise and enjoyment of religious profession and worship, without
discrimination or preference, shall forever be allowed. No religious test shall be requires for the
exercise of civil or political rights”

SOCIAL INEQUALITY
➢ the existence of unequal opportunities and rewards for different social positions or statuses within
a group or society. It includes unequal access to a variety of social 'goods', such as the labor
market and other sources of income, the education and healthcare systems, and forms of political
representation and participation.
GENDER INEQUALITY

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 ➢ unequal treatment or perceptions of individuals based on their gender. Thus, giving them unequal
opportunities.
GENDER STEREOTYPES
➢ simplistic generalizations about the gender attributes, differences, and roles of individuals and/or
groups. Stereotypes can be positive or negative, but they rarely communicate accurate
information about others. This leads to gender inequality.
SEX (MALE and FEMALE)
➢ biological differences; chromosomes, hormonal profiles, internal and external sex organs.
GENDER
➢ describes the characteristics that a society or culture delineates as masculine or feminine.

THEORIES ON INEQUALITY

● CONFLICT THEORY
- Dominant process in the society is conflict
- Society is divided into two groups: masses and elite who exploit them
- Stresses that social inequality and conflict between the dominant elite and the masses.
- It sees the negative side of the society.
KARL MARX
- introduced the idea about class struggles, and conflict is the main source of social change.
CHARLES WRIGHT MILLS
- introduced the power elite, a tiny minority government, military government, and business figures
believed to control the state.
● STRUCTURAL-FUNCTIONAL THEORY
- Each society must (a) place individuals in social positions and (b) motivate them to work.
- Each role has levels of difficulty, and task with higher level of difficulty entails more wealth, power
and money.
- Men have a higher place in social stratification because the male dominated culture has been
implanted in the human mind.
- A wealthier family has higher capacity of accomplishing their roles because of its higher income.
KINSLEY DAVIS and WILBERT MOORE
- believed that member of society has specific roles and responsibilities to take and accomplish,
unequal distribution of work among people enables them to exert more effort toward the
accomplishment of societal rewards.
● SYMBOLIC-INTERACTIONAL THEORY
- Interaction is often consider the question of how power is exchanged in a situation. The
interaction is perspective on inequality looks at how certain social roles have more power or
authority than others.
- Micro-interactions all have the ability to reinforce or undermine power and status differentials.
Thus, social stratification is a result of these individual interactions.
- The concept of social roles which is one's position and responsibilities in society, which are
largely determined in modern developed nations by occupation and family position.
GEORGE HERBERT MEAD
- believed that a person develops self-awareness and personality only by interaction through
symbols and language.
MAX WEBER
➢ Social action
- a person intends to act in a way that others expect
ERVING GOFFMAN

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 ➢ Dramaturgical approach
- people present themselves in everyday life in order to manage impressions they give to others.
➢ Studied non-observance
- interactions that are embarrassing should not be discussed.

WHAT ARE THE MAIN ISSUES OF GENDER INEQUALITY?

❖ INCREASE GENDER REPRESENTATION/ GENDER BALANCE. One of the main objectives

set by UNI Global Union, through its Equal Opportunities Department has been to attain
productive development based on gender equality, VIOLENCE AGAINST WOMEN, SEXUAL
HARASSMENT, THE WAGE GAP, WOMEN'S HEALTH, WORK-LIFE BALANCE.

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