Design Analysis
Design Analysis
Design Analysis
1,3
P Department of Electrical/Electronic Engineering Technology, National Institute of Construction Technology,
P
Uromi, Nigeria.
2
PDepartment of Science Laboratory Technology, University of Benin, Benin City, Nigeria.
P
97
IJISET - International Journal of Innovative Science, Engineering & Technology, Vol. 4 Issue 1, January 2017
ISSN (Online) 2348 – 7968 | Impact Factor (2015) - 4.332
www.ijiset.com
the core over which comes the windings Window space factor K w = R R 10 = 0.33
is called limb or leg whereas the core 30 + kv
which connects the two limbs are called
the yoke. The cross - sectional area of the Type of construction : core type
yoke is normally greater than that of the Cooling medium : Air Natural Air Natural
limb but it may be equal also. (ANAN)
b. Shell Type Transformer
In the shell type of transformer, both the 1.4.2 DESIGN ANALYSIS AND
windings, low voltage (L.V) and high CALCULATIONS
voltage (H.V) are put around the central Core - Design
limb. The winding is called the Sandwich The voltage per turn, Et = K S (1)
winding where flat rectangular or circular
coils, alternately L.V and H.V., are E t = 0.98V
R R
Ai
1.4 DESIGN SPECIFICATIONS AND ⇒d = (6)
ANALYSIS .0.9 x 0.5
1.4.1 DESIGN SPECIFICATIONS d = 8.82cm
The machine design procedure for core and shell
types of power and distribution transformers have Calculating the width of lamination
been reported by [ 5 & 7]. The design differences Since, the core is to be square section,
lies on the specifications of the machine to be Width of lamination is (a) = 0.71d (7)
designed and plan. = 6.26cm
The following are the specifications of the single Calculating the net window area (A w ) R R
A w = S x103∕ 2.22f B m A i K w δ
R R P P R R R R R R
Frequency, F = 50Hz
Maximum flux density, B m = 1.25wbm-2 A w = 32.18 cm2
R R R R P
However, A w = H w xW w (9)
R R P
98
IJISET - International Journal of Innovative Science, Engineering & Technology, Vol. 4 Issue 1, January 2017
ISSN (Online) 2348 – 7968 | Impact Factor (2015) - 4.332
www.ijiset.com
The centre - to - centre distance of the core is Calculating the secondary turn, T 2 R
A 1 = 2.5mm2
R R
W w = 3.7cm
R R P
R R
R R
A 2 = 5mm2
Calculating overall core height, H
R R P
4x 2.5
Stack height, S h d1 = = 1.7mm
π
R R
R R
Ai
Sh = Calculating the diameter of the secondary
0.9 x 0.71d
(14) conductor, d 2 R
35
= = 6.21cm 4x5
0.9 x 0.71 x 8.82 d2 = = 2.52mm
π
R R
Kw = R 10 = 0.33
R
n L = 207
R R (23)
30 + kv
Calculating the current for both primary and
secondary circuits Calculating the mean length per turn (L mt ) R R
I 1 = S/ V 1
R R (16)
R R
Calculating the length of primary turns, L 1 R
I 1 = 6.25A
R R
Length of primary coils, L 1 = L mt x T 1 R R R R R R (25)
I 2 = S/ V 2
R R (17)
R R
L 1 = 82.12m ≈ 82m
I 2 = 12.5A
R R
T1 = V1/ Et
R R R R (18) R R
L 2 = 40.89m ≈ 41m
R R
99
IJISET - International Journal of Innovative Science, Engineering & Technology, Vol. 4 Issue 1, January 2017
ISSN (Online) 2348 – 7968 | Impact Factor (2015) - 4.332
www.ijiset.com
Calculating the resistance of the primary Calculating resistance drop per unit in the coils
winding, R 1 R
or winding for both primary and secondary
R 1 = ρL 1 / A 1
R R R R R R (27) Calculating the resistance drop per unit winding
R 1 = 0.5584Ω
R R
for primary
Calculating the resistance of the secondary P.U. resistance drop, ε r1 = I 1 R 1 /V 1 R R R R R R R R (41)
winding, R 2 R ε r1 = 0.0145pu
R R
secondary
Calculating the yoke dimensions P.U. resistance drop, ε r2 = I 2 R 2 /V 2 R R R R R R R R (42)
Calculating the depth of the yoke, D y R
ε r2 = 0.01458pu
R R
D y = a = 2 x 0.71d
R R (29) Calculating the inductance of coils or turns for
D y = 12.52cmR R both primary and secondary windings
Calculating the area of the yoke, A y R
Calculating the inductance of primary turns,
A y = 1.2A y = 1.2 x 0.5d2 = 0.6 d2
R R R R
PR
P P P P (30) L L1 R
A y = 46.68cm2
R R P
L L1 = T 1 Φ/I 1
R R R R R R (43)
Calculating the height of the yoke, h y R
L L1 = 171.70 H
R R
h y = A y /D y
R R (31) R R R R
Calculating the inductance of secondary turns,
h y = 3.73cm
R R
L L2 R
(iron volume) x (iron density) (32) Calculating the weight of iron in core and yoke
Volume of iron core = total length of mean assembly
flux path (L m ) x iron area (A i ) R R R R (33) Weight of two limbs in a core = 2h w A i D L R R R R R R (45)
L m = 2[W w + d] + 2[H w + a]
R R R R R R (34) = 4.628kg
L m = 54.96cm
R R
Weight of one yoke = WA y D L R R R R (46)
Volume of iron core = Lm x A i R R (35) = 6.663kg
= 1923.6cm 3
P
Calculating the core losses in limb and yoke
Weight of iron core (W ic ) = Lm x A i x D R R R R (36) Core loss in limb = 2 x weight of limb (47)
= 1923.6 x 7.870 x10 -3 = 15.138kg P P
= 9.256Watts
Calculating the weight of both primary and Core loss in yoke = 1.4 x weight of yoke (48)
secondary coils or windings, W c R R
= 9.328Watts
The weight of primary coils or winding, W c1 R R
Total core loss (Iron loss) (P i ) = R R
W c1 = DA 1 LmtT 1 R R R R R R
core loss in yoke + core loss in limb (49)
(37) P i = 18.584Watts
R R
W c1 = 1.83kg R R
Total losses in the transformer (P T ) = copper losses R R
W c2 = DA 2 LmtT 2 R R R R R R (38) PT = Pc + Pi
R R R R R R (50)
-
W c2 = 1.82kg R R
P T = 62 x 10 3 kW
R R P P
2 2
Pc = I1 R1 + I2 R2
R R R RP P R R R RP P R R Pc
(40) X = 0.4269
P c = 43.53 watts
R R
100
IJISET - International Journal of Innovative Science, Engineering & Technology, Vol. 4 Issue 1, January 2017
ISSN (Online) 2348 – 7968 | Impact Factor (2015) - 4.332
www.ijiset.com
Meaning that the maximum efficiency occurs at are as follows: transformers, converters, generators,
0.4269 times of full load. Recall that the maximum motors, fluorescent lighting, electric ballast, arc
efficiency of a distribution (service) transformer welding machine etc.
occurs at or near 1/2 full load. The interest of harmonics effect is placed on the
Calculating the efficiency of the service subject because of the harmfulness they have on
transformer power system and its equipment. The harmonics
Efficiency at full load and unity P.F (ᶯ T ) = R R effect are enormous and they include: overheating,
[Output power/Output power + losses] x 100 vibration, reduction of system efficiency, aging of
ᶯR
T R = [Output power/Input power] X 100 (53) system installation, poor system power factor,
ᶯ
inaccurate operation of system protection
T = 96.02%
equipment, humming of system machines, increase
R R
harmonic distortions are always produced [3]. respectively. If the output voltage is small, then the
Most electric service transformers are highly output current increases which causes great heat
vulnerable to overheating, leading to insulation and losses in the system. The total losses of a
damage which causes the premature failure of the transformer are obtained by calculating the sum of
transformer. As reported by [8], "The failure rate of these losses (P c ). R R
101
IJISET - International Journal of Innovative Science, Engineering & Technology, Vol. 4 Issue 1, January 2017
ISSN (Online) 2348 – 7968 | Impact Factor (2015) - 4.332
www.ijiset.com
∞ ∞ 2
Pch = ∑ Rh1 I h21 + Ih
∑R 2
I
h2 h2 (57)
I THD = ∑
n
(64)
h =1 h =1 I
R R
h =1
and V h is the harmonic voltage considered.
Where V h and I h are the RMS of each h - harmonic
R R
modeled as:
2 effect the K - factor method is employed for
n Vh transformers that supply nonlinear load.
V THD
R R = ∑
V
(63)
The K - factor transformer is designed to
h=2 (1 )
accommodates the temperature rise caused by
Similarly, the total current harmonic distortion
current harmonic in the transformer windings.
I THD is modeled as:
In addition to the fundamental frequency
R R
102
IJISET - International Journal of Innovative Science, Engineering & Technology, Vol. 4 Issue 1, January 2017
ISSN (Online) 2348 – 7968 | Impact Factor (2015) - 4.332
www.ijiset.com
T1 = R R Primary turns
A good engineering practice calls for the T2 = R R Secondary turns
derating of transformer that serves nonlinear Aw = R R Window area m2 P
Ih = Harmonic current
current levels cannot be overemphasized in
R R
Vh = Harmonic voltage
electrical power system. Hence, the full design
R R
ω = Angular frequency
The transformer designs have been obtained PT = R R Total power loss
with step by step analysis and calculations in P ch = R R Harmonic copper losses in power
details. The methodology has been applied to LL = R R Inductance of winding R
1.5KVA single phase electric service Lm = Total length of mean flux path
transformer with a rated frequency of 50Hz. εr R R = Resistance drop per unit of coils
The importance of this research work lies on Wc = R R Weight of coils
the fact that a step by step design analysis and W ic = Weight of iron core R R
V 2 = Output voltage
Published by S.K. Kataria & Sons, 6, Guru
R R
AC = Alternating current
I1 =
R RInput current Nanak Market, Nai Sarak, Delhi. Part III, Pg. 1
I2 =
R ROutput current [3] B.L. Theraja, and A.K. Theraja, "A
W = Overall width of core Textbook of Electrical Technology", S. Chand &
H = Overall height of core Company Ltd, New Delhi 110055, 2006. Pg. 1686
hy =R Height of yoke
R [4] M.J.E. Evbogbai, S.A. Akhadelor, G.I.
Dy = RDepth of yoke
R Ighalo, F.I. Anyasi and I.O. Aimuanwosa,
DL = RDensity of lamination
R "Realization of a 3KVA Single Phase, Electric
D = Density ARC Welding Machine with Facilities for
D m = Mean diameter of turns
R R Charging Batteries", International Journal of
103
IJISET - International Journal of Innovative Science, Engineering & Technology, Vol. 4 Issue 1, January 2017
ISSN (Online) 2348 – 7968 | Impact Factor (2015) - 4.332
www.ijiset.com
Electrical and Power Engineering", 1(5), 2007. Pg.
537 - 542.
[5] Bharat Heavy Electrical Limited,
"Transformers" Tata Mcgraw - Hill Publishing
Company Limited, Fifteenth, Reprint 2001, New
Dehli, Pg. 1
[6] M.J.E. Evbogbai and A.M. Obiazi,
"Design and Construction of Alternating Current
Welding Machine Using Locally Available
Materials", Global J. Mech. Eng., 2002. 3: 74 - 83.
[7] R.K. Agarwal, "Principle of Electrical
Machine Design", (Fourth Edition), S.K. Kataria &
Sons, 4424/6, Guru Nanak Market, Nai Sarak,
Delhi - 6. Pg. 192 -
[8] Prof. Mack Grady, "Understanding Power
System Harmonics", Department of Electrical &
Computer Engineering, University of Texas at
Austin. mack@ieee.org,
www.ece.utexas.edu/~grady, (nd)
[9] C. Sankaran, "Power Quality", CRC
PRESS 2002, Uploaded by Maurits Paath,
Retrieved on the 22nd December, 2016. Time:
09:45AM.
www.academia.edu/...6/POWER_QUALITY_by_
C-SANKARAN.
104