Module 1 Engg Graphics

DRAWINGS:
( A Graphical Representation)
The Fact about:

If compared with Verbal or Written Description,
Drawings offer far better idea about the Shape, Size & Appearance of
any object or situation or location, that too in quite a less time.
Hence it has become the Best Media of Communication

not only in Engineering but in almost all Fields.
Drawings
(Some Types)
Portraits
Botanical Drawings ( human faces,
Nature Drawings ( plants, flowers etc.) expressions etc.)
( landscape, Geographical
scenery etc.) Zoological Drawings
Drawings Engineering Drawings,
(creatures, animals etc.)
( maps etc.) (projections.)
Building Related Drawings. Machine component Drawings
Orthographic Projections Isometric ( Mech.Engg.Term.)

(Fv,Tv & Sv.-Mech.Engg terms) or Perspective(Civil Engg.Term)
(Plan, Elevation- Civil Engg.terms)
(Working Drawings 2-D type) (Actual Object Drawing 3-D)
ORTHOGRAPHIC PROJECTIONS:
IT IS A TECHNICAL DRAWING IN WHICH DIFFERENT VIEWS OF AN OBJECT
ARE PROJECTED ON DIFFERENT REFERENCE PLANES
OBSERVING PERPENDICULAR TO RESPECTIVE REFERENCE PLANE
Different Reference planes are
Horizontal Plane (HP),
Vertical Frontal Plane ( VP )
Side Or Profile Plane ( PP)
And
Different Views are Front View (FV), Top View (TV) and Side View (SV)
FV is a view projected on VP.
TV is a view projected on HP.
SV is a view projected on PP.
IMPORTANT TERMS OF ORTHOGRAPHIC PROJECTIONS:
1
Planes.
2Pattern of planes & Pattern of views
3Methods of drawing Orthographic Projections
PLANES
1
PRINCIPAL PLANES
HP AND VP
AUXILIARY PLANES
Auxiliary Vertical Plane Auxiliary Inclined Plane Profile Plane

(A.V.P.) (A.I.P.) ( P.P.)

A.I
A.V.P. .P.
t
oV
 to Hp &  to & p
Vp t
oH
p

PATTERN OF PLANES & VIEWS (First Angle Method)
2
THIS IS A PICTORIAL SET-UP OF ALL THREE PLANES.
ARROW DIRECTION IS A NORMAL WAY OF OBSERVING THE OBJECT.
BUT IN THIS DIRECTION ONLY VP AND A VIEW ON IT (FV) CAN BE SEEN.
THE OTHER PLANES AND VIEWS ON THOSE CAN NOT BE SEEN.
Y PROCEDURE TO SOLVE ABOVE PROBLEM:-

TO MAKE THOSE PLANES ALSO VISIBLE FROM THE ARROW DIRECTION,
A) HP IS ROTATED 900 DOUNWARD
X B) PP, 900 IN RIGHT SIDE DIRECTION.
THIS WAY BOTH PLANES ARE BROUGHT IN THE SAME PLANE CONTAINING VP.
Click to view Animation

On clicking the button if a warning comes please click YES to continue, this program
safe for your pc.
VP PP
Y
FV LSV
X Y
X TV
HP
ACTUAL PATTERN OF PLANES & VIEWS

HP IS ROTATED DOWNWARD 900 PP IS ROTATED IN RIGHT SIDE 90 0 OF ORTHOGRAPHIC PROJECTIONS
AND AND DRAWN IN
BROUGHT IN THE PLANE OF VP. BROUGHT IN THE PLANE OF VP. FIRST ANGLE METHOD OF PROJECTIONS
3 Methods of Drawing Orthographic Projections
First Angle Projections Method Third Angle Projections Method

Here views are drawn Here views are drawn
by placing object by placing object
in 1st Quadrant in 3rd Quadrant.
( Fv above X-y, Tv below X-y ) SYMBOLIC ( Tv above X-y, Fv below X-y )
PRESENTATION
OF BOTH METHODS
WITH AN OBJECT
STANDING ON HP ( GROUND) TV
FV ON IT’S BASE.
X Y NOTE:- X Y
HP term is used in 1 Angle method
st
& FV
TV
For the same
G L
Ground term is used
in 3rd Angle method of projections
FIRST ANGLE
FOR T.V.
PROJECTION
IN THIS METHOD,
THE OBJECT IS ASSUMED TO BE
SITUATED IN FIRST QUADRANT
MEANS
ABOVE HP & INFRONT OF VP.
OBJECT IS INBETWEEN
OBSERVER & PLANE.
VP PP
FV LSV .
. V FO
S R
X Y R F.V
FO .
TV
HP
ACTUAL PATTERN OF
PLANES & VIEWS
IN
FIRST ANGLE METHOD
OF PROJECTIONS
THIRD ANGLE FOR T.V.
PROJECTION
IN THIS METHOD,
SITUATED IN THIRD QUADRANT
( BELOW HP & BEHIND OF VP. )
PLANES BEING TRANSPERENT

AND INBETWEEN
OBSERVER & OBJECT.
TV
X Y
LSV FV
ACTUAL PATTERN OF
PLANES & VIEWS
OF . FO
THIRD ANGLE PROJECTIONS
S.V R
F.V
OR
F .
ORTHOGRAPHIC PROJECTIONS
{ MACHINE ELEMENTS }
OBJECT IS OBSERVED IN THREE DIRECTIONS.
THE DIRECTIONS SHOULD BE NORMAL
TO THE RESPECTIVE PLANES.
AND NOW PROJECT THREE DIFFERENT VIEWS ON THOSE PLANES.
THESE VEWS ARE FRONT VIEW , TOP VIEW AND SIDE VIEW.
FRONT VIEW IS A VIEW PROJECTED ON VERTICAL PLANE ( VP )

TOP VIEW IS A VIEW PROJECTED ON HORIZONTAL PLANE ( HP )
SIDE VIEW IS A VIEW PROJECTED ON PROFILE PLANE ( PP )
FIRST STUDY THE CONCEPT OF 1ST AND 3RD ANGLE

PROJECTION METHODS
AND THEN STUDY NEXT 26 ILLUSTRATED CASES CAREFULLY.

TRY TO RECOGNIZE SURFACES
PERPENDICULAR TO THE ARROW DIRECTIONS
FIRST ANGLE
FOR T.V.
PROJECTION
IN THIS METHOD,
SITUATED IN FIRST QUADRANT
MEANS
ABOVE HP & INFRONT OF VP.
OBJECT IS INBETWEEN
OBSERVER & PLANE.
VP PP
FV LSV .
. V FO
S R
X Y R F.V
FO .
TV
HP
ACTUAL PATTERN OF
PLANES & VIEWS
IN
FIRST ANGLE METHOD
OF PROJECTIONS
FOR T.V.
THIRD ANGLE
PROJECTION
IN THIS METHOD,
SITUATED IN THIRD QUADRANT
( BELOW HP & BEHIND OF VP. )
PLANES BEING TRANSPERENT

AND INBETWEEN
OBSERVER & OBJECT.
TV
X Y
LSV FV
ACTUAL PATTERN OF
PLANES & VIEWS FO
OF V.
S. R
THIRD ANGLE PROJECTIONS R F.V
FO .
FOR T.V.
1
FRONT VIEW L.H.SIDE VIEW

FO
R
. F.
V.
S.V
R
FO
x y
PICTORIAL PRESENTATION IS GIVEN TOP VIEW

DRAW THREE VIEWS OF THIS OBJECT
BY FIRST ANGLE PROJECTION METHOD
FOR T.V.
2
X Y
FO
V. R
S. F.V
R .
FO
TOP VIEW
PICTORIAL PRESENTATION IS GIVEN

FOR T.V.
3
FO
. R
S.V
FO
R
F.
V. X Y
TOP VIEW

4
FOR T.V.
X Y
. FO
S.V R
F.V
R
FO .
TOP VIEW

FOR T.V.
5

V.
S.
R
FO FO
R
F.V X Y
.
TOP VIEW
6
FOR T.V.
. FO X Y
S. V
R R
F.V
FO .
TOP VIEW

7
FOR T.V.
FO
R
F.V
. .
S. V
R X Y
FO
TOP VIEW
STUDY 8
FOR T.V.
Z
ILLUSTRATIONS ORTHOGRAPHIC PROJECTIONS
FRONT VIEW
50
X Y
20
25
FO
R
F.V
.
25 20
TOP VIEW

9
FOR T.V.
X Y
FO
. R
F.V
S.V .
R
FO
TOP VIEW
10
FOR T.V. ORTHOGRAPHIC PROJECTIONS
X Y
S.V.
R
FO
FO
R
F.
V.

FOR T.V. 11
FO
R
F.V X Y
.
V.
S.
R
FO
TOP VIEW

12
FOR T.V.
X Y
. FO
R
S.V F.V
R .
FO

STUDY 13
Z
ILLUSTRATIONS FOR T.V.
35
FV
35
10
x y
10 20 30
FO
R 40
F.V
. 70
TV
O
DRAW FV AND TV OF THIS OBJECT
STUDY 14
Z
ILLUSTRATIONS
FOR T.V. ORTHOGRAPHIC PROJECTIONS

FV
30 10 30 SV
30
10
30
x y
. FO
S.V R
R F.V
FO .
ALL VIEWS IDENTICAL

TV
STUDY 15
Z
ILLUSTRATIONS
FOR T.V.
ALL VIEWS IDENTICAL
FV SV
x y
10
40 60
. FO
S.V R
F.V
OR
40
. TV
60
FOR T.V.
ORTHOGRAPHIC PROJECTIONS 16
ALL VIEWS IDENTICAL
FV SV
x y
10
. FO
S. V R
R F.V
FO .
40 60
PICTORIAL PRESENTATION IS GIVEN 40 TOP VIEW

BY FIRST ANGLE PROJECTION METHOD 60
17

30 SQUARE
40 20
50
FO
. R 20
S.V F.V X 10
Y
R .
FO 30
O 60
F.V.
S.V.
DRAW FV AND SV OF THIS OBJECT
FOR T.V.
FV
40
X 10 Y
O
30 D 45
FO
R
F.V
.
O
10
50
80
TV
19
FOR T.V.
FV 40
X O 10 Y
100
10
25 FO
R
TV
10 30 10
F.V
25 .
30 R O
20 D
PICTORIAL PRESENTATION IS GIVEN ORTHOGRAPHIC PROJECTIONS 20
30
FOR T.V.
FV
RECT.
SLOT
10 50
35
10
X Y
20 D
FO
R TV
F.V
.
60 D
30 D
TOP VIEW
O
21
10
25 15
25
40 10
25
FO
. R
S.V F.V 25
R .
FO O O
80 25
F.V. S.V.

FOR T.V.
22
450
30
FV
40
X Y
30 D
FO
R
F.V
.
40 TV
O
15
DRAW FV AND TV OF THIS OBJECT 40
23
FO HEX PART
R
F.V 20
30
.
20
.
S.V
40
20
R
FO
O 50
20
15
O 30
100 60
PICTORIAL PRESENTATION IS GIVEN FRONT VIEW L.H.SIDE VIEW
DRAW FV ABD SV OF THIS OBJECT
FOR T.V.
20 40
FRONT VIEW
F.V.
30
10
X Y
O
10
30
FO
R
F.V 10
.
30
O 80
PICTORIAL PRESENTATION IS GIVEN T.V. TOP VIEW
25
10 10 15
25
25
X Y
O 50 10
V.
FV LSV S. FO
R R
FO F.V
.

DRAW FV AND LSV OF THIS OBJECT
26
FO
R
F.V
.
30 20 10 20
15
10
15
V.
S.
R O
FO 30
15
15
X Y
50
F.V. LEFT S.V.
OF POINTS, LINES, PLANES, AND SOLIDS.
TO DRAW PROJECTIONS OF ANY OBJECT,

ONE MUST HAVE FOLLOWING INFORMATION
A) OBJECT
{ WITH IT’S DESCRIPTION, WELL DEFINED.}
B) OBSERVER
{ ALWAYS OBSERVING PERPENDICULAR TO RESP. REF.PLANE}.
C) LOCATION OF OBJECT,
{ MEANS IT’S POSITION WITH REFFERENCE TO H.P. & V.P.}
TERMS ‘ABOVE’ & ‘BELOW’ WITH RESPECTIVE TO H.P.

AND TERMS ‘INFRONT’ & ‘BEHIND’ WITH RESPECTIVE TO V.P
FORM 4 QUADRANTS.
OBJECTS CAN BE PLACED IN ANY ONE OF THESE 4 QUADRANTS.
IT IS INTERESTING TO LEARN THE EFFECT ON THE POSITIONS OF VIEWS ( FV, TV )

OF THE OBJECT WITH RESP. TO X-Y LINE, WHEN PLACED IN DIFFERENT QUADRANTS.
STUDY ILLUSTRATIONS GIVEN ON HEXT PAGES AND NOTE THE RESULTS.TO MAKE IT EASY
HERE A POINT A IS TAKEN AS AN OBJECT. BECAUSE IT’S ALL VIEWS ARE JUST POINTS.
NOTATIONS
FOLLOWING NOTATIONS SHOULD BE FOLLOWED WHILE NAMEING

DIFFERENT VIEWS IN ORTHOGRAPHIC PROJECTIONS.
OBJECT POINT A LINE AB
IT’S TOP VIEW a ab
IT’S FRONT VIEW a’ a’ b’
IT’S SIDE VIEW a” a” b”
SAME SYSTEM OF NOTATIONS SHOULD BE FOLLOWED

INCASE NUMBERS, LIKE 1, 2, 3 – ARE USED.
VP
2 nd
Quad. 1ST Quad.
Y
Observer
X Y HP
X
3rd Quad. 4th Quad.
THIS QUADRANT PATTERN,

IF OBSERVED ALONG X-Y LINE ( IN RED ARROW DIRECTION)
WILL EXACTLY APPEAR AS SHOWN ON RIGHT SIDE AND HENCE,
IT IS FURTHER USED TO UNDERSTAND ILLUSTRATION PROPERLLY.
Point A is POINT A IN VP POINT A IN
Placed In 2ND QUADRANT 1ST QUADRANT
VP a’
different A A
quadrants a’
and it’s Fv & Tv a
are brought in
same plane for HP OBSERVER
Observer to see
clearly. HP OBSERVER
Fv is visible as
it is a view on
VP. But as Tv is a
is a view on Hp,
it is rotated
downward 900,
In clockwise
direction.The
In front part of a
Hp comes below
xy line and the
part behind Vp HP
comes above. HP OBSERVER
OBSERVER
Observe and
note the a
process. a’
A a’
POINT A IN A POINT A IN
3 QUADRANT
RD
VP 4TH QUADRANT
VP
PROJECTIONS OF A POINT IN FIRST QUADRANT.
POINT A ABOVE HP POINT A ABOVE HP POINT A IN HP
& INFRONT OF VP & IN VP & INFRONT OF VP
For Tv For Tv
PICTORIAL PICTORIAL For Tv

PRESENTATION A PRESENTATION
a’ a’
F or
A Fv
Y Y
Y F or
Fv a a’
a
X a X X A F or
Fv
ORTHOGRAPHIC PRESENTATIONS
OF ALL ABOVE CASES.
Fv above xy, Fv above xy, Fv on xy,

Tv below xy. Tv on xy. Tv below xy.
VP VP VP
a’ a’
X Y X Y X
a’ Y
a
a a
HP HP HP
PROJECTIONS OF STRAIGHT LINES.
INFORMATION REGARDING A LINE means
IT’S LENGTH,
POSITION OF IT’S ENDS WITH HP & VP
IT’S INCLINATIONS WITH HP & VP WILL BE GIVEN.
AIM:- TO DRAW IT’S PROJECTIONS - MEANS FV & TV.
SIMPLE CASES OF THE LINE

1. A VERTICAL LINE ( LINE PERPENDICULAR TO HP & // TO VP)
2. LINE PARALLEL TO BOTH HP & VP.
3. LINE INCLINED TO HP & PARALLEL TO VP.
4. LINE INCLINED TO VP & PARALLEL TO HP.
5. LINE INCLINED TO BOTH HP & VP.
STUDY ILLUSTRATIONS GIVEN ON NEXT PAGE

SHOWING CLEARLY THE NATURE OF FV & TV
OF LINES LISTED ABOVE AND NOTE RESULTS.
For Tv Orthographic Pattern
(Pictorial Presentation) V.P.
a’
Note: a’
Fv is a vertical line
. A Fv
V.P
Showing True Length
1.
FV &
Tv is a point. b’
A Line b’
perpendicular Y
X Y
Fo
to Hp B rF
v
& TV a b
Tv a b
// to Vp X
H.P.
Orthographic Pattern
(Pictorial Presentation) For Tv Note: V.P.
Fv & Tv both are
2. // to xy a’ Fv b’
V .P. .
b’ &
A Line F.V B both show T. L.
// to Hp a’
& A Y X Y
// to Vp Fo
rF
v
b a b
Tv
X V.
T.
a
H.P.
Fv inclined to xy V.P.
Tv parallel to xy. b’
3. . P . b’
V .
F.V
A Line inclined to Hp B
V.

F.
a’
and  Y
parallel to Vp a’ X Y

(Pictorial presentation) A
a b
b T.V.
.
X
T.V
a
H.P.
Orthographic Projections
Tv inclined to xy V.P.
4. Fv parallel to xy.
. P . Fv
V . b’ a’ b’
A Line inclined to Vp F.V
and a’
Ø
parallel to Hp A B X Y
(Pictorial presentation) a Ø
Ø Tv
a b
T.V.
b
H.P.
For Tv
For Tv
5. A Line inclined to both
Hp and Vp b’
b’ .
. V.P
V.P (Pictorial presentation)
B
.
B
F.V
.
F.V

 Y
Y
On removal of object a’ For
a’ For i.e. Line AB F v
F v Fv as a image on Vp.
A
A Tv as a image on Hp,

 X
X a T.V. b
a T.V. b
V.P.
b’
FV
a’ 
X Y
Orthographic Projections Note These Facts:-
Fv is seen on Vp clearly. Both Fv & Tv are inclined to xy.
To see Tv clearly, HP is a  (No view is parallel to xy)
rotated 900 downwards, Both Fv & Tv are reduced
Hence it comes below xy. TV lengths.
(No view shows True Length)
H.P. b
Orthographic Projections Note the procedure Note the procedure
Means Fv & Tv of Line AB When Fv & Tv known, When True Length is known,
are shown below, How to find True Length. How to locate Fv & Tv.
(Views are rotated to determine (Component a-1 of TL is drawn
with their apparent Inclinations
True Length & it’s inclinations which is further rotated
&
with Hp & Vp). to determine Fv)
V.P. V.P. V.P.
b’ b’ b 1’ b’ b1’
FV FV Fv
TL
TL 
a’  a’  a’  1’
X Y X Y X Y
1
a  b2 a Ø
a  TV 
TL
TV TV Tv
H.P. b H.P. b H.P. b b1
Here TV (ab) is not // to XY line In this sketch, TV is rotated Here a -1 is component

Hence it’s corresponding FV and made // to XY line. of TL ab1 gives length of Fv.
a’ b’ is not showing Hence it’s corresponding Hence it is brought Up to
True Length & FV a’ b1’ Is showing Locus of a’ and further rotated
True Inclination with Hp. True Length to get point b’. a’ b’ will be Fv.
& Similarly drawing component
True Inclination with Hp. of other TL(a’ b1‘) Tv can be drawn.
1) True Length ( TL) – a’ b1’ & a b
The most important diagram showing graphical relations
among all important parameters of this topic. 2) Angle of TL with Hp -  Important
TEN parameters
Study and memorize it as a CIRCUIT DIAGRAM 3) Angle of TL with Vp – Ø to be remembered
And use in solving various problems.
4) Angle of FV with xy –  with Notations
used here onward
V.P. 5) Angle of TV with xy – 
Distance between
End Projectors. 6) LTV (length of FV) – Component (a-1)
b’ b 1’
7) LFV (length of TV) – Component (a’-1’)
8) Position of A- Distances of a & a’ from xy
Fv
TL 9) Position of B- Distances of b & b’ from xy
 10) Distance between End Projectors
 1’
a’
LTV
NOTE this
X Y &  Construct with a’
LFV
a 1 Ø&  Construct with a
Ø
b’ & b1’ on same locus.

b & b1 on same locus.
Tv TL
Also Remember
b b1
H.P. True Length is never rotated. It’s horizontal component
is drawn & it is further rotated to locate view.
Views are always rotated, made horizontal & further

extended to locate TL,  & Ø
GROUP (A)
GENERAL CASES OF THE LINE INCLINED TO BOTH HP & VP
PROBLEM 1) ( based on 10 parameters).
Line AB is 75 mm long and it is 30 0 &
400 Inclined to Hp & Vp respectively.
End A is 12mm above Hp and 10 mm b’ b’1
in front of Vp.
Draw projections. Line is in 1st quadrant.
FV
SOLUTION STEPS: TL
1) Draw xy line and one projector.
2) Locate a’ 12mm above xy line

& a 10mm below xy line.
3) Take 300 angle from a’ & 400 from
a’
a and mark TL I.e. 75mm on both
lines. Name those points b1’ and b1
X Y
respectively. a Ø
LFV
1
4) Join both points with a’ and a
resp.
5) Draw horizontal lines (Locus) from
both points.
6) Draw horizontal component of TL
a b1 from point b1 and name it 1. TV TL
( the length a-1 gives length of Fv
as we have seen already.)
7) Extend it up to locus of a’ and
rotating a’ as center locate b’ b b1
as shown. Join a’ b’ as Fv.
8) From b’ drop a projector down
PROBLEM 2:
Line AB 75mm long makes 450 inclination with Vp while it’s Fv makes 55 0.
End A is 10 mm above Hp and 15 mm in front of Vp.If line is in 1 st quadrant
draw it’s projections and find it’s inclination with Hp.
b’ b’1 LOCUS OF
Solution Steps:-
1.Draw x-y line.
2.Draw one projector for a’ & a
3.Locate a’ 10mm above x-y &
FV
Tv a 15 mm below xy. TL
4.Draw a line 450 inclined to xy 55 0
from point a and cut TL 75 mm
on it and name that point b1
Draw locus from point b1 a’
5.Take 550 angle from a’ for Fv
above xy line. X y
6.Draw a vertical line from b1
up to locus of a and name it 1.
It is horizontal component of a LFV
1
45 0
TL & is LFV.
7.Continue it to locus of a’ and

rotate upward up to the line
of Fv and name it b’.This a’ b’
line is Fv.
8. Drop a projector from b’ on
locus from point b1 and
TV
name intersecting point b.
TL
Line a b is Tv of line AB.
9.Draw locus from b’ and from
a’ with TL distance cut point b1‘
10.Join a’ b1’ as TL and measure LOCUS OF b
it’s angle at a’. b b1
It will be true angle of line with HP.
PROBLEM 3: Fv
of line AB is 500 inclined to xy and measures 55
mm long while it’s Tv is 600 inclined to xy line. If
end A is 10 mm above Hp and 15 mm in front of
Vp, draw it’s projections,find TL, inclinations of line
with Hp & Vp. b’ b’1
SOLUTION STEPS:
1.Draw xy line and one projector.
FV
2.Locate a’ 10 mm above xy and TL
a 15 mm below xy line.
3.Draw locus from these points. 500
4.Draw Fv 500 to xy from a’ and 
a’
mark b’ Cutting 55mm on it.
X
5.Similarly draw Tv 600 to xy
from a & drawing projector from b’
y
Locate point b and join a b.
6.Then rotating views as shown, a

locate True Lengths ab1 & a’b1’ 600
and their angles with Hp and Vp.
TL
b1
b
PROBLEM 4 :-
Line AB is 75 mm long .It’s Fv and Tv measure 50 mm & 60 mm long respectively.
End A is 10 mm above Hp and 15 mm in front of Vp. Draw projections of line AB
if end B is in first quadrant.Find angle with Hp and Vp.
b’ b’1
SOLUTION STEPS:
FV
2.Locate a’ 10 mm above xy and TL
a 15 mm below xy line.
3.Draw locus from these points.
4.Cut 60mm distance on locus of a’  LTV 1’
& mark 1’ on it as it is LTV. a’
5.Similarly Similarly cut 50mm on
locus of a and mark point 1 as it is LFV.
X Y
6.From 1’ draw a vertical line upward
a LFV
and from a’ taking TL ( 75mm ) in 1

compass, mark b’1 point on it.
Join a’ b’1 points.
7. Draw locus from b’1
8. With same steps below get b1 point
and draw also locus from it.
9. Now rotating one of the components
TV
TL
I.e. a-1 locate b’ and join a’ with it
to get Fv.
10. Locate tv similarly and measure
Angles 
& 
b1
b
PROBLEM 5 :-
T.V. of a 75 mm long Line CD, measures 50 mm.
End C is in Hp and 50 mm in front of Vp.
End D is 15 mm in front of Vp and it is above Hp.
Draw projections of CD and find angles with Hp and Vp. d’ d’1 LOCUS OF d’ & d’1
SOLUTION STEPS:
TL
FV
2.Locate c’ on xy and
c 50mm below xy line.
3.Draw locus from these points.
4.Draw locus of d 15 mm below xy
5.Cut 50mm & 75 mm distances on c’ 
locus of d from c and mark points X Y
d & d1 as these are Tv and line CD d d1 LOCUS OF d & d1
lengths resp.& join both with c.
6.From d1 draw a vertical line upward
up to xy I.e. up to locus of c’ and TL
draw an arc as shown.
7 Then draw one projector from d to TV
meet this arc in d’ point & join c’ d’
8. Draw locus of d’ and cut 75 mm
on it from c’ as TL
 &  c 
9.Measure Angles
GROUP (B)
PROBLEMS INVOLVING TRACES OF THE LINE.
TRACES OF THE LINE:-
THESE ARE THE POINTS OF INTERSECTIONS OF A LINE ( OR IT’S EXTENSION )

WITH RESPECTIVE REFFERENCE PLANES.
A LINE ITSELF OR IT’S EXTENSION, WHERE EVER TOUCHES H.P.,

THAT POINT IS CALLED TRACE OF THE LINE ON H.P.( IT IS CALLED H.T.)
SIMILARLY, A LINE ITSELF OR IT’S EXTENSION, WHERE EVER TOUCHES V.P.,

THAT POINT IS CALLED TRACE OF THE LINE ON V.P.( IT IS CALLED V.T.)
V.T.:- It is a point on Vp.

Hence it is called Fv of a point in Vp.
Hence it’s Tv comes on XY line.( Here onward named as v )
H.T.:- It is a point on Hp.
Hence it is called Tv of a point in Hp.
Hence it’s Fv comes on XY line.( Here onward named as ’h’ )
b’
STEPS TO LOCATE HT.
FV
(WHEN PROJECTIONS ARE GIVEN.)
1. Begin with FV. Extend FV up to XY line. a’
2. Name this point h’ v h’
( as it is a Fv of a point in Hp) x y
3. Draw one projector from h’.
4. Now extend Tv to meet this projector. VT’ HT
This point is HT a
TV
STEPS TO LOCATE VT.
Observe & note :-
(WHEN PROJECTIONS ARE GIVEN.) 1. Points h’ & v always on x-y line. b
1. Begin with TV. Extend TV up to XY line. 2. VT’ & v always on one projector.
2. Name this point v
3. HT & h’ always on one projector.
( as it is a Tv of a point in Vp)
3. Draw one projector from v. 4. FV - h’- VT’ always co-linear.
4. Now extend Fv to meet this projector.
This point is VT 5. TV - v - HT always co-linear.
These points are used to

solve next three problems.
PROBLEM 6 :- Fv of line AB makes 450 angle with XY line and measures 60 mm.
Line’s Tv makes 300 with XY line. End A is 15 mm above Hp and it’s VT is 10 mm
below Hp. Draw projections of line AB,determine inclinations with Hp & Vp and locate HT, VT.
b’ b’1
a’ 
450
15
SOLUTION STEPS:-
Draw xy line, one projector and x v h’
y
locate fv a’ 15 mm above xy. 10 300
Take 450 angle from a’ and HT
marking 60 mm on it locate point b’. VT’
Draw locus of VT, 10 mm below xy
a 
& extending Fv to this locus locate VT.
as fv-h’-vt’ lie on one st.line.
Draw projector from vt, locate v on xy.
From v take 300 angle downward as
Tv and it’s inclination can begin with v.
b b1
Draw projector from b’ and locate b I.e.Tv point.
Now rotating views as usual TL and
it’s inclinations can be found.
Name extension of Fv, touching xy as h’
and below it, on extension of Tv, locate HT.
PROBLEM 7 :
One end of line AB is 10mm above Hp and other end is 100 mm in-front of Vp.
It’s Fv is 450 inclined to xy while it’s HT & VT are 45mm and 30 mm below xy respectively.
Draw projections and find TL with it’s inclinations with Hp & VP.
b’ b’ 1 LOCUS OF b’ & b’1
FV TL
a’ 450

10 v h’
X Y
30
45
VT’ HT
SOLUTION STEPS:-
Draw xy line, one projector and
locate a’ 10 mm above xy. 100
Draw locus 100 mm below xy for points b & b1 a 
Draw loci for VT and HT, 30 mm & 45 mm
below xy respectively. TL
Take 450 angle from a’ and extend that line backward
to locate h’ and VT, & Locate v on xy above VT. TV
Locate HT below h’ as shown.
Then join v – HT – and extend to get top view end b.
Draw projector upward and locate b’ Make a b & a’b’ dark. b b1 LOCUS OF b & b1
Now as usual rotating views find TL and it’s inclinations.
PROBLEM 8 :- Projectors drawn from HT and VT of a line AB
are 80 mm apart and those drawn from it’s ends are 50 mm apart.
End A is 10 mm above Hp, VT is 35 mm below Hp
while it’s HT is 45 mm in front of Vp. Draw projections,
locate traces and find TL of line & inclinations with Hp and Vp.
VT
b’ b’1
SOLUTION STEPS:- 55
FV
1.Draw xy line and two projectors, TL
80 mm apart and locate HT & VT ,
35 mm below xy and 55 mm above xy Locus of a’ a’ 
respectively on these projectors.
2.Locate h’ and v on xy as usual. X 10 50 v
y
h’ b b1
3.Now just like previous two problems,
Extending certain lines complete Fv & Tv
35 TV
And as usual find TL and it’s inclinations. TL
a 
HT
80
Instead of considering a & a’ as projections of first point,
if v & VT’ are considered as first point , then true inclinations of line
with
Hp & Vp i.e. angles  &  can be constructed with points VT’ & V
respectively.
b’ b 1’
FV TL
Then from point v & HT
a’
angles  &  can be drawn.
v &
X Y
 From point VT’ & h’
angles  &  can be drawn .

VT’
THIS CONCEPT IS USED TO SOLVE

a
NEXT THREE PROBLEMS.
TL
TV
b b1
PROBLEM 9 :-
Line AB 100 mm long is 300 and 450 inclined to Hp & Vp respectively. b 1’
End A is 10 mm above Hp and it’s VT is 20 mm below Hp b’
.Draw projections of the line and it’s HT.
FV
mm
100
Locus of a & a1’ a’ a1’
SOLUTION STEPS:- 10
X v h’
Draw xy, one projector Y
and locate on it VT and V. (450)
20
Draw locus of a’ 10 mm above xy.  (300)
Take 300 from VT and draw a line.
Where it intersects with locus of a’ VT’
name it a1’ as it is TL of that part. HT
From a1’ cut 100 mm (TL) on it and locate point b1’
Now from v take 450 and draw a line downwards a a1
& Mark on it distance VT-a1’ I.e.TL of extension & name it a1
Extend this line by 100 mm and mark point b1.
Draw it’s component on locus of VT’ TV 10
0m
& further rotate to get other end of Fv i.e.b’ m
Join it with VT’ and mark intersection point
(with locus of a1’ ) and name it a’
Now as usual locate points a and b and h’ and HT.
b b1
PROBLEM 10 :-
A line AB is 75 mm long. It’s Fv & Tv make 45 0 and 600 inclinations with X-Y line resp
End A is 15 mm above Hp and VT is 20 mm below Xy line. Line is in first quadrant.
Draw projections, find inclinations with Hp & Vp. Also locate HT. b’ b 1’
FV
mm
75
Locus of a & a1’ a’ a1’
15
X v h’
Y
600
20 

450
VT’
SOLUTION STEPS:-
Similar to the previous only change HT
is instead of line’s inclinations,
views inclinations are given. a a1
So first take those angles from VT & v
Properly, construct Fv & Tv of extension,
then determine it’s TL( V-a1) 75
TV mm
and on it’s extension mark TL of line
and proceed and complete it.
b b1
PROBLEM 11 :- The projectors drawn from VT & end A of line AB are 40mm apart.
End A is 15mm above Hp and 25 mm in front of Vp. VT of line is 20 mm below Hp.
If line is 75mm long, draw it’s projections, find inclinations with HP & Vp
b’ b 1’
FV
m
m
75
a’ a1’
15
X v Y
20 
25 
VT’
a
TV
Draw two projectors for VT & end A 40mm
Locate these points and then b b1
YES !
YOU CAN COMPLETE IT.
GROUP (C)
CASES OF THE LINES IN A.V.P., A.I.P. & PROFILE PLANE.
b’ Line AB is in AIP as shown in above figure no 1.

A.I It’s FV (a’b’) is shown projected on Vp.(Looking in arrow direction)
.P.
Here one can clearly see that the
Inclination of AIP with HP = Inclination of FV with XY line
a’  B
A
X


A A.V.P.
Line AB is in AVP as shown in above figure no 2..


a b
It’s TV (a b) is shown projected on Hp.(Looking in arrow direction)
Here one can clearly see that the
Inclination of AVP with VP = Inclination of TV with XY line
LINE IN A PROFILE PLANE ( MEANS IN A PLANE PERPENDICULAR TO BOTH HP & VP)
For T.V.
ORTHOGRAPHIC PATTERN OF LINE IN PROFILE PLANE

VP VT PP
a’ a”
A a’

FV LSV
b’ b’ b”
 Y
X
HT
a
B For
F.V
. TV
a
b
b HP
Results:-
1. TV & FV both are vertical, hence arrive on one single projector.
2. It’s Side View shows True Length ( TL)
3. Sum of it’s inclinations with HP & VP equals to 90 0 (  +  = 900 )
4. It’s HT & VT arrive on same projector and can be easily located
From Side View.
OBSERVE CAREFULLY ABOVE GIVEN ILLUSTRATION AND 2 nd SOLVED PROBLEM.

PROBLEM 12 :- Line AB 80 mm long, makes 300 angle with Hp
and lies in an Aux.Vertical Plane 45 0 inclined to Vp. b’ Locus of b’ b 1’
End A is 15 mm above Hp and VT is 10 mm below X-y line.
Draw projections, fine angle with Vp and Ht.
Locus of a’ & a1’ a’ a1’

15 v h’
X 45 0 Y
10 

VT HT
AVP 450 to VP
Simply consider inclination of AVP Locus of b’

as inclination of TV of our line,
b b1
well then?
You sure can complete it
as previous problems!
Go ahead!!
PROBLEM 13 :- A line AB, 75mm long, has one end A in Vp. Other end B is 15 mm above Hp
and 50 mm in front of Vp.Draw the projections of the line when sum of it’s
Inclinations with HP & Vp is 900, means it is lying in a profile plane.
Find true angles with ref.planes and it’s traces.
VT (VT) a”
a’
SOLUTION STEPS:-  Side View
After drawing xy line and one projector Front view ( True Length )
VP
Locate top view of A I.e point a on xy as
It is in Vp, b’ b”
Locate Fv of B i.e.b’15 mm above xy as a  (HT)
X HP Y
it is above Hp.and Tv of B i.e. b, 50 mm
below xy asit is 50 mm in front of Vp
Draw side view structure of Vp and Hp top view
and locate S.V. of point B i.e. b’’
From this point cut 75 mm distance on Vp and
Mark a’’ as A is in Vp. (This is also VT of line.) b
From this point draw locus to left & get a’ HT
Extend SV up to Hp. It will be HT. As it is a Tv
Rotate it and bring it on projector of b.
Now as discussed earlier SV gives TL of line
and at the same time on extension up to Hp & Vp
gives inclinations with those panes.
APPLICATIONS OF PRINCIPLES OF PROJECTIONS OF LINES
IN SOLVING CASES OF DIFFERENT PRACTICAL SITUATIONS.
In these types of problems some situation in the field

or
some object will be described .
It’s relation with Ground ( HP )
And
a Wall or some vertical object ( VP ) will be given.
Indirectly information regarding Fv & Tv of some line or lines,

inclined to both reference Planes will be given
and
you are supposed to draw it’s projections
and
further to determine it’s true Length and it’s inclinations with ground.
Here various problems along with

actual pictures of those situations are given
for you to understand those clearly. CHECK YOUR ANSWERS
Now looking for views in given ARROW directions, WITH THE SOLUTIONS
YOU are supposed to draw projections & find answers, GIVEN IN THE END.
Off course you must visualize the situation properly. ALL THE BEST !!
PROBLEM 14:-Two objects, a flower (A) and an orange (B) are within a rectangular compound wall,
whose P & Q are walls meeting at 90 0. Flower A is 1M & 5.5 M from walls P & Q respectively.
Orange B is 4M & 1.5M from walls P & Q respectively. Drawing projection, find distance between them
If flower is 1.5 M and orange is 3.5 M above the ground. Consider suitable scale..
TV
B Wall Q
Wall P
FV
PROBLEM 15 :- Two mangos on a tree A & B are 1.5 m and 3.00 m above ground
and those are 1.2 m & 1.5 m from a 0.3 m thick wall but on opposite sides of it.
If the distance measured between them along the ground and parallel to wall is 2.6 m,
Then find real distance between them by drawing their projections.
TV
0.3M THICK
A
FV
PROBLEM 16 :- oa, ob & oc are three lines, 25mm, 45mm and 65mm
long respectively.All equally inclined and the shortest
is vertical.This fig. is TV of three rods OA, OB and OC
whose ends A,B & C are on ground and end O is 100mm
above ground. Draw their projections and find length of
each along with their angles with ground.
TV
O
6 5 mm
m C
25m
A
FV
45 mm
B
PROBLEM 17:- A pipe line from point A has a downward gradient 1:5 and it runs due East-South.
Another Point B is 12 M from A and due East of A and in same level of A. Pipe line from B runs
200 Due East of South and meets pipe line from A at point C.
Draw projections and find length of pipe line from B and it’s inclination with ground.
5
Do
wnw
ard 1
Gra
N die
nt 1
:5
A
12 M
B E
S
PROBLEM 18: A person observes two objects, A & B, on the ground, from a tower, 15 M high,
At the angles of depression 300 & 450. Object A is is due North-West direction of observer and
object B is due West direction. Draw projections of situation and find distance of objects from
observer and from tower also.
O
300
450
N
A
S
B
W
PROBLEM 19:-Guy ropes of two poles fixed at 4.5m and 7.5 m above ground,
are attached to a corner of a building 15 M high, make 300 and 450 inclinations
with ground respectively.The poles are 10 M apart. Determine by drawing their
projections,Length of each rope and distance of poles from building.
TV
15 M
A 300
4.5 M
450
FV 10 M 7.5M
PROBLEM 20:- A tank of 4 M height is to be strengthened by four stay rods from each corner
by fixing their other ends to the flooring, at a point 1.2 M and 0.7 M from two adjacent walls respectively,
as shown. Determine graphically length and angle of each rod with flooring.
TV
4M
1. 2 M
0.
7
M
FV
PROBLEM 21:- A horizontal wooden platform 2 M long and 1.5 M wide is supported by four chains
from it’s corners and chains are attached to a hook 5 M above the center of the platform.
Draw projections of the objects and determine length of each chain along with it’s inclination with ground.
TV
Hook H
5M
A C
2M
M
1.5
FV
B
PROBLEM 22.
A room is of size 6.5m L ,5m D,3.5m high.
An electric bulb hangs 1m below the center of ceiling.
A switch is placed in one of the corners of the room, 1.5m above the flooring.
Draw the projections an determine real distance between the bulb and switch.
Ceiling
TV
Bulb
all
S i de w
Front wall
Switch
D
L
Observ
er
PROBLEM 23:-
A PICTURE FRAME 2 M WIDE AND 1 M TALL IS RESTING ON HORIZONTAL WALL RAILING
MAKES 350 INCLINATION WITH WALL. IT IS ATTAACHED TO A HOOK IN THE WALL BY TWO STRINGS.
THE HOOK IS 1.5 M ABOVE WALL RAILING. DETERMINE LENGTH OF EACH CHAIN AND TRUE ANGLE BETWEEN THEM
TV
350
1.5 M
1M
FV
2M
Wall railing
PROBLEM NO.24
T.V. of a 75 mm long Line CD, measures 50 mm.
SOME CASES OF THE LINE End C is 15 mm below Hp and 50 mm in front of Vp.
IN DIFFERENT QUADRANTS. End D is 15 mm in front of Vp and it is above Hp.
Draw projections of CD and find angles with Hp and Vp.
REMEMBER:
BELOW HP- Means- Fv below xy
BEHIND V p- Means- Tv above xy. d’ d’1 LOCUS OF d’ & d’1
TL
FV
X Y
 d d1 LOCUS OF d & d1
c’
TL
TV
c 
PROBLEM NO.25
End A of line AB is in Hp and 25 mm behind Vp.
End B in Vp.and 50mm above Hp.
Distance between projectors is 70mm.
Draw projections and find it’s inclinations with Ht, Vt.
LOCUS OF b’ & b’1

b’ b’1
FV
a TL

TV TL
X a’  b b1 Y
LOCUS OF b & b1
70
PROBLEM NO.26
End A of a line AB is 25mm below Hp and 35mm behind Vp.
Line is 300 inclined to Hp.
There is a point P on AB contained by both HP & VP.
Draw projections, find inclination with Vp and traces.
a 
b’ b’1 LOCUS OF b’ & b’1
35 FV TL
p p’
X p’1
y
25
=300
TV
TL
a’
LOCUS OF b & b1
b b1
PROBLEM NO.27
End A of a line AB is 25mm above Hp and end B is 55mm behind Vp.
The distance between end projectors is 75mm.
If both it’s HT & VT coincide on xy in a point,
35mm from projector of A and within two projectors,
b
Draw projections, find TL and angles and HT, VT. b1
55
TV
a’ TL

25
X Vt Y
Ht
FV
TL

a
35 b’ b’1
75

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DRAWINGS:

The Fact about:

Hence it has become the Best Media of Communication

Building Related Drawings. Machine component Drawings

Orthographic Projections Isometric ( Mech.Engg.Term.)

Auxiliary Vertical Plane Auxiliary Inclined Plane Profile Plane

Y PROCEDURE TO SOLVE ABOVE PROBLEM:-

Click to view Animation

ACTUAL PATTERN OF PLANES & VIEWS

First Angle Projections Method Third Angle Projections Method

PLANES BEING TRANSPERENT

FRONT VIEW IS A VIEW PROJECTED ON VERTICAL PLANE ( VP )

FIRST STUDY THE CONCEPT OF 1ST AND 3RD ANGLE

AND THEN STUDY NEXT 26 ILLUSTRATED CASES CAREFULLY.

PLANES BEING TRANSPERENT

FRONT VIEW L.H.SIDE VIEW

PICTORIAL PRESENTATION IS GIVEN TOP VIEW

FRONT VIEW L.H.SIDE VIEW

PICTORIAL PRESENTATION IS GIVEN

FRONT VIEW L.H.SIDE VIEW

PICTORIAL PRESENTATION IS GIVEN

FRONT VIEW L.H.SIDE VIEW

PICTORIAL PRESENTATION IS GIVEN

FRONT VIEW L.H.SIDE VIEW

FRONT VIEW L.H.SIDE VIEW

PICTORIAL PRESENTATION IS GIVEN

FRONT VIEW L.H.SIDE VIEW

PICTORIAL PRESENTATION IS GIVEN

FRONT VIEW L.H.SIDE VIEW

FRONT VIEW L.H.SIDE VIEW

PICTORIAL PRESENTATION IS GIVEN TOP VIEW

DRAW THREE VIEWS OF THIS OBJECT

FRONT VIEW L.H.SIDE VIEW

PICTORIAL PRESENTATION IS GIVEN

FRONT VIEW L.H.SIDE VIEW

PICTORIAL PRESENTATION IS GIVEN TOP VIEW

DRAW THREE VIEWS OF THIS OBJECT

FOR T.V. ORTHOGRAPHIC PROJECTIONS

ALL VIEWS IDENTICAL

PICTORIAL PRESENTATION IS GIVEN 40 TOP VIEW

FRONT VIEW L.H.SIDE VIEW

PICTORIAL PRESENTATION IS GIVEN

PICTORIAL PRESENTATION IS GIVEN

TO DRAW PROJECTIONS OF ANY OBJECT,

TERMS ‘ABOVE’ & ‘BELOW’ WITH RESPECTIVE TO H.P.

IT IS INTERESTING TO LEARN THE EFFECT ON THE POSITIONS OF VIEWS ( FV, TV )

FOLLOWING NOTATIONS SHOULD BE FOLLOWED WHILE NAMEING

OBJECT POINT A LINE AB

IT’S TOP VIEW a ab

IT’S FRONT VIEW a’ a’ b’

IT’S SIDE VIEW a” a” b”

SAME SYSTEM OF NOTATIONS SHOULD BE FOLLOWED

3rd Quad. 4th Quad.

THIS QUADRANT PATTERN,

PICTORIAL PICTORIAL For Tv

Fv above xy, Fv above xy, Fv on xy,

SIMPLE CASES OF THE LINE

2. LINE PARALLEL TO BOTH HP & VP.

3. LINE INCLINED TO HP & PARALLEL TO VP.