Grade 11 Chapter 19 Physics

CHAPTER 19 SIMPLE MAGNETIC FIELDS
PHYSICS
In this chapter you will study the features of magnets and electromagnets. Magnets are widely used for
various purposes.
MAGNETIC AND NON-MAGNETIC SUBSTANCE

A magnet has a special property that that has the ability to attract certain metals like iron, cobalt and
nickel. Alloys such as Steel, Alnicro and Ticonet have these metals in their composition that make them
suitable to become magnets.
Magnetized refers the state of a materials that

has acquired magnetic properties or more simply
it has become a magnet.
This happens when the tiny magnetic areas inside

the materials called magnetic domains, all line up
in the same direction. This alignment makes the
materials attract or repel other magnetic objects.
Note
 Video tapes are magnetic as there is a coating of ferromagnetic material on them. That is why the
tapes are being plastic. This helps the tape to store information during recording. The tape head is
an electromagnet to which the video tape is attracted during the recording or when the information
during the recording. The tape head is an electromagnetic to which the video tape is attracted dur-
ing recording or when information from the tape, in the form of sound or video, are retrieved.
 A magnet has got two polarities, A North Pole(N), and South Pole(S).
HOW DOES A COMPASS WORK?
To understand this, we need to know that the earth has A magnetic field, as if a giant magnet sits along
its axis.
PROPERTIES OF MAGNETS
 They have the poles known as the north pole and south pole
Forces are strongest at N and S pole.
Unlike poles attract like poles repel
Mag- netic materials will always be attracted to a

magnet and can be magnetized. They contain
iron,nickel or cobalt.
 Hard magnetic materials( steel)
i. Difficult to magnetize
ii. do not lose their magnetism
iii. Used for permanent magnets
 Soft magnetic materials( iron)
i. Easy to magnetize
ii. Easy to lose magnetism
iii. Their magnetism is only temporary
NON-MAGNETIC MATERIALS
 Not attracted or repelled by magnets and cannot be magnetized
 All metals that do no contain iron, nickel and all non-metals.
Determine whether a materials is a magnet, magnetic material or non-magnetic materials, bring it

close to a known object.
Questions
1. which of the following materials could be used to make a permanent magnet
MAGNETIC FIELDS
DEFINITION
A region of space around a magnet or electric
current in which a magnetic pole experiences
a force.
A magnet affects any piece of magnetic mate-
rials that is nearby.
We say that there is a magnetic field around

the magnet.
Two things we can observe:
 Field lines come out of north pole and go
into south poles
 Lines are close together indicate a strong
field.
Interacting magnetic fields

When two bars are placed together their magnetic fields interact and produce a new pattern of mag-
netic lines of force. From these patterns, it is possible to say whether the magnets will attract or repel.
Uses of magnets
 In plotting compass
 In dynamo
 Generator
 In loudspeakers
 In motors
Permanent and temporary magnets
Alloys, like steel and alnico, make good permanent through they are not easily magnetized. They retain
their magnetism once they are magnetized. On the other hand soft iron is easily magnetized but is doe
not retain its magnetism. Therefore, soft iron( pure iron) is considered as a temporary magnet as it is a
magnet only in the presence of a permanent magnet which acts as the inducing factor. Permanent mag-
nets are therefore magnetically hard and soft iron, as a a temporary magnet is magnetically soft.
ELECTROMAGNETS
An electromagnets is a coil of wire that acts as a magnet when an electric current passes through it.
A coil like
this is some-
times called
a solenoid.
Observation
 One end of the solenoid is the north pole, and the south pole. Field line emerge from the north
pole go into the south pole.
 The field are closest together at the poles, showing that this is where the magnetic field is strong-
est.
 The line spreads out from the poles, showing that the field is weaker in these regions.
THREE WAYS WE CAN INCREASE THE STRENGTH OF AN ELECTROMAGNETIC:

 Increase the current flowing in it
 Increase the number of turns of wire on the coil. In other words, pack more turn into the same
space to concentrate the field.
 Add a soft wire cage
USES OF ELECTROMAGNETS
i. MAGNETIC RELAY
Electromagnets play a crucial role in the functioning of magnetic relays, an electromagnet is used to
open and close the switch. When electric current flows through the coil of the electromagnet, it create a
magnetic field that activates the relay, causing contacts to close or open. This action allows the relay to
control larger electric currents or voltages while being controlled by a smaller signal.
ii. CIRCUIT BREAKER

Electromagnets in circuit breakers function as a safety mechanism. When the current in a circuit ex-
ceeds a predetermined level, the electromagnet becomes strong enough to pull down a metal lever that
disconnects the circuit, effectively breaking the connection and preventing potential damage or hazards.
This is done by attracting a soft iron armature that releases the latch, thus interrupting the current flow.
iii. ELECTRIC BELL

Electromagnets are used in electric bells to operate the mechanism that produces sound. When the bell
button is pressed, current flows through the circuit, powering the electromagnet. This generates a mag-
netic field that attracts a metal striker towards the gong of the bell. Once the striker hits the gong, the
current stops, allowing the striker to return to its original position and repeat the process, producing a
ringing sound.
iv. LOUDSPEAKER
Electromagnets in loudspeakers are used to convert electrical audio signals into sound. When an AC
voltage from the audio signal passes through the coil of the electromagnet, it creates an electromag-
netic field. This field interacts with a permanent magnet in the speaker, inducing movement in the
speaker cone. This movement produces sound waves as the cone vibrates.

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CHAPTER 19 SIMPLE MAGNETIC FIELDS

MAGNETIC AND NON-MAGNETIC SUBSTANCE

Magnetized refers the state of a materials that

This happens when the tiny magnetic areas inside

Mag- netic materials will always be attracted to a

Determine whether a materials is a magnet, magnetic material or non-magnetic materials, bring it

We say that there is a magnetic field around

Interacting magnetic fields

THREE WAYS WE CAN INCREASE THE STRENGTH OF AN ELECTROMAGNETIC:

ii. CIRCUIT BREAKER

iii. ELECTRIC BELL

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