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    Numerical Sequences

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    Numerical Sequences

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    Numerical Sequences

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    E.N.S.N.N.

    First year
    Analysis I 2024 - 25

    Exercise Series N° 2 Numerical sequences.

    Exercise 1 Using the definition, show that


    1 2n − 3 2 2n3 − 1
    1) lim √ = 0, 2) lim = , 3) lim = +∞.
    n→+∞ n n→+∞ 3n + 5 3 n→+∞ n + 2

    Exercise 2 Study the nature of the sequence (un ) in each of the following cases:
    2 √ n
    a) un = n+1
    n
    ; b) un = n2 + 1 − n; c) un = e−n sin (n2 + 1); d) un = 10n! ;
    n √ √
    e) un = nn! ; f ) un = sinn n ; g) un = (−1)n + n1 ; h) un = 3 n + 1 − 3 n.
    Exercise 3 Study the nature of the sequence (un ):
    1.3.....2n − 1 1 1 1
    1) un = , 2) un = + + ... + .
    2.4.....2n n+1 n+2 2n

    n
    X 1
    Exercise 4 For n a non-zero natural integer, we define Hn = (harmonic series).
    k=1
    k
    1
    1. Using the integral of x
    over the interval [k, k + 1], show that :

    ∀n ∈ N∗ , ln(n + 1) < Hn < 1 + ln(n)

    and deduce lim Hn .


    n→+∞

    2. For n a non-zero natural integer, we define un = Hn − ln(n) and vn = Hn− ln(n + 1).
    Show that the sequences (un ) and (vn ) converge to a real number γ ∈ 21 , 1 (where γ is
    called Euler’s constant). Provide an approximate value of γ to within 10−2 .

    Exercise 5 Let A be a bounded subset of R and x a real number.

    1. Show that x = sup(A) if and only if (x is an upper bound of A and there exists a sequence
    (xn )n∈N of A that converges to x).

    2. State a similar result for inf(A).

    Exercise 6 Let (un )n∈N be a sequence of R. What do you think of the following statements:
    • If (un )n converges to a real `, then (u2n )n and (u2n+1 )n also converge to `.
    • If (u2n )n and (u2n+1 )n are convergent, then (un )n is also convergent.
    • If (u2n )n and (u2n+1 )n are convergent to the same limit `, then (un )n also converges to `.
    Exercise 7 We define recursively the sequences (un )n∈N and (vn )n∈N as follows:

    u2n vn2
    u0 = 1, v0 = 2, un+1 = , vn+1 = .
    un + vn un + vn
    1. Show by induction that un > 0 and vn > 0.

    2. Show that the sequences (un )n∈N and (vn )n∈N are decreasing. Deduce that they converge
    to ` and `0 respectively. Show that ``0 = 0.

    1
    3. Show that the sequence (vn − un )n∈N is constant. Deduce ` and `0 .

    Exercise 8 Let a > 0. The sequence (un ) is defined by:


     
    1 a
    u0 > 0 & un+1 = un + , n ≥ 0.
    2 un
    √
    We aim to show that the sequence (un ) converges to a.
    1) Show that
    1 2
    u2n+1 − a = 2 u2n − a , n ≥ 0.
    4un
    √
    2) Show that un ≥ a, ∀n ≥ 1.
    3) Deduce that (un ) is convergent and compute its limit.
    4) For a = 2, check that the subset A = (un )n ⊂ Q and bounded above but sup A ∈
    / Q.
    Exercise 9 Let the sequence (un ) be defined by:
    1
    u0 = 2 & un+1 = 1 + , n ≥ 0.
    un
    1) Verify that 1 ≤ un ≤ 2, ∀n ≥ 0.
    2) Study the nature of the sequence (un ) and determine its limit if it exists.
    Exercise 10 Let the sequence (un )n∈N be defined by:
    1 1
    u0 ∈ R, and un+1 = + , ∀n ∈ N.
    2 1 + un
    1) Study the case u0 = 1.
    In the rest, we set u0 = 2.
    2) Show that ∀n ∈ N, 12 ≤ un ≤ 2. Verify that (un ) is not monotonic.
    3) Show that ∀n ≥ 1, |un+1 − un | ≤ 94 |un − un−1 |.
    Deduce that the sequence (un )n∈N is convergent and find its limit.
    Exercise 11 Let a sequence (un )n∈N be defined as:
     
    1 3 1
    u0 ∈ , and un+1 = √ , ∀n ∈ N.
    2 4 un

    1) Show that
    1 3 1 1 3 1+x 10
    ∀x ∈ [ , ], ≤√ ≤ & 2
    ≥ .
    2 4 2 x 2 x 9

    2) Show that
    u2n+1
    ∀n ∈ N, |un+1 − 1| ≤ |un − 1|.
    1 + un
    Deduce that the sequence (un ) is convergent and calculate its limit.

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