M02 Internal & External Plastering Surfaces and Edges

FINISHING CONSTRUCTION WORK
LEVEL-II
Based on March 2022, Curriculum Version I
Module Title: - Applying Internal & External Plastering Surfaces and Edges
Module code: EIS FCW2 M02 0822
Nominal duration: 60Hour
Prepared by: Ministry of Labor and Skill

August, 2022
Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
Page 1 of 84 Ministry of Labor and Apply internal and external plastering Version -1
Skills and edge August, 2022
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Contents
Introduction to the Module................................................................................................................................6
Unit one: Plan and prepare for work....................................................................................................................7
1.1. Work instruction.....................................................................................................................................8
1.1.1. Plan..................................................................................................................................................8
1.1.2. Specification....................................................................................................................................8
1.1.3. quality requirements......................................................................................................................10
1.1.4. Safe work procedures relating to Internal & External Plastering..................................................10
1.2. OHS requirements................................................................................................................................12
1.2.1. General safety terms..........................................................................................................................12
1.2.2. Organisational first aid requirement..............................................................................................12
1.2.3. Personal Protective Equipment(PPE)............................................................................................13
1.2.4. Manual handling............................................................................................................................16
1.2.5. Working from Height....................................................................................................................16
1.3. Signage and barricade requirements.....................................................................................................16
1.3.1. General requirements....................................................................................................................16
1.3.2. Barricading Requirements.............................................................................................................17
1.3.3. Safety Signage Requirements........................................................................................................20
1.4. Tools and Equipment to carry out Tasks..............................................................................................24
1.4.1. Tools and Equipment.....................................................................................................................24
1.5. Material quantity requirements.............................................................................................................31
1.5.1. Measurement plastering................................................................................................................31
1.5.2. Calculating Material List for plastering........................................................................................32
1.6. Materials appropriate to the work application......................................................................................38
1.6.1. Undercoat Plaster..........................................................................................................................38
1.6.2. Skimming......................................................................................................................................39
1.6.3. Beads.............................................................................................................................................39
1.6.4. Cement render...............................................................................................................................39
1.7. Environmental protection requirements...............................................................................................41
1.7.1. Environmental condition of cement plaster...................................................................................41
1.7.2. Clean-up management...................................................................................................................41
Unit two: Coat internal and external walls, ceilings, angles, reveals and joints...............................................45
2.1. Materials and Tools..............................................................................................................................46
2.1.1. Plastering Materials.......................................................................................................................46
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2.2. Type of coating plasterwork to walls and ceilings...............................................................................56
2.2.1. Introduction....................................................................................................................................56
2.2.2. Type plaster coat...........................................................................................................................56
2.2.3. Surface Preparation........................................................................................................................57
2.3. Internal and external plaster coat angles, reveals and expansion joints................................................69
2.3.1. Expansion Joint Plastering............................................................................................................69
2.3.2. Expansion joint..............................................................................................................................69
2.3.3. Internal angles plastering...............................................................................................................70
2.3.4. External angles..............................................................................................................................71
2.3.5. Door and window reveals..............................................................................................................71
Self-check (unit one)....................................................................................................................................74
Operation sheet 1: applying internal and external plastering and edge...........................................................75
LAP test........................................................................................................................................................77
Unit Three: Clean Up........................................................................................................................................78
3.1. Work area Clearing and materials disposal and recycling....................................................................79
3.1.1. Clearing work area........................................................................................................................79
3.1.2. Material disposal...........................................................................................................................79
3.1.3. Recyclability..................................................................................................................................80
3.2. Tools and Equipment maintain.............................................................................................................82
3.2.1. Tool and equipment.......................................................................................................................82
3.2.2. Checking and maintenance............................................................................................................83
Self-check (Unit three).................................................................................................................................84
Reference.........................................................................................................................................................85
Acknowledgment
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Ministry of Labor and Skills wish to extend thanks and appreciation to the many representatives of TVET
instructors and respective industry experts who donated their time and expertise to the development of this
Teaching, Training and Learning Materials (TTLM).
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Acronym
PPE ----------- personal protective equipment
OHS----------- occupational health safety
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Introduction to the Module
The
Applying Internal & External Plastering Surfaces and Edges helps to know the Plan and prepare for work,
Coat internal and external walls, ceilings, angles, reveals and joints and Clean up in finishing construction
field. The Module covers skills, knowledge and attitudes required to coating external &internal walls,
ceilings, edges and producing external rendering finishes.
This module is designed to meet the industry requirement under the finishing construction work
occupational standard, particularly for the unit of competency: Applying Internal & External Plastering
Surfaces and Edges
This module covers the units:

 Plan and prepare for work
 Coat internal and external walls, ceilings, angles, reveals and joints
 Clean up
Learning Objective of the Module
 Plan and prepare for work
 Coat internal and external walls, ceilings, angles, reveals and joints
 Clean up
Module Instruction
For effective use this modules trainees are expected to follow the following module instruction:
1. Read the information written in each unit
2. Accomplish the Self-checks at the end of each unit
3. Perform Operation Sheets which were provided at the end of units
4. Do the “LAP test” giver at the end of each unit and
5. Read the identified reference book for Examples and exercise
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Unit one: Plan and prepare for work
This unit is developed to provide you the necessary information regarding the following content coverage
and topics:
 Work instructions
 OHS requirements
 Signage and barricade requirements
 Tools and equipment to carry out tasks
 Material quantity requirements
 Materials appropriate to the work application
 Environmental protection requirements
This unit will also assist you to attain the learning outcomes/unit/ stated in the coverage. Specifically,
upon completion of this learning guide, you will be able to:
 Obtain, confirm and apply work instructions, including plans, specifications, quality
requirements and operational details from relevant information, to the range of plant, tools and
equipment use.
 Follow safety (OHS) requirements in accordance with safety plans and policies.
 Identify and implement signage and barricade requirements in accordance with quality
requirements.
 Select tools and equipment to carry out tasks are consistent with the requirements of the job,
check for serviceability and rectify or report any faults prior to commencement.
 calculate Material quantity requirements in accordance with plans and/or specifications
 identify, obtain, prepare, safely handle and locate Materials appropriate to the work application
ready for use
 Identify Environmental requirements for the project in accordance with environmental plans
and apply Statutory and legislative authority obligations
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1.1. Work instruction
Introduction
A work instruction contains more detail than a procedure and is only created if detailed step by step
instructions are needed. Work instruction including plans, specification and quality requirement etc.
1.1.1. Plan
A drawing showing technical details of a building, machine, etc., with unwanted details omitted, and often
using symbols rather than detailed drawing to represent doors, valves, etc.
The plans for many important buildings were once publicly available.
A set of intended actions, usually mutually related, through which one expects to achieve a goal. He didn't
really have a plan; he had a goal and a habit of control.
A two-dimensional drawing of a building as seen from above with obscuring or irrelevant details such as
roof removed, or of a floor of a building, revealing the internal layout; as distinct from the elevation. Their
differences that the drawings should generally show the following:
1) Dimensions, extents, size, shape, and location of component parts
2) Location of materials, machineries, and fixtures
3) Interaction of furniture, equipment’ sand space
4) Schedules of finishes, windows and doors
1.1.2. Specification
Specification is defined as the designation or statement by which written instructions are given
distinguishing and/or limiting and describing the particular trade of work to be executed. In short
specification is a statement of particular instructions of how to execute some task. Specification is one of the
contract documents.
Specifications are written based on the prepared design, drawings, general and scientific trends of
workmanship, quality expected equipment involved and materials to be used for the particular trade of work.
The specifications should clearly specify: -
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1. Design and drawing
2. Labor employment
3. Materials to be used
4. Construction method
5. Equipment used
Specifications should be clear, concise, and brief descriptions of what is required to execute the proposed
trade of work. The information that is needed for construction is usually conveyed by two basic
communication lines. They are Drawings (pictorial) and Specifications (written).
In so doing the methods of communication should complement each other and neither should overlap or
duplicate the other. Specifications are devices for organizing the information depicted on the drawings and
they are written descriptions of the legal and technical requirements forming the contract documents.
Specifications generally describe the following: -
1. Type and quality of materials, equipment’s, labor or workmanship

2. Methods of fabrication, installation and erection
3. Standards, codes and tests
4. Allowance, submittals and substitutions
5. Cost included, insurance and bonds
6. Project records and site facilities.
Types of Specifications
In general, specifications can be broadly classified into four categories as follows:
1. Manufacturer’s specification: Manufacturers prepare specification of their product for the guidance of
their users, which may include property description and installation guide lines.
2. Guide Specification: Specifications prepared by an individual or group of individuals based on
manufacturer’s specifications, established trends of workmanship, service and laboratory tests and
research findings to be used as guide lines for preparation of contract specifications.
3. Standard Specification: Specifications which are intended to be used as a reference standard in the
construction of a project. The guide specification which has been standardized by a recognized authority
is considered as standard specification.
4. Contract (Project) Specification: the specification prepared for a particular project to accompany the
drawings and other contract documents.
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1.1.3. quality requirements
Quality planning documents are used by organizations to ensure that quality at the highest level, quality goals
and plans should be integrated with overall strategic to applicable standards, practices, procedures, and work
instructions,
Quality in construction industry can be defined as the attainment of acceptable levels of performance from
construction activities. This performance would be attained when the activity meets the requirements of client
or owners
1.1.4. Safe work procedures relating to Internal & External Plastering

Plastering is the process of covering rough walls and uneven surfaces in the construction of houses and other
structures with a plastic material, called plaster, which is a mixture of lime or cement concrete and sand along
with the required quantity of water.
Process of Internal & External plastering work: -
 After this prepare the mortar mix

 Then put dots on the wall to make sure even layering of plasters on the wall.
 These dots are patch of plasters.
 This is patches are putted to do the even layering of plaster
 Then put the first layer of plaster coat on wall & then second layer.
 Then level the surface by flat wooden edges.
 The leave it for settle down, after that do the curing process.
Falling objects can cause injury to your head, body and feet, and to someone working in the area below
you, or members of the public passing close to the site. Make sure no debris could fall from height and
place objects in a safe place. Use a suitable Shute for materials going into a skip.
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Make sure all necessary precautions are taken as follows:
 Brick guards kept in position on scaffold lifts.
 Waste materials removed from scaffolding and placed in skip.
 Protective foot wear (with steel toe caps & midsoles)
 Supplied and worn at all times.
 Safety helmets to be worn and chin strap used when required.
 Encourage other workers to wear safety hats, protective clothing and foot wear.
1.2. OHS requirements
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1.2.1. General safety terms
Safety is to protect our self, co-worker, tools, equipment’s & materials from danger or risk.
Safety Engineering: - may be defined as the application of the arts and sciences of engineering and education
for the prevention of accidents and the conservation of health, life and property. It includes the following
factors investigation, research, and analysis of accident and health problems, invention and design of physical
means of preventing accidents and occupational illnesses, and the development and direction of educational
programs designed to create and maintain safety awareness at every level of the organization.
Accident: - may be defined as an unplanned, non-controlled, and an undesirable event or a sudden mishap
which interrupts an activity or a function.
Injury: - may be defined as the bodily hurt sustained as the result of the accident, such as a laceration,
abrasions, bruise, puncture, wound, foreign body, fracture, etc.
Unsafe Act: may be defined as a departure from an accepted, normal or correct procedure or practice, an
unnecessary exposure to a hazard, or conduct minimizing the degree of safety normally present. Not every
unsafe act produces an accident. This is an important consideration in safety work. Generally, a supervisor has
ample opportunity to correct the unsafe act before an accident occurs.
1.2.2. Organisational first aid requirement

First aid is the assistance given to any person suffering a sudden illness or injury. The key aims of first aid can
be summarized in three key points, sometimes known as 'the three P's':
Preserve life: The overriding aim of all medical care which includes first aid, is to save lives and minimize the
threat of death.
Prevent further harm: Prevent further harm also sometimes called prevent the condition from worsening, or
danger of further injury, this covers both external factors, such as moving a patient away from any cause of
harm, and applying first aid techniques to prevent worsening of the condition, such as applying pressure to
stop a bleed becoming dangerous.
Promote recovery: First aid also involves trying to start the recovery process from the illness or injury, and in
some cases might involve completing a treatment, such as in the Case of applying a plaster to a small wound.
A building site should have a first aid box which as minimum contents: -
 Plasters;
 Bandages;
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 Ointments;
 Disinfectant
Fig.1.1.1. simple first aid box
1.2.3. Personal Protective Equipment(PPE)

Safety requirements
An important aspect in the construction site is following safety to protect the work force from danger and to
keep materials, tools and equipment from damage.
Benefits of a construction safety program;
 Allow workers to go home safely at the end of the work day;
 Increase productivity;
 Provide higher profit margin for the company;
 Provide lower insurance costs;
 Enhance the company reputation;
 Offer better personnel policy;
 Support compliance with the law;
Personal protective equipment is the least effective method for protecting workers from hazards. PPE should
be used only while other more effective controls are being developed or installed, or if there are no other more
effective ways to control the hazard.
This is because:
 The hazard is not eliminated or changed.

 If the equipment is inadequate or fails, the worker is not protected.
 No personal protective equipment is fool-proof (for example, respirators leak).
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 Personal protective equipment is often uncomfortable and can place an additional physical burden on a
worker.
 Personal protective equipment can actually create hazards. For example, the use of respirators for long
periods of time can put a strain on the heart and lungs.
Using personal protection and safety equipment as required by the organization;
The use of personal protective equipment (PPE) is a way of controlling hazards by placing protective
equipment directly on workers' bodies such as
Helmet
It is used to Protects the carrier from down falling items. It should be a must for everybody who works or
moves on a building site.
Fig.1.1.2.Helmet
Ear protection
- It is used to protect the carrier from damages of the ears. Continuously working in a very noisy environment
harms the eardrums forever. Once the eardrums are damaged there is no way of restoring the sense of hearing
again.
Fig.1.1.3. Ear Protection

Safety boots
- Safety boots are equipped with three safety measures. It must have:
 Toes protection hood
A steel hood to protect the toes from down falling heavy thing
 A steel layer inside the soles protects the carrier from stepping into a tuned up nail.
 Benzene and oil resistant soles
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Fig.1.1.4. Safety boots
Safety goggles
- It is used to Protects the carrier from down falling items. It should be a must for everybody who works or
moves on a building site.
Fig.1.1.5. Safety goggles

Knee pads
It used to protect the knees during long time kneeling.
Fig.1.1.6. Knee pads
Gloves
It used to protect the hands from the aggressive attack of the cement, very important.
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Fig.1.1.7. Gloves
1.2.4. Manual handling
The Regulations define manual handling as: "...any transporting or supporting of a load (including the
lifting, putting down, pushing, pulling, carrying or moving thereof) by hand or bodily force". The load can
be an object, person or animal
What is the procedure of manual handling?

Manual handling is any activity that involves
 lifting,
 pushing,
 pulling,
 carrying,
 moving,
 holding or restraining.
It also includes sustained and awkward postures or repetitive movements. Good manual handling
techniques can help to prevent injury.
1.2.5. Working from Height
1. Agree scaffolding requirements at contract stage, including appropriate load rating and provision of
loading bays
2. Supervisor to check with the Principal Contractor that the correct scaffold is provided and inspected.
3. Workers instructed not to interfere with or misuse scaffold
4. Ladders in good condition, adequately secured (lashed) and placed on firm surface.
5. Brick guards kept in position on scaffold lifts
6. Waste materials removed and placed in skip
1.3. Signage and barricade requirements
1.3.1. General requirements

A variety of situations exist at Council worksites where barricading and/or safety signage are required.
Barricading and safety signage draw attention to hazardous objects and situations that may affect health and
safety, reducing the potential of injury to personnel and damage to property. Examples include warning tape,
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mesh barrier, road barriers, traffic control signs, emergency signage, mandatory PPE signs and precautionary
signage.
Barricading and safety signage shall be used:

 when there are no other practical control measures available to control a hazard;
 as an interim measure until a more effective way of controlling the risk can be used or the hazard is no
longer present; and
 as a secondary control measure to supplement higher level control measures.
The type and number of barricading or safety signage erected must be assessed adequately and positioned to
be suitable for the intended purpose.
1.3.2. Barricading Requirements

Barricading is one of the risk control measures used to protect personnel from hazard such as:
 being struck by falling objects, material movements or plant;
 fall from height, including falling into open excavations or penetrations;
 fall from unprotected edges (e.g. removed flooring, walkways, stairs and handrails);
 exposure to hazardous substances, process or activities;
 unauthorized entry into a confined space or other restricted work areas; and
 Any potentially hazardous work processes, such as hot works, demolition work, scaffolding, radiation
work and work involving asbestos.
Barricading may also be used as part of incident management and emergency response procedures.
Selection of Barricade
The following factors are to be considered as part of a risk assessment when selecting the type of barricade
(soft or hard):
 risk associated with the hazard;
 required strength of the barrier (e.g. impact potential); and
 The amount of clearance provided from the hazard by the barricade.
Barricading shall be used to manage the risk of fall from height greater than two meters and excavations
greater than 1.5 meters deep.
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All barricading shall be designed, installed and used in accordance with the relevant Australian Standards and
the recommendations of the manufacturer. Where barricades are supported by star pickets, the star pickets
shall be protected by using a suitable cap fitted to the star pickets.
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1.3.3. Safety Signage Requirements
Safety signs are erected to warn workers or the public of specific hazards and to communicate necessary
precautionary measures and emergency actions. Safety signage, in accordance with Ethiopian Work Health
and Safety Regulation required for:
 construction sites;
 confined spaces;
 asbestos;
 hazardous areas;
 hazardous chemicals;
 site specific Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) requirements;
 fire protection equipment;
 emergency and first aid information;
 emergency eyewash shower; and
 Traffic management and pedestrian control.
Signage Classification and Use
Safety signage’s are classified and shall be used according to their function as follows:
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1.4. Tools and Equipment to carry out Tasks
1.4.1. Tools and Equipment
Spirit level
It is used to control the horizontal and vertical alignment of wall surface and edges. The length is at least 80 to
120cm long. It is made of metal, synthetic material or wood. It has two measuring bubbles: one is located at
mid length is used to check horizontal positions. While the second one, at the end, is used to check vertical
position. This tool requires always to be handled with care and needs to be checked from time to time weather
it is still working accurate or not.
Fig 1.4.1. sprit level
Plumb bob
A plum bob is made of metal. When suspended from a vertically attached string, it is employed to check the
vertical alignment of corners and surface of walls. A freely hanging plumb bob gives exactly the vertical
alignment, because any undisturbed freely hanging mass points to the centre of the earth.
Plumb bob for vertical marking & leveling
Fig 1.4.2. plumb bob
Alignment string
Alignment string sometimes called, Fish line, is a rope used to transfer horizontal & vertical alignments or
lines, i.e., use to mark
base line on the floor or vertical point alignments of wall. In other words, it is used to align the walling blocks,
(stone, bricks, concrete blocks, hydra form etc). It is available in different thickness & sizes in the market.
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Fig 1.4.3. alignment string
Hose level
It is a transparent PVC hose. It is used to transfer or mark vertical levels on surface of wall when it is filled
with water, but without any air bubbles. The water level in each end of the hose is equal. It is an instrument to
mark equal levels on site. It is very accurate but not eases to handle.
Fig 1.4.4. Hose level to transfer meter score
Straight edge/Level/
This is a perfectly straight metal/aluminium/ with all long and short edges parallel to its centreline. It is
employed to check straight alignments of walls. Straight edge Its length ranges from 2m up to 4m.
Together with the sprit level, it can be used to bridge over the point to be checked. A straight edge/Level/ can
also be made from a wooden plank with perfectly parallel edges.
Angle / Try square
It is used to measure a right angle (90º) of a corner. Used in laying masonry units or blocks at corners of
masonry wall.
Fig 1.4.5. try square
Measuring tape
Tape is used to measure dimensions of building parts and distances in site. It is manufactured from steel,
plastic or fibre in lengths of 1m, 2m, 3m, 5m, 30m, etc. and 50m. In using tapes for measurements, the two
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points should be aligned perfectly. In addition, when long horizontal measurements are needed, care should be
taken to avoid sag on the tape meters.
Fig 1.4.6. Proper adjustment of measuring tape
Plaster trowel
This is a tool, which every plaster needs. Used for picking up mortar out of the barrel, spreading mortar on the
wall, bed joints and cutting off excess mortar. In addition to the picture shown, a Triangular and rectangular
trowel are also used by the mason.
Fig 1.4.7. Trowel
Hammer
Hammers are used specially to knock of parts of walling unit blocks, /brick, concrete blocks etc/. The hammer
weighs about half a kilogram and is made of steel. It has a wooden handle, which should always fit, firmly to
the hole in the head. The flat part of the hammer at one of its end is called cutting edge/use to cut bricks or
concrete blocks/ and the square head of the hammer on the other end is called striking face which is used to
strike chisel. The hammer must be formed in a kind that the cutting edge and central line of the hammer head
lie in a circular arc.
Fig 1.4.8. hammer
Chisel
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Used to cut concrete blocks, bricks, plaster surface and to remove mortar projections etc. Cold chisels are
available in different sizes and shapes. The operation is done together with a club hammer.
Flat chisel
Fig 1.4.9. flat chisel
Mortar barrel/ drum
This is used by mason, plasterer, tiller, etc., and serves to prepare small amount of mortar right at the working
place. It is also used as temporary mortar storage, supplied from mixing station, and to control water ratio of
the mix when it gets dry. Always, keep it workable and clean.
Fig 1.4.10. Mortar drum
Bucket
A Bucket is used to serve small amount of water or material and to take the tools after work.
Fig 1.4.11. Bucket
Brush
Is used for wetting the building stones, cleaning fresh mortar joints of masonry wall, to clean hand tools before
and after use and to clean dust on surfaces.
Fig 1.4.12. brush
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Mixing machine
Concrete and mortar mixers are available in from of different capacities. Small mixers can produce 250Lit. Of
mortar or concrete and the big ones produces more and more, up to 6000Lit.; widely used, small mixers up to
a capacity of 1000Lit. Mixers are driven with diesel, benzene engine or electrical power.
They can be distinguished into
Free-fall or gravity mixer consists from a rotating drum with metal blades inside
Fig 1.4.13. mixing machine
Compulsory mixer, here is the drum fixed and the blades al one are rotating
Mixer 250 lit
Advantages of Mixers: In case where a large quantity of mortar or concrete is to be produced, hand mix
becomes costly even if the labour is cheap. Hence machine mixing becomes essential and the mix (mortar or
Concrete) can be thus being produced at faster rate, at a lesser cost and of better quality.
Wheel barrow
Wheel barrow is used to dispose disposal materials from working place, to transport or serve materials and
tools during construction activities in the site. In comparison to a barilla,(commonly used in the country).
Fig 1.4.14. wheel barrow
mortar boards and stands
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Those funny hats are called "mortarboards" because they resemble a tool used by bricklayers to hold mortar.
The mortarboard consists of a flat, square board attached to a skullcap, with a tassel buttoned to the center.
Shovels
A shovel is a tool for digging, lifting, and moving bulk materials, such as soil, coal, gravel, snow, sand, or ore.
Most shovels are hand tools consisting of a broad blade fixed to a medium-length handle. Shovel blades are
usually made of sheet steel or hard plastics and are very strong.
The difference between shovel and spade
Today the words are used interchangeably except by specialists, but the spade is for digging, the shovel is for
scooping. This difference manifests itself as an angle in between the handle and blade of a shovel while the
spade is more or less straight from handle to blade. The snow shovel is a good example to imagine
Sieves
It is a utensil consisting of a wire or plastic mesh held in a frame, used for straining solids from liquids, for
separating coarser from finer particles, or for reducing soft solids to a pulp.
It is an instrument with a meshed or perforated bottom, used for separating coarse from fine parts of loose
matter, for straining liquids, etc., especially one with a circular frame and fine meshes or perforations. a person
who cannot keep a secret.
The process of separating smaller particles from bigger ones by passing them through a sieve is called sieving.
Sieving can only be used for separating the mixtures containing components of different sizes. A mixture of
sand, pebbles, and stones can be separated by the process of sieving.
straight edges
It is a bar with one accurately straight edge, used for testing whether something else is straight.
A ruler can be used as a straightedge, but a straightedge cannot be used as a ruler. A ruler is a type of
straightedge which has measurement gradients and is used to measure length. A straightedge is used only to
check if a surface is flat or making straight line
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1.5. Material quantity requirements
1.5.1. Measurement plastering
The measurement of quantities involves measuring of lengths, calculations of areas, volumes, or counting the
no of pieces depending on the nature of work and items used.
Linear measurement
Linear measurements are taken in perimeter computation. To calculate the area of sanding plaster plastering
surface and edge for both external and internal walls the perimeter of the building has to be computed first.
L1
L2 0.5 m
There are four approaches for computation of the perimeter

1. Separate (individual) wall method
In this method the out – to- out measure it taken for longer walls and into – to in measure for shorter walls.
For instance, L1 = 15 m
L2 = 12 m
t = 0.5 m
L1 = 15 m and l2 = 12- 2(0.5) = 11m
There four perimeter = 2 (L1 ) + 2 (l2 ) =2 (15) + 2 (11 ) = 52
This method is applicable when t is constant, i.e the thickness of walls are equal.
2. Center line method
In this method the perimeter is equal to the sum of total length of centerlines of booth longer and shorter
walls.
L1 = 15-2( ½ ) ( 0.5 ) = 14.5m
L2 = 12- 2( ½ ) ( 0.5 ) = 11.5m
There four perimeter =2(L1) + (L2) = 2(14.5)+ 2 (11.5) = 52 m
3. External length
The sum of all external dimensions less the thicknesses of all corners gives the perimeter
P = 2 (L1 + L2 ) -4( t ) = 2 (15+ 12 ) -4( 0.5 ) = 54 -2 = 52 m
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4. Internal lengths
Perimeter equals to sum of internal dimensions plus the thicknesses of the corners
P = 2 ( l1 + l2 ) + 4 ( t ) = 2 ( 14 + 11) + 4 ( 0.5 ) = 50 + 2 = 52 m
Example 2 calculates the perimeter of the following figure using different methods.
2.60 3.8 2.6
0.3 m
6m
Solutions
1. perimeter = 2 (9) + 2 (5.4) + 2 (1.5) = 31.8 m
2. perimeter = 8.70 + 2 (5.7) + 2 (1.5) + 2(2.30) + 4.1 = 31.8 m
3. perimeter = 2 (9+ 6) + 2 (1.5) - 4 (0.3) = 31.8 m
4. perimeter = 2 (8.4 +5.4) + 2 (1.5) + 4 (0.3) = 31.8 m
Area measurement
In works like plaster finishing a real measurement is required. While measuring the area of the irregular plot
the irregular area is broken into a number off regular figures that best describe the irregular plot and the areas
of the regular figures is computed and summed to give the area of the irregular one.
1.5.2. Calculating Material List for plastering

A. Basic Data
Density of Cement...................................................1400 Kgs/m3
River Sand................................ .............................1840 Kgs/m3
Stone Aggregate....................................................2250 Kgs/m3
Pumice...................................................................700 Kgs/m3
Lime....................................................................1900 Kgs/m3
Cement Mortar.....................................................2300 Kgs/m3
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Compo Mortar.......................................................1700 Kgs/m3
B. General Formula for plastering
1. Lime Mortar Mix Ratio = 1:4
Let volume of Lime mortar = Y m3
Then
i. Lime = 1/5 x Y m3 x 1900Kg/ m3 x 1.2 shrinkage x 1.05 Wastage
= 479Kgs Y
= 0.25 m3 Y
ii. Sand = 4/5x Y m3 x 1840Kg/ m3x 1.2 shrinkage x 1.05 Wastage
= 1855Kgs Y
= 1855/1840 m3 Y
= 1.01 m3 Y
2. Cement Mortar Mix Ratio = 1:4
Let volume of Cement mortar = Wm3
Then a) Cement = 1/5 x W m3 x 1400Kg/ m3 x 1.25 shrinkage x 1.05 Wastage
= 368Kgs W
= 0.26 m3 W
b) Sand = 4/5x Wm3 x 1840Kg/ m3x 1.25 shrinkage x 1.05 Wastage
= 1932Kgs W
= 1932/1840 m3 W
= 1.05 m3 W
3. Compo Mortar Mix Ratio = 1:2:9
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Let volume of Compo-mortar = Um3, Then
i. Cement = 1/12 x U m3 x 1400Kg/ m3 x 1.20 shrinkage x 1.05 Wastage
= 147Kgs U
= 0.105 m3 U
ii. Lime = 2/12 x U m3 x 1900Kg/ m3 x 1.20shrinkage x 1.05 Wastage
= 399Kgs U
= 0.21 m3 U
iii. Sand = 9/12x Um3 x 1840Kg/ m3x 1.20 shrinkage x 1.05 Wastage
= 1739Kgs U
= 1739/1840 m3 U
= 0.95 m3 U
a) Cement mortar plaster on walls per 10 square meters

Proportion 12mm thick with 15mm thick with 20mm thick with 25mm thick with
of Cement 20% wastage 15% wastage 12% wastage 10% wastage
Mortar 3 3 3 3
mortar=0.144m mortar=0.172m mortar=0.22m mortar=0.144m
Cement 3 Cement(kgs) Sand Cement Sand Cement Sand
Sand(m )
(kgs) 3 (kgs) 3 (kgs) 3
(m ) (m ) (m )
1:3 66.15 0.14 79.10 0.17 102.9 0.22 114.84 0.25
1:4 53.00 0.15 63.80 0.18 82.43 0.24 92.00 0.26
1:5 44.10 0.16 52.68 0.19 68.60 0.25 76.56 0.27
1:6 37.80 0.16 45.15 0.19 58.80 0.25 65.62 0.28
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COST ESTIMATION AND UNIT RATE ANALYSIS FOR BUILDING July 2, 2010
b) Compo Mortar plastering on walls per 10 square meters.

12mm with 20% wastage 15mm with 15% wastage 20mm with 12% wastage 25mm with 10% wastage
Proportion of
mortar = 0.144m3 mortar = 0.172m3 mortar = 0.224m3 mortar = 0.25m3
compo-mortar
Cement Lime Sand Cement Lime Sand Cement Lime Sand Cement Lime Sand
(kgs) (Kgs) 3 (kgs) (Kgs) 3 (kgs) (Kgs) 3 (kgs) (Kgs) 3
(m ) (m ) (m ) (m )
1:1:6 31.75 43.09 0.14 37.93 51.47 0.16 49.39 67.03 0.21 55.13 74.81 0.24
1:1:8 25.40 34.47 0.15 30.34 41.18 0.17 39.51 53.63 0.23 44.10 59.85 0.25
1:2:9 21.17 57.46 0.14 25.28 68.63 0.16 32.93 89.38 0.21 36.75 99.75 0.24
½:2:6 14.94 81.13 0.13 17.85 96.89 0.15 23.24 126.18 0.20 25.94 140.82 0.22
c) Lime – Mortar Plastering on walls per 10 square meters
Proportion 5mm thick with 15% wastage mortar = 10mm thick with 15% 12mm thick with 15%
Of 3 3 3
0.0575m wastage mortar = 0.115m wastage mortar = 0.138m
Lime Mortar
Lime Sand Lime Sand Lime Sand
(Kgs) 3 (Kgs) 3 (Kgs) 3
(m ) (m ) (m )
1:2 45.88 0.048 91.77 0.097 110.12 0.116
1:3 25.36 0.054 50.72 0.109 69.86 0.130
1:4 27.54 0.058 55.09 0.116 66.10 0.139
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1.5.3. Rendering
a) Cement mortar rendering on walls per 10 square meters with 20%
wastage mix proportion 1:3
3 2
1) Mortar = 0.06m /10m
1.1) Cement = 27.56 Kgs

1.2) Sand 3
= 0.06m
b) Cement mortar rendering on walls per 10 square meters with 20%
wastage mix proportion 1:4
3 2
1) Mortar = 0.06m /10m
1.1) Cement = 22.08 Kgs

1.2) Sand 3
= 0.06 m
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1.6. Materials appropriate to the work application
1.6.1. Undercoat Plaster
When plastering walls, getting the undercoat plaster layer right is an important part of the process. This will
be the base onto which you will apply the finishing plaster and needs to properly applied and sound or all the
hard work you put into finishing the wall will be a waste of time. This guide will take you through the
process of applying undercoat plaster on the average-sized domestic wall step-by-step.
What is undercoat plaster used for?
An internal base coat plaster used to build up a suitable thickness of plaster before skim finishing with a
Thistle skim finish plaster. Suitable for use on a wide range of internal backgrounds, including brick,
blockwork and most smooth or low-suction backgrounds.
What’s the Difference Between Plastering and Skimming?

Plastering
Contrary to popular belief, plastering is the term offered to the whole trade. This means that skimming is
really a method that a plasterer utilizes, rather than plastering and skimming being totally separate terms.
Plasterers perform great deals of different types of plastering and need to be very well-informed in their
trade. For example, some materials need more coats of plaster than others, and there are lots of different
methods associated with doing a good job.
There are different kinds of plasters that plasterers must understand how to use:
 Cement plaster: Made from cement, sand and water and generally used on walls where masonry
work has been done
 Lime plaster: Made from lime and water
 Gypsum plaster: Made with water and calcium sulphate
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1.6.2. Skimming
Skimming is the name provided to a plastering method where a wall is plastered with a layer of thin coat. It
is usually applied to an existing plaster to smooth the surface area The white layer of lime which is used to
rough cement is called a skim coat.
The plasterer uses various methods to make the surface area smooth, and it might depend on the tradesman’s
proficiency. So overall, skimming is a subset of plastering. They are both used to decorate structures and
increase the durability of a wall, but skimming is done to update an old building whereas plastering is done
to a new one. Another difference between skim and plaster is that plaster surface areas are constantly rough
whereas a skimmed surface area is smooth.
Finishing plaster, the same as skimming plaster?
They are both used to decorate structures and increase the durability of a wall, but skimming is done to
update an old building whereas plastering is done to a new one. Another difference between skim and plaster
is that plaster surface areas are constantly rough whereas a skimmed surface area is smooth.
1.6.3. Beads
Plasterers’ beads have become an indispensable part of plastering operations. Use of the appropriate beads
greatly reduces the time taken in forming sharp corner joints, ends stops and other details. Moreover, they
offer protection and reinforcement to vulnerable plaster edges.
1.6.4. Cement render
Cement rendering is the application of a premixed layer of sand and cement to brick, concrete, stone, or mud
brick. It is often textured, colored, or painted after application. It is generally used on exterior walls but can
be used to feature an interior wall.
Preparing the Wall
Check the wall to make sure that there is no sign of damp or mold. If there is, this should be treated before
you start to plaster.
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Applying Undercoat Plaster
Applying undercoat plaster evenly over a large area can be difficult so it is usually a good idea to divide the
wall up into sections using battens nailed to the block or brickwork. As long as the battens are all the same
thickness, they can also be used as a guide for the plaster depth.
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1.7. Environmental protection requirements
1.7.1. Environmental condition of cement plaster
Portland cement-based plaster shall not be applied to frozen base or to a base containing frost. Plaster mixes
shall not contain frozen ingredients. Plaster coats shall be protected from freezing for a period of not less
than 24 h after set has occurred. Portland cement plaster shall be protected from uneven and excessive
evaporation during dry weather and from strong blasts of dry air.
1.7.2. Clean-up management

Cleaning is the process of removing unwanted substances, such as dirt, infectious agents, and other
impurities, from an object or environment. Cleaning occurs in many different contexts, and uses many
different methods. Several occupations are devoted to cleaning.
Cleaning and disinfection generally consists of six steps:
 Pre-clean - remove excess food waste by sweeping, wiping or pre-rinsing.
 Main clean - loosens surface waste and grease using a detergent.
 Rinse - remove loose food waste, grease and detergent.
 Disinfection - kill the bacteria with disinfectant or heat
Dust
Definitions and Concepts
Airborne contaminants occur in the gaseous form (gases and vapors) or as aerosols. In scientific
terminology, an aerosol is defined as a system of particles suspended in a gaseous medium, usually air in the
context of occupational hygiene, is usually air. Aerosols may exist in the form of airborne dusts, sprays,
mists, smokes and fumes. In the occupational setting, all these forms may be important because they relate to
a wide range of occupational diseases.
Dust as an occupational hazard
Dust: Small, dry, solid particles projected into the air by natural forces, such as wind, volcanic eruption, and
by mechanical or man-made processes such as crushing, grinding, milling, drilling, demolition, shoveling,
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conveying, screening, bagging, and sweeping. Dust particles are usually in the size range from about 1 to
100 μm in diameter, and they settle slowly under the influence of gravity."
Examples of the types of dust found in the work environment include:
 mineral dusts, such as those containing free crystalline silica (e.g., as quartz), coal and cement
dusts;
 metallic dusts, such as lead, cadmium, nickel, and beryllium dusts;
 other chemical dusts, e.g., many bulk chemicals and pesticides:
 organic and vegetable dusts, such as flour, wood, cotton and tea dusts, pollens;
 biohazards, such as viable particles, moulds and spores
Dusts are generated not only by work processes, but may also occur naturally, e.g., pollens, volcanic ashes,
and sandstorms. Fibrous dusts, such as asbestos and other such materials have been shown to present special
health problems primarily related to the shape of the particles
Major Source of Dust Generation
 Blasting
 Drilling & Bolting
 Crushers
 Conveyors Systems
 Backfill Process
 Fresh Intake Mine Dust
Noise
Industrial Noise
Industrial noise problems are extremely complex. There is no “standard " program that is applicable to all
situations. However, industries are responsible to consider and evaluate their noise problems and to take
steps toward the establishment of effective hearing conservation procedures.
The effectiveness of hearing conservation program depends on the cooperation of employees, supervisors,
employers, and others concerned. The management responsibility is to take measurements, initiating noise
control measures, undertaking the audiometer testing of employees, providing hearing protective equipment
with sound policies, and informing employees of the benefits to be derived from a hearing conservation
program
General Class of Noise Exposure
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There are three general classes into which occupational noise exposure may be grouped.
1. Continuous noise: Normally defined as broadband noise of approximately constant level and
spectrum to which an employee is exposed for a period of eight hours per day or 40 hours a week.
2. Intermittent Noise: This may be defined as exposure to a given broadband sound pressure level
several times during a normal working day
The effects of noise on humans can be classified into two types:
 Non auditory effect
 Auditory effect
1.7.3. Prevention of noise exposure
OSHA requires a five phase hearing conservation program for industry:
1.Noise Monitoring
2.Audiometric (Hearing) Testing
3.Employee Training
4.Hearing Protectors
5. Recordkeeping
Vibration: Vibration causes vascular disorders of the arms and bony changes in the small bones of the wrist.
Vascular changes can be detected by X-ray examination of the wrist. The most common findings is
rarefaction of the lunate bone.
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Self-check (Unit one)
Part 1: choose the best answer
1. ------- an unplanned, non-controlled, and an undesirable event or a sudden mishap which interrupts
an activity or a function.
A. Accident C. Unsafe Act

B. Injury D. All
2. ---------is the bodily hurt sustained as the result of the accident.

B. Injury D. All
3. -----------a departure from an accepted, normal or correct procedure or practice, an unnecessary

exposure to a hazard, or conduct minimizing the degree of safety normally present.

B. Injury D. All
4. it is the least effective method for protecting workers from hazards.
A. Accident C. First aid box

B. Injury D. PPE
5. -------is the name provided to a plastering method where a wall is plastered with a layer of thin coat.
A. Skimming C. Coating
B. Beading D. All
Part2: write the short answer
1. Write the difference between Barricading and safety signage?

2. List plastering tools and equipment and their purpose?
3. How many type of plastering?
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Unit two: Coat internal and external walls, ceilings, angles, reveals and joints
and topics:
 Tools and materials
 Type of coating plasterwork to walls and ceilings
 Internal and external plaster coat angles, reveals and expansion joints
 Coat internal, external angle and joints
This unit will also assist you to attain the learning outcomes stated in the coverage. Specifically, upon
completion of this learning guide, you will be able to:
 select and identify tools and materials
 Apply One-, two- and three-coat plasterwork to walls and ceilings are finishing (vertical,
horizontal, inclined and curved) to solid backgrounds and board backgrounds
 Apply Internal and external angles, reveals and expansion joints to contractor’s working
instructions
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2.1. Materials and Tools
2.1.1. Plastering Materials
The properties of plaster in both fresh and hardened states depend to a large extent on the properties of the
materials used. This section gives guidance on selecting materials.
Plastering material
A. Cement
B. Lime
C. Sand
D. Bonding aids
E. Water
F. Plastering reinforcement (Lath and bead)
A. Cement
What is cement?
 Material with adhesive and cohesive properties
 Any material that binds or unites essentially like glue
Function of cement
 to bind the sand and coarse aggregate together
 to fill voids in between sand and coarse aggregate particle
 to form a compact mass
The Following are the different types of cement used in construction works
1. Rapid Hardening Cement
Composition- Increased Lime content
Purpose: Attains high strength in early days it is used in concrete where form work are removed at an early
stage.
2. Quick setting cement
Composition: Small percentage of aluminum sulphate as an accelerator and reducing percentage of Gypsum
with fine grinding
Purpose: Used in works is to be completed in very short period and concreting in static and running water
3. Low Heat Cement
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Composition: Manufactured by reducing tricalcium aluminate
Purpose: It is used in massive concrete construction like gravity dams
4. Sulphates resisting Cement
Composition: It is prepared by maintaining the percentage of tricalcium aluminate below 6% which
increases power against sulphates.
Purpose: It is used in construction exposed to severe sulphate action by water and soil in places like canals
linings, culverts, retaining walls, siphons etc.
5. Blast Furnace Slag Cement
Composition: It is obtained by grinding the clinkers with about 60% slag and resembles more or less in
properties of Portland cement
Purpose: It can use for works economic considerations is predominant.
6. High Alumina Cement
Composition: It is obtained by melting mixture of bauxite and lime and grinding with the clinker it is rapid
hardening cement with initial and final setting time of about 3.5 and 5 hours respectively
Purpose: It is used in works where concrete is subjected to high temperatures, frost, and acidic action.
7. White Cement
Composition: It is prepared from raw materials free from Iron oxide.
Purpose: It is costlier and is used for architectural purposes such as precast curtain wall and facing panels,
terrazzo surface etc.
8. Colored cement
Composition: It is produced by mixing mineral pigments with ordinary cement.
Purpose: They are widely used for decorative works in floors
9. Pozzolanic Cement
Composition: It is prepared by grinding pozzolanic clinker with Portland cement
Purpose: It is used in marine structures, sewage works, sewage works and for laying concrete under water
such as bridges, piers, dams etc.
10. Air Entraining Cement
Composition: It is produced by adding indigenous air entraining agents such as resins, glues, sodium salts
of Sulphates etc. during the grinding of clinker.
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Purpose: This type of cement is especially suited to improve the workability with smaller water cement
ratio and to improve frost resistance of concrete.
11. Hydrographic cement
Composition: It is prepared by mixing water repelling chemicals
Purpose: This cement has high workability and strength
B. Lime
Building lime is produced by burning a naturally occurring form of calcium carbonate (such as limestone,
chalk or sea shells) to form quicklime by driving off carbon dioxide. This is done using a kiln and the
process was once commonplace across Scotland. Currently building lime is supplied in bag form. The
quicklime is mixed with water (this can produce a vigorous reaction which generates heat) to form lime
putty in a process known as slaking. This is a skilled procedure requiring specialist training.
To differentiate between how lime mortars work, they can be classified as either non-hydraulic or hydraulic.
Non-hydraulic lime comes in two forms – a dry powder or putty. Lime putty is most commonly used for
internal plastering, and the dry powder (more commonly known as builder’s lime) is used as an additive to
cement mortars to improve workability.
Hydraulic lime is produced from a limestone which contains clay-based minerals. Hydraulic lime is
available as a dry powder. It is commonly used for external work as it can withstand more aggressive
conditions on buildings.
C. Sand
Sand is by far the major constituent of plaster and has a significant influence on its performance and material
cost.
In Ethiopian, natural sands i.e. pit, river and dune sands, are almost invariably used. An important
requirement is that sand should be free of organic matter such as roots, seeds, twigs and humus. This is an
absolutely essential requirement in the case of white or pigmented plasters.
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If sand includes lumps that are not easily broken between the fingers, it is not ideal for use in plaster; if such
sand is to be used, then such lumps should be removed by sieving. Crusher sands are not generally suitable
for use in plaster due to their angular particle shape. However, crusher sands have been used successfully in
rich mixes for special applications such as plastering of squash court walls and pipe linings, and limestone or
marble crusher sands are commonly used, with white cement, for plastering swimming pool shells.
The use of ash as aggregate is also not recommended unless the ash has been thoroughly tested and proven
to be sound.
Important physical properties of sands are:
A. Clay content
B. Grading
C. Maximum particle size
D. Particle shape
A. Clay content
Only a small proportion of clay can be tolerated in sand used in plaster. Clay normally causes a high water
requirement and high drying shrinkage.
 Sands with high clay content may generally be recognized as follows:

 The fraction that passes a 0.075-mm sieve* can, after being moistened, be rolled into a thread about 3
mm or less in diameter.
 Plaster mixes made with such sands:
 Are very “fatty” and tend to cling to a trowel
 Have a high water requirement.
B. Grading
Ideally, the sand should have a continuous grading, from dust up to the largest particles. The fractions
passing the 0.150mm and 0.075mm sieves* (“fines”) are important because they significantly influence the
water requirement, workability and water retentively of the mix *Such sieves are expensive and normally
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found only in laboratories. For a field test, place a few handfuls of dry sand in the foot of a nylon stocking
and tie it closed. Shake the sand and collect the dust in a bowl.
Increasing these fractions results in increased water requirement (with consequent lower strength and higher
shrinkage), but improved workability and water retentively. The optimum fines content is therefore a
compromise between these properties. For plasters, a sand lacking in fines may be used with hydrated
builder’s lime, mortar plasticizer, or masonry cement, or it may be blended with a fine filler sand.
Sand with excessive fines may be improved by washing or by blending with suitable coarser sand. The
coarser sand could be crusher sand provided that the resulting plaster is suitable for the application, and it
gives acceptable results.
C. Maximum particle size
For conventional smooth plaster, all the sand should pass through a sieve with 2.36mm openings. For
coarsely textured decorative work, the corresponding sieve size is 4.75 mm. Oversize particles (and lumps)
should be removed by sieving.
D. Particle shape
Ideally, for good workability, the particle shape should be nicely rounded and the particle surface texture
should be smooth.
The particle shape of natural sands tends to be rounded due to weathering whereas that of crusher sands
tends to be angular or flaky. Some river sands, however, contain newly weathered particles with a rough
surface texture and angular particle shape. These particles are normally in the coarser fraction of the sand
and should be screened out.
D. Chemical Admixtures
Chemical admixtures are sometimes used in plaster mixes to improve workability and water retentively. The
use of all admixtures must be properly controlled in order to avoid adverse consequences.
The most commonly used admixtures are so-called “mortar plasticizers” which are in fact air-entraining
agents. On no account should they be used with masonry cements.
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Bonding aids
Bonding aids (or bonding liquids) are often used in plaster mixes, and in spatter dash for bonding plasters to
their substrates. These must be used strictly in accordance with manufacturer’s instructions.
They can be very effective in improving bond but only if the substrate has been properly prepared. By no
means are they a substitute for a good surface preparation and workmanship.
They also impart good workability to the mix but overdosing can lead to low strength.
E. Water
Water fit for drinking is generally suitable for making mortar. Substances in water that, if present in water
that, if presenting large amounts, may be harmful are: salt, oil, industrial wastes, alkalis, sulphates, Organic,
Matter, silt sewage etc.
Water-used in mortar mixes has two functions. The first is to react chemically with the cement which will
finding set and harden, and the second function is to lubricate all other materials and make the mortar
workable.
F. Plastering reinforcement
I. Lath
II. bead
I. Lathing: lath is adopted to provide foundation for plastering work. Laths are also providing for
plastering thin partition walls and for plastering ceilings
Metal Lath
Metal lath is perhaps the most versatile of all plaster bases. Essentially a metal screen, the bond is created by
keys formed by plaster forced through the openings. As the plaster hardens, it becomes rigidly interlocked
with the metal lath.
Three types of metal lath are commonly used:
 Diamond mesh (expanded metal),

 Expanded rib, and
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 Wire meshes (woven wire).
Diamonds mesh
The terms “diamond mesh” and “expanded metal” refer to the same type of lath. It is manufactured by first cutting
staggered slits in a sheet and then expanding or stretching the sheet to form the screen openings. The standard
diamond mesh lath has a mesh size of 0.8cm by 1.5cm. Lath is made in sheets of 68.6cm by 2.44m and is packed
10 sheets to a bundle (16.7square meters). Diamond mesh lath is also made in a large mesh.
This lath may be nailed to smooth concrete or masonry surfaces. It is widely used when re-plastering old walls
and ceilings when the removal of the old plaster is not desired. Another lath form is paper-backed where the lath
has a waterproof or Kraft paper glued to the back of the sheet. The paper acts as a moisture barrier and plaster
saver.
Fig.2.1.1.diamond mash
Expanded rib
Expanded rib lath (fig. 7-4) is like diamond mesh lath except that various size ribs are formed in the lath to
stiffen it. Ribs run lengthwise of the lath and are made for plastering use in 0.32, 0.95, and 1.9cm rib height.
The sheet sizes are 68.6cm to 2.44m in width, and 12.7, 25.4, and 3.66m lengths for the 1.9cm rib lath.
Fig.2.1.2.Expanded rib
Wire mesh
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Woven wire lath (fig. 7-4) is made of galvanized wire of various gauges woven or twisted together to form
either squares or hexagons. It is commonly used as a stucco mesh where it is placed over tar paper on open-
stud construction or over various sheathing.
Fig.2.1.3. Woven wire
II. Bead
Plasterers’ beads have become an indispensable part of plastering operations. Use of the appropriate beads
greatly reduces the time taken in forming sharp corner joints, ends stops and other details. Moreover, they
offer protection and reinforcement to vulnerable plaster edges.
General installation information
 Beads should be fixed using plaster or render dabs or a suitable mechanical fixing at a maximum of
600mm canters
 Beads may be wire tied to the face of metal lathing backgrounds
 Use tin snips or shears to cut to size
 When jointing angle beads use a dowel inserted in the nose to ensure continuity and alignment
 Avoid damage to beads when towelling plaster or render
 Stainless steel beads are specifically designed for cement-based renders and should not be used with
gypsum-based plasters unless they are specified with an approved protective finish
 Epoxy/polyester coated galvanized steel beads, with PVC nosing, are designed for external use only in
sheltered or moderate environments. Similar usage restrictions also apply to the Expamet 570 Render
Stop.
 Joints in Plaster Over Building Movement Control Joints:
Method 1
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Fix one stop bead down the side of the building movement joint, levelling with the timber grounds.
When this bead is set, fix the second bead into position using timber inserts to control the required gap. Also
levelling to the timber grounds.
When both beads are set, remove timber inserts and complete the plastering. Fill the gap with flexible
sealant.
Method 2
Plaster stop beads used with insert to make a bead for building movement control joint. Use timber batten
wired to beads to set up gap width. On removal of the timber batten flexible sealant can be used as required.
Width of gap determined by the flexible nature of sealant and expected masonry movement. Metal bead for
internal use only
The colors shown on this page are representative of the actual colour and will vary slightly to the product
due to the printing process.
Movement bead
Used where the underlying substrate changes, or where minor movement in the structure beneath the render
is expected. Movement beads can also be used where changes in render colour are specified. Movement
beads should NOT be used over structural movement joints (see page 4, Joints in Plaster over Building
Movement Control Joints).
Fig.2.1.4.Movement bead
Angle bead
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For use on all plastered or rendered corners where a true, sharp corner is required. Protects and reinforces
plaster where it is most vulnerable.
Fig.2.1.5. Angle bead
Note: Plastering tool refer content 1.4
2.2. Type of coating plasterwork to walls and ceilings

2.2.1. Introduction
Plastering is the process of covering rough surface of walls, columns,ceilings and other building components
with thin coat of plastic mortars toform a smooth durable surface.
The coating of plastic materials (i.e. mortar) is termed as plaster.
Purpose of Plastering:
1. Plastering is done to achieve the following purpose
2. To protect the external surface against penetration of rain water and other atmospheric agencies.
3. To give the smooth surface in which dust and dirt cannot lodge.
4. To give decorative effect.
5. Conceals inferior quality materials and defective workmanship,
6. To protect surface against varmint.
2.2.2. Type plaster coat

Plastering consists of three separate coats of plaster.
1. First coat/ rendering coat/ /scratch coat
2. Second coat/ floating/ brown coat
3. Third coat/ finish coat
The first two, called the brown or floating and scratch or rendering coats, are coarse, often with sand,
horsehair, and other binders added to the mix.
The third or finish coat is a smoother blend, made of water and finely ground lime and plaster
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Plaster thickness
Recommended thicknesses are:
 First undercoat/scratch coat/rendering/: 10-15 mm
 Second undercoat/brown coat/floating/: (if any): 5-8mm
 Finish coat/set coat/: 3-5 mm
If plaster is applied in a single coat, thickness should be 10-15 mm. A single
coat should not be thicker than 15 mm.
2.2.3. Surface Preparation
This section deals with the preparation of the surface to which the plaster isapplied, i.e. the substrate. Aspects
discussed are substrate properties;
 techniques of surface preparation; and
 methods of preparing different types of surface.
Surface properties required for successful plastering

The surface to be plastered should be accurately positioned overall andzones should not deviate excessively fr
om a plane (or curved) surface.Ideally, the substrate should be rough; absorbent to a limited extent; strongand
clean, i.e. free from any film, such as dust, oil or paint that could impairbond between plaster and substrate.
The more accurate the substrate the easier it is to meet these requirements.
Roughness improves adhesion by providing a positive “key” for plaster togrip.
Absorption removes the water film, between substrate and plasterthat would tend to weaken adhesion.
Excessive absorption will however dry out the plaster.The strength of the substrate material should be greate
r than,or equal to, that of the hardened plaster.Before any plastering commences, all chases should be comple
ted and allelectrical and plumbing conduits, boxes, etc, should be fixed in position.
Techniques of preparing surfaces
I. Accuracy
In a new work, surface preparation starts with accurate setting out andconstruction of walls and soffits
The aim should be to provide a surface that can be plastered to therequired lines and levels by applying a coa
t (or coats) of uniform thickness. Excessively thick plaster or plaster of uneven thickness should not be relied
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on to hide inaccurate work.
Where zones of the substrate surface deviate from the required plane (orcurved) surface by more than about
10 mm, the first option is to removehigh areas by hacking or cutting.
II. Strength
For new work, masonry units strong enough to survive handling andtransport prior to being built in should be
strong enough to hold plaster. Similarly, in situ concrete should have ample strength. In some
cases, it is necessary to plaster existing walls of soft clay brick.
III. Roughness
Background surfaces should ideally be at least as rough as coarse sandpaper or rough-sawn timber.
Surface roughness can be achieved in one of the following ways:
 Using formwork with a rough surface, e.g. sawn timber, for substrate concrete
 Stripping formwork early and wire brushing concrete
 Hacking
 Abrasive blasting (e.g. sand blasting)
 Raking out mortar joints in masonry substrates to provide a key.
 A depth of about 10 mm is normally adequate.
 Applying a spatter dash layer
Spatter dash is a mixture of one part of cement to one and a half parts ofcoarse sand with enough water for a
sluggishly pourable consistence.
IV. Cleanliness
Surfaces must be free of loose material, such as dust, and films that caninterfere with bonding, such as curin
g compounds.
Substrate surfaces may be cleaned by:
 Water jetting
 Blowing with (oil-free) compressed air
 Vacuum cleaning
 Brushing
Solvents should not be used to remove films formed by curing compounds.(Such films must be removed by
mechanical means.)
V. Absorption
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First assess absorptiveness by throwing about a cupful of water against the surface.
The surface will fall into one of three categories:
a. No water is absorbed.
b. Some water is absorbed but most runs off.
c. Most of the water is absorbed.
Category A. Surfaces, which would include hardburnt clay face bricks,
glazed bricks and very dense highstrength concrete, should be prepared byapplying a spatter dash coat that i
ncludes a polymer emulsion. Such surfaces must not be rewetted.
Category B. Surfaces should not require any treatment to control suction.
Category C. Surfaces should be wetted thoroughly for at least one hour andthen allowed to become saturate
d surface dry before the plaster is applied.
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Preparation of various types of substrate
1. Monolithic concrete
Concrete is normally placed in situ but may be precast. Provide a rough surface by using
roughtextured formwork, early stripping of formwork andwire brushing
the concrete, hacking or abrasive blasting. (If none of these ispracticable, apply a spatter dash coat
after ensuring that the surface isclean). Ensure that no formrelease oil is left on the surface to be p
lastered.
Clean down by water jetting or vacuuming. Remove curing compound, ifany, by mechanical mea
ns. Conventional structural concrete should notrequire wetting to control suction.
Smooth off-shutter high-strength

concrete surfaces will require the application of a spatter dash coat.
2. Concrete masonry
The texture of the masonry units should be sufficiently rough withoutfurther treatment. If not, app
ly a spatter dash coat and / or hack thesurface. If the surface is dusty, clean by brushing, water jett
ing or vacuuming. It should not be necessary to control suction of the surface by prewetting,
unless the masonry units are very absorbent.
3. Burnt clay stock brickwork
The texture of the bricks should be sufficiently rough without furthertreatment. If not, apply a spat
ter dash coat, hack the surface or attach thenew plaster mechanically with expanded metal lathing.
If the surface isdusty, clean by brushing, water jetting or vacuuming.
4. Burnt clay face-brickwork
It is recommended that specialist advice be obtained for each specific case.
5. Poorly burnt soft clay brickwork
This type of walling may be found in very old buildings, usually whenrestoration or repairs are be
ing done. Care should be taken when removingthe old plaster so as not to damage the bricks. Prot
ect the wall from rain or running water once the bricks are exposed.
Rake out the joints about 10 mm deep (The mortar is normally very soft.)
Brush down the wall to remove any loosely adhering material.
Lightly dampen the wall and apply a spatter dash coat that incorporates apolymer emulsion to imp
rove adhesion.
Types of Mortars for plastering:
The selection of type of plaster depends up on the following factors. Availability of binding materials,
durability, finishing requirements and weather conditions.
1. Lime mortar:
The line used for plastering may be either fat line or hydraulic line. However, fat line is preferred
since it yields good putty after slaking. Hydraulic line Contains particles which slake very slowly
as it comes in contact with atmospheric moisture; such slaking may even continue for 6 to 8
months.
If un slaked particles remain in such a plaster, blisters are formed during the process of slow
slaking. Thus, the plastered surface gets damaged.
Hydraulic line yields harder and stronger surface
The mix proportion (i.e. lime: sand) varies from 1:3 to 1:4 for fat line and 1:2 for hydraulic line.
2. Cement mortar
Is the best mortar for external plastering work an as it is practical nonabsorbent? Much stronger
than lime mortar. The mix proportion (cement: sand) may Vary from 1:4 to 1:6
The sand used for plastering should be clean, Coarse and angular. Before mixing water, dry
mixing is thoroughly done. When water is mixed, the mortar should be used with 30 minutes of
mixing, well before initial setting takes place.
3. Lime- Cement mortar:

 Have both the properties of lime mortar as well as cement mortar.
 Addition of lime to cement imparts adequate plasticity resulting in smooth plastered
surface.
 Mix proportions (cement: lime: sand) generally used are: 1:1:6, 1:1:8 or 1:2:8
 Number of coats of plaster.
 The back ground over which plastering is to be done depend up on the type of wall
construction, such as random rubble (R.R) masonry, brick masonry, and cement block
work etc. Different thickness of plaster is required for different types of back grounds.
 Plastering is, therefore, can be applied in one, two, or three coats.
 Plaster in one coat is applied only for inferior work, since it causes heavy shrinkage and
Consequent cracking. Generally, line plaster is applied in three coats while cement plaster
is applied in two coats.
 The first coat (under-coat or rendering coat) provide means of Leveling uneven surface. 10
to15 mm thick.
 The second coat (floating coat) serve as an intermediate coat. Average thickness is 6 to
9mm.
 The third coat (setting or finishing coat) provider smooth surface and is about 2 to 3 mm
thick.
 If plastering is done in a single coat only, its thickness should lie between 6 and 12mm.
Batching
Batching sand by loose volume is satisfactory. Batches based on whole bagsof cement are preferabl
e. The size of the batch should, however, be smallenough for it to be used up
within about two hours.
Mixing the plaster

This may be done by machine or by hand. Machine mixing is preferable andhighly recommended.H
and mixing should be done on a smooth concrete floor or steel sheet.
 All mixing equipment should be cleaned before use to prevent contamination.
 Pour the required amount of water into the mixing bucket (see selector chart for details).
Only add clean water and do not use any additives.
 First spread out the sand about 100 mm thick.
 Spread the cement uniformly overthe sand.
 Mix sand and cement until the colour is uniform.
 Then gradually add water while mixing until the right consistence is reached.
2.2.4. Application of plastering in different coat
First coat: has to provide sufficient bonding. Stipple or spatter dash can be used on all
backgrounds, but especially on impervious and smooth background. Leave these coats rough to
provide a key.
Second coat: To be applied two days (or more, depending on weather conditions) after
completion of first coat. Its strength should be less than the first coat.
Third Coating: Apply a nice, even coat, working perpendicular to the wall. Straighten it all up
in clean strokes. Keep your body horizontal to the wall while you work vertically, up and down
across the ceiling. Try to move in a uniform manner so that you don’t miss any areas
A. Lime plaster:
After preparing the back ground, lime plastering can be applied in three or two coats.
Three coat plaster:
a) Application of rendering coat or scratch coat
 The mortar is forcibly applied with mason’s trowel and pressed well in to the joints and
over the surface.
 The thickness of coats should be such as to cover all inequalities of the surface. The
normal thickness is 12mm.
 This surface is allowed to slightly harden and then scratched crisscross with the edge of
trowel. Then, the surface is allowed to set for at least 7 days.
b) Application of floating coat or brown coat:

 The rendering coat is cleaned of all dirt, dust and other loose mortar droppings.
 It is lightly wetted.
 The mortar is then thrown with mason’s trowel, spread and rubbed to the required plain
surface with wooden float.
c) Application of finishing:
 Consists of cream of lime applied with steel trowel, rubbed and then smooth finished.
 Applied immediately after the floating coat.
Two coat plaster:
 In case of two coat plaster, the rendering coat is a combination of the rendering and
floating coat of the “three coat plaster” and is done under one continuous operation except
that the scratching of rendering coat as specified in three coat plaster is not done.
 The total thickness may be about 12mm
 Finishing is applied in a manner Similar to three coat plaster.
B. Cement plaster and Cement-lime plaster

a) Two- Coat plaster
 Backing ground is prepared by racking the joints, cleaning the surface and well-watering
it.
 If the surface to be plastered is very Uneven, a preliminary coat is applied to fill up the
hollows before the first coat.
 Then the first coat or rendering coat of plaster is applied. In order to maintain uniform
thickness of plaster screed are formed of plaster on wall surface by fixing dots of 15cm
size of 2m interval.
 The rendering is kept wet for at least 2 days, and then allowed to dry completely.
 Before applying the final coat, the rendering coat is damped evenly.
b) Three coat plaster:
 The procedure similar to two-coat plaster except that an intermediate coat known as
floating coat is applied. It provides even surface.
c) Single-coat plaster:
 Used only in inferior quality work.
 Special materials are used in plastering or over the plastered surface to meet some specific
requirements of the finished surface; such as to increase durability, for better appearance,
fire proofing, sound insulation etc
Applying the plaster

When sequencing building activities, it is highly recommended that the roof is clad before
plastering starts. Never work in direct sun. Plastering should be protected from the sun and drying
winds. If it is necessary to plaster walls exposed to the sun, especially in hot or windy conditions,
then special precautions may be needed to protect the plaster on the wall from sun and wind to
reduce the risk of cracks in the plaster.
The plaster should be used up within two hours of being mixed and never be retendered by mixing
in additional water.
Ensure that plaster is not continuous across the line of a damp proof course. Plaster should be cut
through to the substrate where different substrate materials meet, e.g. masonry and concrete.
The general procedure for applying plaster is as follows:

For accurate work, apply screed strips before the wall is plastered. These are narrow strips of plaster
along the perimeter of the wall, or at suitable intervals on the wall, that act as guides for the striker
board.
Using a rectangular plasterer’s trowel, apply plaster onto the wall or ceiling using heavy pressure to
compact the plaster and ensure full contact with the substrate. The plaster should be slightly proud
of the intended surface.
Once the plaster starts to stiffen It should be struck off to a plane (or curved) surface using a light
striker board. Material removed in this way should be discarded.
If plaster is to be applied in more than one coat, the undercoat(s) should be scored with roughly
parallel lines about 20 mm apart and 5 mm deep. The purpose of scoring is two-fold; to provide a
key for the next coat and to distribute cracking so that it is less noticeable.
For the final coat, use a wood float to remove ridges made by the striker board. At the same time
fill in any depressions and float flush with the surrounding plaster.
If a very smooth texture is required, a steel trowel may be used on the surface. Very smooth
surfaces are, however, not generally recommended because they tend to craze and show
imperfections.
Various decorative finishes are also possible. Techniques include brushing, flicking plaster onto
the surface and lightly floating, etc.
In the special case of soft burnt clay brickwork, plaster should be applied as follows:
If mesh reinforcement or metal lathing is to be used, nail it to the wall using galvanized nails
driven through the spatter dash coat and use spacers to keep it away from the wall. Apply the first
coat of plaster again
This first coat is used to achieve a plane surface. (In some cases it is necessary to use two coats to
achieve this).
It must be well scratched, cured for at least two days and allowed to dry.
The scratching, followed by the drying period, distributes shrinkage cracks.
Apply the final coat of plaster, using the same mix or preferably a slightly leaner mix. Striking off
and finishing are done as described previously.
Preparation
1. Brush down the background to remove all loose materials and dust etc. to give a good sound
background.
2. Remove all mortar snots from joints, internal and external angles.
3. Make a key, if needed to the background.
4. Test the background for suction (splash some water on the surface and see how quickly it gets
sucked into the background).
5. Treat if necessary.
6. Place drop boards at bottom of wall to catch any material that is dropped. This can then be re
used.
7. Fix any timber wall and sole plates as necessary. This stops the plaster cracking and falling off
the wood.
8. Fix any angle beads that are required.
9. Set up the spot board and stand.
Method of working
 BROAD SCREEDS.
 Use on small areas.
 Does not give the highest standard of work but better than freehand.
 Apply screed to corner of wall and rule off.
 Keep depth of material to no more than 11mm.
 Place another vertical screed in other corner and rule off.
Fig.2.1. screed
DOT AND SCREED
 Can be used on long or high walls.
 Use if the finished work has to be absolutely plumb.
 Gives the highest standard for tolerance purposes
Fig.2.2. screed
1. Place a dot of material near an internal angle, place a lath in the dot.
Dot should be about 300mm away from adjoining wall.
2. Place a second dot at the bottom of the wall, place a lath into the dot.
Dots should be about 2.5m apart.
3. Plumb in the two dots using a floating rule.
4. Either tap in or bring the wood out until the two dots are in line
Plaster Base Testing

General Testing of Plaster Bases
The wipe and scratch tests serve to assess the properties of the plaster base as to whether there are
foreign materials present or surface areas that flake, peel or dust.
Making spot checks, the wipe test is performed with a flat hand whereas a hard, pointy object is
required for the scratch test. With the help of the wetting test, it is possible to find out about the
absorbency and moisture content of the plaster base.
The wetting test is performed by sprinkling several spots with pure water. If it is desirable to take
accurate measurements of the remnant moisture, a sample can either be tested by a material
testing laboratory with CM equipment or by the drying test. The sample needs to be taken from a
depth of at least 2 cm (0.78 in). A crown drill with a minimum diameter of 25 mm (0.98 in) needs
to be operated at very low rpm in order to take the sample without heating the material too much.
2.3. Internal and external plaster coat angles, reveals and expansion joints
2.3.1. Expansion Joint Plastering
What is a plaster expansion joint?
Expansion joints are incorporated in a building to allow movement in the structure which
the plasterboard is fixed to. Plasterboard surfaces should be isolated from structural
elements by installing
2.3.2. Expansion joint
Expansion Joints when; Plaster surface abuts any structural element or different wall
type.
Expansion joints are incorporated in a building to allow movement in the structure which
the plasterboard is fixed to. Plasterboard surfaces should be isolated from structural
elements by installing Expansion Joints when;
 Plasterboard surface abuts any structural element or different wall type

 Long partition or wall runs
 In continuous ceiling areas
Applying plaster to walls may seem like a daunting task, but you will have seen from earlier
articles that, providing the right techniques are practised and used, professional-quality finishes
can be quite easily obtained on both exposed brick and plasterboard surfaces.
In these earlier articles, plastering was confined to flat, uninterrupted surfaces, but, in practice
there will usually be a certain amount of finishing off needed at internal and external corners, and
around door and window openings. You will need to learn a few more techniques to deal with
these, although the method of applying the plaster, and the tools for doing so, are basically the
same as those detailed previously with a few exceptions.
2.3.3. Internal angles plastering
You are likely to meet two types of internal angle when plastering. The first is where your newly-
plastered wall meets an existing hard plaster surface on the adjacent wall, and the second is where
both adjacent walls are being plastered simultaneously.
Where you have a hard surface to work to. Apply your floating coat to the wall in the normal
manner. Then rule the plaster outwards from the corner, using the wooden rules vertically instead
of horizontally. Key the plaster well with a devilling float and then cut out the internal angle. This
is done by laying the trowel flat against the finished surface so that it is at an angle of 30 to 40° to
the vertical and then moving it into the corner until the tip of the toe cuts into the fresh plaster.
Move the trowel up and down the angle and then repeat the procedure with the trowel flat against
the floated surface and its tip against the hard plaster. This will cut out the corner cleanly. Leave it
to harden.
2.3.4. External angles
Although it is possible to finish off external corners freehand, considerable skill would be needed;
for the do-it-yourself there are two simple methods which will produce successful results without
too much trouble. Probably the easiest of these is to use a metal angle bead, which has the added
advantages of allowing simultaneous plastering of both walls and providing an extremely durable
corner. The other method is to use a timber rule to form first one side of the angle and then the
other.
The metal angle bead will provide a true, straight arras that will not chip. It comprises a hollow
bead, flanked by two bands of perforated or expanded metal lath. Two versions are available: one
that will take the full thickness of a floating and finishing coat of plaster, and another that is
shallower for use with plasterboard. The latter is called a ‘thin coat’ bead.
2.3.5. Door and window reveals
The narrow strips of wall at door and window openings, which are normally at right angles to the
main wall surfaces, are known as reveals. They may also be found at the sides of a chimney breast
or on a plain pier.
Actually forming the corner in this is straightforward, using the methods described previously.
However, there are two points which require special attention. These are the depth of the reveals
and the thickness of plaster, or ‘margin’, at the frame or back wall. It is essential that the depth of
the reveal is the same all the way round the opening and that the plaster is the same thickness
across the reveal. This will ensure that a uniform amount of frame remains visible.
Trowelling internal plaster corners is a great plastering skill to learn. It’s important to know if you
want to plaster a room yourself. We’ll teach you how to fill and reinforce the gaps. You’ll also
learn how to give the plaster a smooth finish and get it ready for painting.
How to plaster internal corner
 Check your wall is straight.

 Cut the external angle.
 Attach the external angle using a staple gun.
 Attach the external angle with a hammer.
 Mix up the plaster for your base coat.
 Apply the base coat of plaster.
 Smooth the surface and apply the second coat.
 Apply plaster to the face of your wall.
How to plaster External corner
 Fill the gaps in the internal plaster corner.

 Mix some plaster base coat in a bucket until it has the consistency of toothpaste.
 Reinforce the internal plaster corner with paper tape.
 Cut a piece of paper tape to the height of your wall.
 Apply a top coat to the internal plaster corner.
In building construction, an expansion joint is a mid-structure separation designed to relieve stress

on building materials caused by building movement induced by: thermal expansion and
contraction caused by temperature changes, sway caused by wind, seismic events, etc.
Expansion joint systems are used to bridge the gap and restore building assembly functions while
accommodating expected movements.
The term “movement joint” has been widely adopted in preference to “expansion joint” as it more
appropriately encompasses the fact that building movement results in both compression and
expansion of the material installed.
For example, when a structure heats up, the building materials from which it is built expand. This
causes the “expansion joint” to close down, thereby compressing the expansion joint system
installed in the gap.
In an effort to sculpture the mass of a building in an unrestricted manner, designers in the recent
past eliminated as many joints as they possibly could. Today this design error is obvious:
unsightly cracking of both exterior and interior surfaces constructed of cementitious products.
An expansion joints with expanded webbing abutting the joint ensures secure embedment and
gives the installer the option of using either wire ties or nails to secure the joint to the basic
supporting frame. A return lip eliminates shrinkage separation between the surface material and
the joint.
Plastering Corners
Any wall that has an external corner needs to have an angle bead fixed in place before plastering
can commence. If you have a wall with no external corners, then have a go at plastering this one
first.
Then when you have got to grips with the basics the angle bead will be fairly straightforward.
Self-check (unit one)
Part 1: choose the best answer
1. Which one of the following incorrect about cement?

A. to bind the sand and coarse aggregate together
B. to fill voids in between sand and coarse aggregate
C. fill the open space of course aggregate
D. All
2. ---------is the process of covering rough surface of the wall, columns, ceilings and other
building components with thin coat of plastic mortars to from a smooth durability surface.
A. Panting C. Pointing
B. Plastering D. Skimming
3. Which one of the following is the purpose of plastering?

A. To Unprotect the external surface against penetration of rain water
B. To give the smooth surface in which dust and dirt cannot lodge.
C. To give decorative effect.
D. B and C
4. ----------the process of measuring the amount of sand?
A. Mixing
B. Batching
C. Measuring
D. All
Part 2: write short answer
1. Mention and explain the types of metal lath?
2. List type of plastering coats and their purpose?
3. List and describe the techniques of preparing surfaces?
4. Describe types of Mortars for plastering?
5. How to testing of plaster bases?
Operation sheet 1: applying internal and external plastering and edge
 Operation title: applying internal and external plastering and edge

 Purpose: To practice and demonstrate the skill, knowledge and attitude required to applying
internal and external plastering and edge
 Instruction: Use the given tools and equipment to applying internal and external plastering and
edge. For this operation you have given 8Hour.
 Tools and requirement
1. trowel 7. float
2. chisel 8. bucket
3. hammer 9. spade/shovel/
4. builder square 10. string
5. straight edge 11. plumb bob
6. meter
 Precautions: when applying internal and external plastering and edge take precaution
against weather and use correct procedure.
Procedures in doing the task
1. Preparing back ground

2. Broad screeds(fasha)
3. Use on small areas.
4. Does not give the highest standard of work but better than freehand.
5. Apply screed to corner of wall and rule off.
6. Keep depth of material to no more than 11mm.
7. Place another vertical screed in other corner and rule off.
Fig.2.1. screed
DOT AND SCREED

1. Can be used on long or high walls.
2. Use if the finished work has to be absolutely plumb.
3. Gives the highest standard for tolerance purposes
4. Place a dot of material near an internal angle, place a lath in the dot.
Dot should be about 200mm away from adjoining wall.
5. Place a second dot at the bottom of the wall, place a lath into the dot.
Dots should be about 2.5m apart.
6. Plumb in the two dots using a floating rule.
7. Either tap in or bring the wood out until the two dots are in line
Fig.2.4. screed
LAP test
Name: _____________________________ Date: ________________

Time started: ________________________ Time finished: ________________
Instructions: Given necessary templates, tools and materials you are required to perform the
following tasks within 8hours.
Task 1: Applying internal and external plastering and edge
Unit Three: Clean Up
and topics:
 Work area Clearing and materials disposal and recycle
 Tools and equipment maintenance
This unit will also assist you to attain the learning outcomes stated in the coverage. Specifically, upon
completion of this learning guide, you will be able to:
 Clear work area and dispose, reuse or recycle materials in accordance with
legislation/regulations/codes of practice and job specification
 Clean, check, maintain and store tools and equipment in accordance with manufacturers’
recommendations and standard work practices
3.1. Work area Clearing and materials disposal and recycling

3.1.1. Clearing work area
Clearing work area is Removing unwanted plastering materials
Keep Aisles Clear: Aisle space should be reserved for the movement of personnel, products and
materials. It should be kept clean and clear and should never be used for “bottleneck” or
“overflow’’ storage. This also applies to passageways and emergency exits. Blind corners should
be eliminated or be adequately protected by warning signs.
Aisle boundary markings should be drawn to show clearly the space which has been reserved for
traffic. Markings should be sufficiently wide (say a minimum of 30 mm) and of a color to make
them clearly visible. Paint or durable plastic strips can be used.
3.1.2. Material disposal
Disposal methods adopted depend on the nature of the material. To obtain this information, a
comprehensive sampling and analysis program is required so that the correct route for disposal
can be determined. For an old tip, sampling should also ascertain the odor levels, presence of
methane, groundwater levels and leachate quality.
Solid inert wastes
Solid inert waste found on plastering work site usually consists of building rubble, but may also
include as demolition material timber, cement, and sand, lime, plastic and lath metals. Such
wastes should be reused, recycled, or disposed of to a landfill site licensed to take such wastes
Contaminated Material and wastes
To ensure that all contaminated material uncovered on a construction site are excavated and
disposed of in an environmentally responsible manner. Suggested measures
 Assay material uncovered on-site prior to disposal.

 Excavate material in a manner which avoids off-site environmental problems.
 Seal remaining contaminated material or wastes, where only part of the tip has been
excavated, to ensure that there is no off-site effect now or in the future.
 Transport odorous wastes in covered vehicles.
 Dispose of contaminated material in a land fill licensed to take the type of contaminated
material or wastes uncovered.
3.1.3. Recyclability
Recyclability measures a material’s capacity to be used as a resource in the creation of new
products. Steeled material like nail; is the most commonly recycled building material, in large
part because it can be easily separated from construction debris by magnets.
Many building materials that cannot be reused in their entirety can be broken down into
recyclable components. Often, it is the difficulty of separating rubble from demolition that pre-
vents more materials from being recycled.
Waste Disposal
Collect, store, and remove combustible waste products at the end of each workday or at the end
of each work shift. Use only noncombustible containers to dispose of waste and rubbish and
equip them with fitted or self-closing covers. Promptly remove and dispose of spills of
flammable or combustible liquids. Place scrap lumber in containers and do not allow it to
accumulate in work areas. Remove or bend over protruding nails unless the scrap lumber is
placed directly in containers for removal.
When choosing between waste minimization options, the following hierarchy for waste
management is preferred:
i. waste avoidance and/or reduction

ii. Reuse
iii. Recycling Diverting the waste stream in these ways means that waste treatment and
waste disposal options can be reduced.
Construction sites should pursue this hierarchy and seek out waste reduction opportunities. To
identify opportunities, it is necessary to consider all aspects of the project and the wastes it
generates. Waste can be minimized by using improved technology, recycled or reused on-site, or
by making purchasing decisions that favor recycled products. Wherever possible, include
performance measures and targets for reduction, reuse and recycling options in the
environmental management plan.
Working in the building industry can be dangerous, but here are some general rules to follow in
order to work safely:
 Always wear the appropriate Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) as instructed; this could
be as simple as wearing gloves to carry off-the-saw (OS) timber.
 Always keep your working area tidy
 Always report any hazard you see
 Never carry on, or lark about on a site or in a workshop
 Always take care of, clean and maintain the tools you use
 Don’t talk to others, be distracted by or distract others while you are working
 At the end of a work session always leave the workshop or site the way you would hope to
find it. If you leave stuff lying about someone could trip over it and injure themselves!
3.2. Tools and Equipment maintain
3.2.1. Tool and equipment
Only tools and equipment which are in good condition may be used. Tools shall only be used for
the purpose for which they were designed. Employees shall make frequent inspections of tools
and equipment, and immediately remove from service any items found defective. When using
hand tools, the employee shall place himself in such a position that he will avoid injury if the
tool slips.
Only soft faced hammers (brass, plastic, rubber, or similar materials) shall be used on highly
tempered steel tools such as cold chisels, star drills, etc. Proper eye protection must be worn
when performing such an operation. Files, rasps, and other tools having sharp tangs shall be
equipped with approved handles. Tools which are not in use shall be placed where they will not
present a tripping or stumbling hazard.
Pointed tools shall never be carried edge or point up in pockets. Tools shall not be thrown from
one worker to another, or to another working location. Extensions shall not be used on wrenches
to gain leverage unless the wrench is designed to be used in such a fashion. When cutting wire or
any other material under tension, the material being cut shall be secured to prevent the ends from
snapping free.
All power tools must be properly grounded before their use. Gloves shall not be worn when
operating lathes, drill presses, power saws, or similar equipment. Loose clothing must not be
worn and long sleeves should be rolled up prior to operation. Hooks, brushes, vacuums, or
special tools shall be used to remove dust or chips. Compressed air shall not be used. All
machinery must be turned off when unattended. Maintenance, repairs, adjustments, and
measurements must not be made while saws, lathes, grinders, and similar equipment are in
operation.
Compressed air shall never be used to dust off clothing, or be directed toward another person.
Saw blades, gears, sprockets, chains, shafts, pulleys, belts, and similar apparatus shall not be
operated without the proper guarding. Safety glasses, goggles, or face shields shall be worn when
operating power tools
3.2.2. Checking and maintenance
 Before every use, look for signs of damage to blasting equipment and power tools.
 Before use, check compressed air lines; check that any compressed air cutout works
properly.
 At least once a week, check the condition and operation of blasting equipment.
 At least once a quarter, maintain the equipment according to the manufacturer’s
instructions.
 Keep this information in your testing logbook.
Use care when handling hawks and trowels as the edges can become sharp with use. Keep the
surfaces of application tools clean during use and when the work is done. Ensure that application
tools are dry before storing them. Never use a trowel for chipping or chopping.
Self-check -three
Part1: Say true or false
1. Disposal methods adopted depend on the nature of the material.
2. Recyclability measures a material’s capacity to be used as a resource in the creation of
new products.
3. Waste Disposal Collect, store, and remove combustible waste products at the end of each
workday or at the end of each work shift.
4. Maintenance is not before every use look for signs of damage to blasting equipment and
power tools.
5. When using hand tools, the employee shall place himself in such a position that he will
avoid injury if the tool slips.
Part2: choose the best answer
1. ---------- is removing unwanted plastering materials?
a. Clearing work area
b. Recycling material
c. disposing
d. Keep Aisles Clear
2. -----is the space should be reserved for the movement of personnel, products and
materials.
a. Clearing work area
b. Recycling material
c. disposing
d. Keep Aisles Clear
Reference
 Barricading and Signage Document Number – OHS-PROC-134
 Corrosion of Steel in Concrete: Understanding, Investigation and Repair, Taylor &
Francis, New York, NY, USA, 2nd edition, 2007.
 BUILDING CONSTRUCTION HANDBOOK Tenth edition Roy Chudley and Roger
Greeno
 BUILDING CONSTRUCTION HANDBOOK Seventh Edition R. Chudley MCIOB and
R. Greeno BA (Hons) FCIOB FIPHE FRSA
 Construction Materials Third Edition Edited by J.M. Illston and P.L.J. Domone
 Building construction (part 1 by Getachew Yimer)
 Building construction (by Dr B.C.Punmia)
 Building construction (by Sushil Kumar)
 Text book of Building construction (by Abebe Dinku)
Participants of this Module (training material) preparation
No Name Qualificati Field of Organization/ Institution Mobile number E-mail
on (Level) Study
1 Betel Tariku BSC COTM Sidama (Hawasa poly technic 0926298840 betelbotora2@gmail.com
college)
2 Yazachew Geneti MSC COTM BGRS (Assosa poly technic 0917858176 Yazachew17@gmail.com
college)
3 Shiferaw BSC COTM Sidama (Daye poly technic 0932425937 shiferawyohannes@gmail.co
Yohannes college) m
4 Mihiretab Gashaw BSC BCT Addis abeba (Addis ketema 0922079011 mihiretabgashaw@gmail.com
industrial college)
5 Adisu Ruda BSC COTM Oromia (Nekemete poly 0924227161 adisunagari@gmail.com
technic college)

M02 Internal & External Plastering Surfaces and Edges

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FINISHING CONSTRUCTION WORK

Prepared by: Ministry of Labor and Skill

This module covers the units:

1) Dimensions, extents, size, shape, and location of component parts

2) Location of materials, machineries, and fixtures

3) Interaction of furniture, equipment’ sand space

4) Schedules of finishes, windows and doors

The specifications should clearly specify: -

Specifications generally describe the following: -

1. Type and quality of materials, equipment’s, labor or workmanship

In general, specifications can be broadly classified into four categories as follows:

1.1.4. Safe work procedures relating to Internal & External Plastering

 After this prepare the mortar mix

1.2. OHS requirements

1.2.2. Organisational first aid requirement

Fig.1.1.1. simple first aid box

1.2.3. Personal Protective Equipment(PPE)

 The hazard is not eliminated or changed.

Fig.1.1.3. Ear Protection

Fig.1.1.5. Safety goggles

Fig.1.1.6. Knee pads

What is the procedure of manual handling?

1.3. Signage and barricade requirements

1.3.1. General requirements

Barricading and safety signage shall be used:

1.3.2. Barricading Requirements

Fig 1.4.1. sprit level

Plumb bob for vertical marking & leveling

Fig 1.4.2. plumb bob

Fig 1.4.4. Hose level to transfer meter score

Angle / Try square

Fig 1.4.5. try square

Fig 1.4.6. Proper adjustment of measuring tape

Fig 1.4.7. Trowel

Fig 1.4.8. hammer

Fig 1.4.9. flat chisel

Mortar barrel/ drum

Fig 1.4.10. Mortar drum

Fig 1.4.11. Bucket

Fig 1.4.12. brush

They can be distinguished into

Fig 1.4.13. mixing machine

Mixer 250 lit

Fig 1.4.14. wheel barrow

mortar boards and stands

The difference between shovel and spade

There are four approaches for computation of the perimeter

2.60 3.8 2.6

1.5.2. Calculating Material List for plastering

B. General Formula for plastering

1. Lime Mortar Mix Ratio = 1:4

Let volume of Lime mortar = Y m3

i. Lime = 1/5 x Y m3 x 1900Kg/ m3 x 1.2 shrinkage x 1.05 Wastage

ii. Sand = 4/5x Y m3 x 1840Kg/ m3x 1.2 shrinkage x 1.05 Wastage

2. Cement Mortar Mix Ratio = 1:4

Let volume of Cement mortar = Wm3

Then a) Cement = 1/5 x W m3 x 1400Kg/ m3 x 1.25 shrinkage x 1.05 Wastage

b) Sand = 4/5x Wm3 x 1840Kg/ m3x 1.25 shrinkage x 1.05 Wastage

3. Compo Mortar Mix Ratio = 1:2:9

i. Cement = 1/12 x U m3 x 1400Kg/ m3 x 1.20 shrinkage x 1.05 Wastage